Rocks are made of minerals and vary in durability, shape, color, and texture, while minerals are nonliving solids formed in nature that are more lustrous and durable than rocks. Both are classified by their physical properties and hardness can be determined by chipping, streaking, and scratching. Soil types like clay, sand, and loam differ in their composition, drainage, and ability to support plant growth. Fossils form when remains of once-living organisms become preserved in rock layers over time. Georgia contains diverse habitats for different plants and animals, including mountains, marshes, coasts, and forests. Heat is a form of energy transferred by temperature difference through radiation, conduction, or convection

1. Rocks and Minerals
Rocks VS. Minerals
•Made of minerals (nonliving • nonliving solid formed in
solid formed in nature) nature
•Vary with durability •More luster than rocks
•Classified by shape, color, and •Are durable
texture
•Classified by shape, color,
•Determine hardness by and texture
chipping, streaking, and
•Determine hardness by
scratching
chipping, streaking, and
scratching
Clay Sand Loam
• type of topsoil that has small • Sand contains loose particles of • same as potting soil
grains weathered rocks with little humus
•Best soil for growing plants
material.
•holds water easily
•Large particles
•Color is shades of red, •Water drains through easily
orange and brown •Doesn’t support plant life
•Plants do not grow well in
clay
Extra Facts:
Topsoil made from weathered rocks, humus, air, and water.
Topsoil is a loose material in which plants can grow.
Erosion is the movement of weathered rock and soil.
Wind, water, and ice erode rocks through the process of weathering to form soils.
Erosion and weathering change the appearance and integrity of rocks and soils over time.

2. Fossils
fossil is something that has lasted
from a living thing that died
long ago
mold is the shape of a plant or cast mold
animal left in sediments
when the rock formed
imprint are molds of leaves or other imprint
thin objects (an imprint is a
lot like a stamp)
cast forms when mud or minerals cast mold
fill a mold and hardens
A fossil is the remains formed from a living thing (plant or animal) that died long ago.
Mold, cast, and imprint are types of fossils.
Fossils are formed when a living thing’s remains (bone/shell/stem/leaves) are covered with
material from layers by nature.

3. Georgia Habitats
• A habitat is a place where both
plants and animals live.
• Mountains are landforms that are
much higher than the areas
around it.
• Marsh/swamp is a low lying
wetland with grass plants.
• Coastal land is located near a
large body of water such as a sea
or an ocean, and is known for its
climate.
• Atlantic Ocean is the body of salt
water that contains marine
animals.
• Piedmont is land between the
coastal plain and Appalachian
Mountains.
• Different organisms/plants live in
different habitats.
• Organisms/plants may not survive
if their habitat is changed.

4. Heat
Thermal energy (heat) • Heat is a form of energy
is produced by: that is transferred by a
difference in temperature.
Burning sun oven
• Friction is the force
friction between two moving
objects that prevents them
from moving freely.
• Insulation is material that
heat cannot move through
easily.
• Radiation is heat energy
Insulators vs. conductors that is passed without
touching anything.
• Heat is transferable
through different objects.
• A thermometer is a tool
used to measure
temperature.

5. Magnets
• Magnets are usually Some things magnets are attracted to
metallic objects that (stick to): metals
attract each other and
some other objects.
• Some objects are
attracted by magnets
while some are not.
• Magnets have two parts:
a north pole and a south Some things magnets are NOT
pole. attracted to:
• The north pole of one
magnet attracts the south
pole of another magnet
(opposites attract).
• Similar poles of two
magnets repel each other Opposite poles attract (come together):
(alike repels).
Like poles repel (push apart):

6. Pollution
Types of Pollution: Some Facts
• Pollution occurs when the environment is contaminated
Air: with harmful substances.
• Human behaviors such as littering, driving, industry, and
development impact the environment. It effects plants and
animals.
• Conservation of resources and recycling of materials and
Water: reusing materials are ways to protect the environment.
.
Things you can do to reduce:
Say no to junk mail! Buy in bulk. Start a compost pile. Buy only what
Land: you need, instead of what you want.
Things you can reuse:
Clothes, travel cups, shopping bags, washable eating utensils
You can also donate items instead of throwing them away!
Noise:
Things you can recycle:
Acid Batteries, Aluminum Cans , Building Materials, Cardboard,
Chemicals, Electronic equipment, Glass (particularly bottles and jars),
Lead, Magazines, Metal, Newspaper, Oil, Paint, Paper, Plastic Bags,
Plastic Bottles, Steel Cans, Tires, White Goods (Appliances), Wood,
Writing/Copy Paper, Yard Waste

7. Pollution
Types of Pollution: Some Facts
• Pollution occurs when the environment is contaminated
Air: with harmful substances.
• Human behaviors such as littering, driving, industry, and
development impact the environment. It effects plants and
animals.
• Conservation of resources and recycling of materials and
Water: reusing materials are ways to protect the environment.
.
Things you can do to reduce:
Say no to junk mail! Buy in bulk. Start a compost pile. Buy only what
Land: you need, instead of what you want.
Things you can reuse:
Clothes, travel cups, shopping bags, washable eating utensils
You can also donate items instead of throwing them away!
Noise:
Things you can recycle:
Acid Batteries, Aluminum Cans , Building Materials, Cardboard,
Chemicals, Electronic equipment, Glass (particularly bottles and jars),
Lead, Magazines, Metal, Newspaper, Oil, Paint, Paper, Plastic Bags,
Plastic Bottles, Steel Cans, Tires, White Goods (Appliances), Wood,
Writing/Copy Paper, Yard Waste