Cracked Tooth Extraction

Cracked Tooth Extraction
Cracked Tooth? Know Your Three Options For Fixing It
When you accidentally crack a tooth, your first instinct will be to head to the dentist to get it fixed.
You may not be thinking of what method should be used to actually fix the tooth. There are three
different options for dealing with a cracked tooth, and by understanding the differences, you can
decide on which one is best for you.
Tooth Extractions
Dental procedures can be expensive, and it's a possibility that you do not have the cash to fix your
tooth in the most ideal way. If money is tight, you can always have the tooth completely extracted.
Expect to pay around $175 for a basic tooth extraction.
This is not an ideal option if you have a front tooth that is cracked, but may be
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Extraction Lab Report
Extraction
Aleigha Spaulding
Joseph Osazee
10–6–15
Abstract:
This report presents the percentage recoveries found when using the solid–liquid and liquid–liquid
extraction techniques to extract a strong acid, weak acid, base, and neutral compound from a
mixture. During the solid–liquid section of the experiment, 0.5 M NaHCO , 0.5 M NaOH, 0.5 M
HCl, and distilled water are used to dissolve and separate the acid, phenol, and amine solutions from
the mixture, leaving the neutral compound remaining. After adding 3 M HCl to the acid and phenol
solutions and3 M NaOH to the amine solution, the solutions and solids formed were filtered and the
percent recovery of each was calculated. The percent recovery was around a range of 20 % to 22 %
for the acid, phenol, and amine, but the neutral had a much higher percentage about 60 %. After
using similar techniques for the liquid–liquid extraction section of the experiment, removing the
clear lower layer of the two immiscible liquids each time, the percent recovery was around 50 % –
55% for the acid and neutral. The percentages for the phenol and amine were lower. In both sections
of the experiment, some percentage of the acid, phenol, amine, and neutral compounds was
recovered, so that part of the experiment was successful.
Introduction:
Extraction is defined as a process for separation of compounds in a mixture based on difference in
their solubility. Extractions have been in use for centuries, and there are many

The For Data Extraction Problem Essay
Now, all string attributes are ranked by the score Score(Ai) in descending order, which can help
process analysts quickly identify a set of attributes for data extraction. 3.3 Task identification
Process lexicon discovered from process documents in the previous step can be further analyzed to
discover a list of tasks in the processes. However, extracting correct relations among the process
components is a difficult problem. Given the fact that task identification requires text mining to
discover linguistic patterns for tasks. They define a task as a triple consisting of a resource, an
action, and a data item, in the form of "R–A–D." A task must contain an action A. However, either R
or D (not both) may not be explicitly expressed. In order to discriminate meaningful (true) tasks
from the others, this can be formalized as an intra–sentence relation extraction problem. For a
sentence S consisting of resources, actions, and data items, the aim is to derive all potential task
instances and identify all meaningful tasks among them using binary classification. For task
identification, a procedure was designed. The following sentence was used as an example to
illustrate the detailed steps of the task identification procedure: "The traveler must submit a request
for reimbursement to the department within 30 days upon completing the travel." Step 1: Task
instance generation: Given the process document tagged with resources, actions, and data, first
generate all

Extraction Of Oil And Gas
The world, as we know it, is dependent on oil and gas. Oil and gas enables the world to have energy,
to travel to and from various locations, controls the economy, and essentially makes the world go
round. As the world becomes more dependent on oil and gas, becoming a single energy–consuming
unit, it begins to solely function on energy by craving more of it, crashing without it, and obtaining
it by any means necessary. Whether drinking water sources become contaminated or alterations in
tectonic structure take place, the world needs what it needs, right? In order to obtain oil and gas
more efficiently, researchers have developed two new technologies that have been combined to
allow the extraction of oil and gas from low permeability rock, ... Show more content on
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When additives are pumped into the ground at high volumes and pressures, alterations in aquifers
and water reservoirs take place, which could detrimentally affect those who consume such water.
Recently, civil and environmental engineers studied these additives which allow this method of
fracturing to take place and found that "An average of 20 million liters of water are forced under
pressure into each well, combined with large volumes of sand or other materials to help keep the
fissures open, and 200,000 liters of acids, biocides, scale inhibitors, friction reducers and surfactants
[as well]" and that many of the other additional additives remain secrets (Howarth et al.). This
means that as more wells are drilled to extract natural gas and oil using the high–volume slick–water
hydraulic fracturing, more additives will be pumped into the ground, only contaminating more water
sources (Howarth et al.). The fact that there is a dearth of information pertaining to the names of
additives used should raise several red flags of concern. As water contamination accumulates over
time, the safety of consuming water becomes depleted, and if this continues, the safety of human life
will become threatened. This especially applies to those who live within moderate proximity to

Wisdom Teeth Extraction
This past Thursday, I had my wisdom teeth removed. I was pretty excited about getting them out
because they'd been bothering me for a little over a year now. As soon as the procedure started,
however, I quickly regretted insisting on having the surgery done. This is my experience before,
during, and after my wisdom teeth extractions. 1. Anesthesia I absolutely HATE needles. I dislike
them so much that I often get queasy simply by the thought of them. The dentist opted to only use
local anesthesia on me, nothing else. The needle used to put the anesthesia in was used about
FIFTEEN TIMES. I winced every single time she stuck that thing in my gums. It was actually
awful. I couldn't stop shaking throughout the whole procedure. I was like a scared

DNA EXTRACTION Essay
Much can be learned from studying an organisms DNA. The first step to doing this is extracting
DNA from cells. In this experiment, you will isolate DNA from the cells of fruit. Materials (1) 10
mL Graduated Cylinder(2) 100 mL Beakers15 cm Cheesecloth1 Resealable Bag1 Rubber Band
(Large. Contains latex pleasewear gloves when handling if you have a latex allergy).Standing Test
TubeWooden Stir StickFresh, Soft Fruit (e.g., Grapes, Strawberries, Banana, etc.) ScissorsDNA
Extraction SolutionIce Cold EthanolYou Must ProvideContains sodium chloride, detergent and
waterFor ice cold ethanol, store in the freezer 60 minutes before use. Procedure If you have not done
so, prepare the ethanol by placing it in a freezer for approximately 60 minutes. ... Show more
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Let the test tube sit undisturbed for 2 – 5 minutes. You should begin to see air bubbles form at the
boundary line between the ethanol and the filtered fruit solution. Bubbles will form near the top, and
you will eventually see the DNA float to the top of the ethanol. Gently insert the stir stick into the
test tube. Slowly raise and lower the tip several times to spool and collect the DNA. If there is an
insufficient amount of DNA available, it may not float to the top of the solution in a form that can be
easily spooled or removed from the tube. However, the DNA will still be visible as white/clear
clusters by gently stirring the solution and pushing the clusters around the top. Post–Lab Questions
What is the texture and consistency of the DNA DNA is viscous and greasy. Why did we use a salt
in the extraction solution High salt makes DNA less soluble in water. In order to dissolve, the water
needs to interact with the DNA. Since DNA is quite large, it needs to interact with lots of water for
this purpose. When you add salt, the water preferentially interacts with the salt (its small, and can
move around in solution easier than the DNA can). This makes it so there is less water available to
interact with the DNA and it becomes less soluble. Is the DNA soluble in the aqueous solution or
alcohol DNA is less soluble in an alcohol such as isopropanol than it is in water. This is because
alcohols are non–polar, whereas water is polar. The polar

Geology And Capitalism : Science And Technology On A World...
"Geology and Capitalism: Science and Technology in a World of Oil Abundance" The recent drop in
the price of crude oil by more than half since June 2014 involved complex causes, but much of the
problem stemmed from an imbalance of supply and demand. The oil industry thrives on advances in
science and technology and historically has proven remarkably adept at producing knowledge and
techniques to locate, process, and transport oil but ill–equipped at using its investments into
industrial research and development to create market stability. For example, American energy
production has boomed in recent years due to advances in hydraulic fracturing and horizontal
drilling but those innovations created vulnerability for American oil producers and particularly for
smaller independents when world production outpaced consumption and prices dropped. Despite
frequent successes in industrial research and development, state intervention historically has
trumped science and technology as the best solution to the oil industry's boom–and–bust cycles of
capitalism. This paper argues that government power wielded at the local, state, and federal levels
offered capitalists greater remedies to balance supply and demand and stabilize markets than did
scientific and technological solutions. Large and small oil producers and government bureaucrats
who addressed the problem of oil overproduction often invoked the term "conservation" as a
solution, but this was a highly contested term

Effectiveness Of An Extraction Process And Purification...
In this experiment, the effectiveness of an extraction process and purification process by sublimation
is observed and used to selectively separate caffeine from teabags. In the first part of the experiment,
water soluble materials, including caffeine, within the teabags are extracted into hot water because
the solubility of caffeine in water increases as temperature increases. This is due to the concept that
increasing kinetic energy through increasing temperature will allow the molecules in the solute to
break apart from the intermolecular interactions more effectively. Afterwards, the solution was
filtered using a Buchner funnel to remove any solids from the liquid solution containing the
caffeine. Then, the solution is allowed to cool before the caffeine to be extracted from the water by
using methylene chloride, sodium chloride, and anhydrous sodium sulfate as part of a liquid–liquid
extraction work up. Specifically, this liquid–liquid extraction distributes the caffeine into two
solvents, methylene chloride and water, which are insoluble and immiscible to each other. By using
density, solubility, and polarity differences of a solute in a pair of solvents, the organic compound of
interest can be transferred from one liquid phase to the other during an extraction. Since the two
solvents used are insoluble and immiscible to each other, two layers, the organic layer and the
aqueous layer, will form and can be extracted to obtain the caffeine. Since caffeine is nonpolar,

The And Temporal Information Extraction
Much of the information extraction community early focus on in tasks like named entity
recognition, co–reference and relation extraction, but recently due to the high demand of temporal
information in different NLP application, scholars are focusing on event, temporal and event and
temporal information extraction and the extraction of event and temporal information became a hot
research area. Different scholars involved in event and temporal information extraction researches.
Currently there are a lot of research conducted in event and temporal information extraction in
different domains and languages with different techniques, methods and tools. In this chapter, we
present some of the works conducted in the English language related to this thesis project. The first
work we discuss is called TIE, Temporal Information Extraction system extracts events from text by
inducing as much as temporal information possible. TIE makes global inference, enforcing
transitivity to bound the beginning and finishing time for each event. TIE introduces temporal
entropy as a method to evaluate the performance of temporal IE system. TIE system outperforms in
experiment in three optional approaches. The TIE system uses a probabilistic method to recognize
temporal rations. They use TimeBank data [25] to train the system. TIE processes, each natural
language sentence into two sequential phases. The first phase is responsible for extracting event and
identifying temporal expression and it use a

Dneasy Extraction Kit
One of the primary goals of this experiment is to generate a genomic library for A. fischeri, and the
first step to do this involves isolating and analyzing the chDNA of the bacteria. This was completed
using the Qiagen DNeasy Extraction Kit, which involves a variety of steps including: lysis of the
chDNA, the binding of the sample to silica, multiple washings of the sample, and an elution to
obtain pure chDNA for analysis (Qiagen, 2006). To start off, 180 μl's of resuspension buffer was
added to the A. fischeri pellet in a 1.5 ml microcentrifuge tube (Qiagen, 2006). In order to deactivate
nucleases (so that nucleic acids can be released), 20 μl of proteinase K was added (Qiagen, 2006).
After vortexing the sample in order to mix everything ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Special care was taken to ensure that the spin column did not come in contact with the flow–
through. Since the chDNA is bound to the silica at this point, they must be separated using two wash
buffers. The initial 500 μl of buffer (AW1: Wash Buffer 1) was added in order to remove
contaminants and proteins that could be in the sample using chaotropic salts (Qiagen, 2006). After
centrifuging the sample for 60 seconds at maximum speed, 500 μl of Wash Buffer 2 (AW2) was
added to remove the salts (this contained ethanol). After centrifuging the mixture for 3 minutes at
maximum speed, AW2 was added again and centrifuged (Qiagen, 2006). Once this final centrifuge
was finished, the sample was air–dried for 10 minutes at room temperature. Next, a microcentrifuge
tube was added beneath the spin column, and 75 μl of DNA grade water was added to the spin
column. This was done to rehydrate the DNA and separate it from the silica (Qiagen, 2006). The
tube was then incubated for 2 minutes at room temperature and centrifuged at maximum speed for 2
minutes. This step was repeated in order to elute the sample (total volume 150 μl).
Once the elution had been completed, the sample obtained was further analyzed using a Nanodrop
2000 Spectrophotometer. The purity and concentration of the

Wisdom Tooth Extraction
As a comprehensive dental practice serving Cary, Raleigh, Chapel Hill, and Durham, NC from four
offices, Sunrise Dental performs a range of dental procedures, including oral surgery. If you have a
tooth that needs to be removed or require another type of oral surgery, our dentists can take care of
you. We offer the following oral surgery services in Durham, Cary, Raleigh, and Chapel Hill, NC:
Tooth Extractions
Wisdom Teeth Extractions
Root Canals
Dental Implants
Bone Grafting
Ridge Augmentation
Sinus Lifts
Regardless of your dental surgery needs, our dentists are experienced and highly skilled, meaning
we always give our patients the high–quality, thoughtful care they have come to expect. Whatever
dental problems you are experiencing, our doctors will ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
We can even handle impacted wisdom teeth! To learn more about our wisdom teeth extractions,
please visit our page here.
Root Canals
Root canals are designed to eliminate your discomfort and allow you to return to your normal life
with a healthy, strong, pain–free smile. We use rotary technology to gently access the tooth to
remove the infected dental pulp. To learn more about this process, please check out our service page
on root canals.
Dental Implants
We staff an experienced dental implant specialist at each one of our four locations. We can place
dental implants to replace your missing teeth and restore the health and function of your mouth. If
you are looking for a strong, reliable, and beautiful tooth replacement option, dental implants may
be for you. Learn more about implants here.
Bone Grafting

Have you experienced considerable jawbone deterioration due to periodontal disease or the absence
of teeth? We can help. We can rebuild the jawbone in the areas necessary to allow for successful
dental implant placement, if needed. Talk to our dentists about this procedure and how it can help
you get the results you need.
Ridge

Essay on Goldmining Business Plan
Gold–mining Business Plan: The purpose of this business plan is to raise $25,000,000 for the
development of two private gold mining businesses while showcasing the expected financials and
operations over the next three years. J.R Mining Company Limited is a Sheffield based newly
registered company that will excavate gold from leased mines within the United States(Southern
Placer Claim in Kern County, Southern California) and Mali (West Africa). The company is founded
by John E Roberts. 1.1 Products and Services As stated above, the Company intends to acquire land
leases on properties known to have gold deposits. The business will then develop gold mines on
these properties with the intent to extract, smelt, and package the ... Show more content on
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2.0 Company and Financing Summary 2.1 Registered Name and Corporate Structure J.R Mining
Company Limited. The business is registered as a for profit corporation in the State of South
Yorkshire, England. 2.2 Required Funds At this time, the Company requires $25,000,000 of equity
funds. Below is a breakdown of how these funds: Projected Startup Costs: a) Initial Lease Payments
and Deposits: $200,850.05 b) Working Capital: $1,935,601.10 c) FF&E: $200,850.05 d) Leasehold
improvements: $100,818.78 e) Security Deposits: $20,704.70 f) Opening Supplies: $217,409.40 g)
Company Vehicles and Lease Deposits: $434,818.80 h) Marketing Budgets: $217,409.40 i)
Miscellaneous and Unforeseen Costs: $163,057.37 Total: $3,025,089.69 2.3 Investor Equity At this
time, Mr. John Roberts is seeking to sell a 40% interest in the business in exchange for the capital
sought in this business plan. The investor(s) will receive a seat on the board of directors and a
regular stream of dividends starting in the first year of operations. 2.4 Management Equity After the
requisite capital is raised, Mr. John Roberts will retain a 60%

Strawberries Dna Extraction
Introduction:
In this experiment, DNA will be studied by first being isolated from cells. A DNA extraction
solution will be used which is a simple mixture of water, soap, and salt. The solution broke down the
cell and nuclear membranes, freeing the DNA–containing materials. Though DNA is present in all
living things, strawberries provide an unusually rich source, since each cell of a strawberry contains
eight copies of each chromosome (a DNA–protein structure). Simply only a few strawberries were
necessary to provide a good supply of DNA. Once DNA was isolated, a chemical test was done to
detect the presence of deoxyribose, which verified that the DNA was isolated. A unique component
of the DNA molecule was the pentose sugar, deoxyribose, which, ... Show more content on
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The appearance of a green to blue or purple color indicated the presence of deoxyribose. A sample
of commercially available deoxyribose was also tested as a comparison.
Experimental:
To begin the experiment, the first procedure was the extraction of DNA from strawberries. A boiling
water bath was set up for use in part A extraction of DNA from strawberries and part B testing the
presence of deoxyribose. Next, an ice bath was made by filling up a beaker with ice, them filled it
with about two–thirds of tap water. Then, ethanol and the DNA extraction was poured into separate
medium–sized test tube and set in the ice bath. Then, six layers of cheesecloth was gathered and cut
into square and was fitted into a large funnel. A large test tube was attached to a ring stand and set
the funnel and cheesecloth into the top of the large test tube. Then, the strawberries were placed in a
clean ziplock bag. The strawberries were then mashed for two minutes until they became fine paste.
Next, cold DNA extraction solution was added to the bag containing the mashed strawberries and
then kneaded for two minutes. After two minutes, the contents were transferred into the funnel. After
transferring the liquid

The Extraction Of Factors And Factors
The extraction of factors helps to determine the loading of factors. The factor loading matrix is
shown below and is estimated with two common factors. The first column of the matrix depicts the
first unrotated factor and it can be analysed that the first factor puts maximum and approximately
equal weights to the first, second and fifth variable. And, it puts the minimum weight to the third
variable, electricity. On the other hand, the second unrotated factor places the least weights to the
first and second variable, while putting the highest weight to the third variable.
Factor Loadings =
Scatter plot of Unrotated Factor Scores
The Figure. 15 shows the scatter plot of Score2 vs. Score1. It is clear that the 15th observation has
the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Selecting an appropriate rotation is difficult task. Hence, it is preferable to perform both rotations on
the factors.
Varimax rotation technique results in high loading of each variable on a few number of factors,
ideally on one factor and hence resulting in better factor analysis. The Figure. 18 shows the biplot of
loadings of varimax rotated factors. It can be seen that in order to bring the loadings close to zero or
one, varimax has rotated the axes. The four variables are close to first factor axis. While, the third
variable lies approximately on second factor axis. Hence, the results of varimax rotation are
satisfactory because most of the variables are near to the factor axis. Figure. 17
Promax rotation can be used incase we are not able to obtain the satisfactory and simple set of
factors with an orthogonal rotation. The promax rotation allows the factor axes to have an oblique
angle between them. The Figure. 19 shown belows depicts the promax rotation. It can be seen that
the variables 1, 2 and 5 are close to the first factor axes and third variable is close to the second
factor axis. The data is better accomodated in an oblique rotation. The two latent factors can
describe variability of buildings and agriculture, which are having high impact on greenhouse gas
emissions.
Figure. 18
To understand how the rotated and unrotated solutions are related to each

Organic Extraction Distillation Process With Abe Extraction
ABSTRACT
Conventionally, Butanol is made with the Acetone–Butanol–Ethanol process using Clostridium
species to ferment sugars from biomass. Conversely, the route is linked with some shortcomings
such as low butanol yield and by–product formation (acetone and ethanol). The low productivities
and butanol yields of ABE batch fermentation can be increased by continuous fermentation with cell
recycle and integrated product removal. In order to facilitate an effective and energy–efficient
product removal, we suggest to apply a hybrid extraction–distillation process with ABE extraction in
an external column.
INTRODUCTION
Butanol (ethyl alcohol) is a four–carbon alcohol which has been mainly used as a solvent, chemical
intermediate, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The total ABE titer is 15–18 g/L with 10–13 g/L butanol. ABE fermentation by Clostridia usually
has two phases, acidogenesis and solventogenesis (Lee et al., 2008). In the acidogenesis phase,
glucose or other sugars are converted into acids such as acetate acid and butyrate acid, which leads
to rapid decrease in pH. Under certain critical pH, Clostridia shifts to the solventogenesis phase
during which it consumes acids to produce solvents (acetone, ethanol and butanol). The most
important factor that triggers the shift from acidogenesis to solventogenesis is external and internal
pHs. Some metabolically engineered Clostridia do not have this shift mechanism .
As a fuel, butanol can be used in pure form or blended in gasoline in any concentration unlike
ethanol that can be blended only up to 85%; however, a higher blend would necessitate motor
engine modification . In addition, the energy content of butanol being 29.2 MJ/L is 30% higher than
that of ethanol (21.2 MJ/L) and much closer to gasoline (32.5 MJ/L). Also, butanol's low vapor
pressure, hydroscopic nature, less volatility and less flammability facilitates its blending and supply
in existing gasoline channels and pipelines.
BIOBUTANOL PRODUCTION
MATERIALS:
C. acetobutylicum (ATCC) 824;
d–(+)–Glucose
Bacto yeast extract
Ammonium acetate
NaCl
KH2PO4
K2HPO4

KOH pellets
Cysteine HClH2O
MgSO47H2O

Essay On Acid-Base Extraction
Discussion
By using acid–base extraction techniques, a three–component mixture was separated into its
individual components which included an acidic, basic, and neutral component as previously
mentioned. A separatory funnel was the mechanism used to carry out this procedure. Its easy
handling allowed for thorough mixing of the solution. It was equipped with a stopper which was
opened to release pressure from inside the funnel caused by the heat from one's hands and also the
reactions taking place within it (1). Without inverting the funnel and relieving pressure the funnel
would've exploded. The stopcock was useful for precisely drawing off each layer. However, if the
separatory funnel had been shaken too violently an emulsion would've formed. An emulsion is when
the layers do not clearly separate. Instead, one cloudy layer will form. During this procedure an
emulsion was avoided by using proper gently swirling technique.
Acid–base extraction works on the principle that most organic compounds are more soluble in
organic solvents than in water (4). Extractions are also dependent on the assumption that immiscible
solvents of different densities will settle on top of one another accordingly. Diethyl ether was the
chosen extraction solvent for this procedure because it is slightly soluble in water, and organic
compounds are most often soluble in it, and also its low boiling point. The only drawback of using
diethyl ether was its high flammability. Diethyl ether readily

Methods Of A Solvent System For Extraction
Introduction Extraction is a technique that is commonly used to separate mixtures, despite whether
the components are solids or liquids. One of the most well–known examples of extraction is the
brewing of tea or the making of coffee. Every pot of coffee or cup of tea involves solid–liquid
extraction. The soluble flavor and caffeine are extracted from the solid tea leaves or ground coffee
beans into hot water (the solvent). Insoluble plant material is left behind in the tea bag or coffee
filter. During extraction, the mixture is brought together with a solvent in which the substance of
interest is soluble, but the other substances present in the mixture are insoluble. Typical lab
extractions are of organic compounds out of an aqueous ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In solid–liquid extractions, a solvent is added to a solid. The insoluble material can then be
separated by either gravity or vacuum filtration. This allows the soluble material to be 'extracted '
into the solvent. The filtered solution can then be used as a solution, or the solvent can be
evaporated to recover the solute in powder or crystalline form In liquid–liquid extractions,
extraction methods differ depending on the density of the solvent that is used. The other method of
extraction that is not used in this experiment is the acid–base extraction. Acid–base extractions are
those in which the water layer is made either acidic or basic in order to convert one component of
the mixture to an ionic compound. This makes it water soluble so that it may be separated from
other hydrophobic organic compounds. Most organics are soluble in polar organic solvents, but only
very small organics or very polar neutral organic compounds are soluble in water. An acid–base
extraction operates on the same principle as solid–liquid and liquid–liquid extractions, but can
provide a further level of fine–tuning. If one or more of the compounds in the mixture to be
separated is acidic or basic, the solubilities of these acidic and basic components can be manipulated
by applying simple acid–base reactions. The solubilities of acidic and basic compounds can then be
changed.
Experimental
A. Solid–Liquid Extraction Firstly, 0.2 g of the mixture

DNA Extraction Experiment
In this experiment for DNA extraction, series of molecular analyses conducted such as, Polymerase
Chain Reaction, Polymerase Chain Reaction clean–up, Cycle Sequencing, Cycle Sequencing clean–
up and some online tools and software were used to determine which animal corresponded to the
unknown tissue sample obtained in the beginning of the experiment. After all the procedures, had
been conducted, the unknown DNA was identified to be Cervus Elaphus.
Introduction:
DNA, or deoxyribonucleic acid, is the hereditary material in humans and almost all other organisms.
In every person's body, DNA is identical in all the cells. Usually DNA is located in the cell's
nucleus, but a small amount of DNA can be found in the mitochondria part of the cell where it's
known as mtDNA, or mitochondrial DNA. The rate of mutation is higher in nucleic, the mtDNA is
used to cut cell wall (phospholipid), ATL, and Protein K (enzyme). The information in DNA is
stored as a code made up of four basses: Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine, and Thymine. The sequences
of these bases determine the information available for building and maintaining an organism. The
differences between individuals within and among species are mainly the result of differences in the
DNA sequences that constitute the genes in their genomes. The genetic information coded in DNA is
largely responsible for determining the structure, function, and development of the cell and the
organism
Advances in DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) technology over

Extraction and Characterization of Proteins
EXTRACTION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF PROTEINS Abstract Different techniques and
principles for protein extraction and characterization were demonstrated in this experiment. Various
proteins were extracted from different sources: 1.67 g yeast invertase, 1.03 g egg white albumin, and
5.15 g of milk casein. Activity assay for invertase was performed using Benedict's test and the
enzymes inverting action on sucrose was confirmed. Warburg–Christian Method and Bradford
Assay were also employed to determine the protein concentration in the albumin and the casein
samples. The concentrations for the albumin and casein samples were found to be 0.519 and 0.327
mg/mL, respectively based on Warburg–Christian Assay; and 6.5x10–3¬ and 1.9x10–2 mg/mL ...
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As a result, the interactions between protein molecules exceed protein–water interactions, and the
solubility decreases. Moreover, the differences in the amino acid sequence makes proteins differ in
their salting in and salting out behavior. This is the basis for the fractional precipitation of proteins
by means of salt. Most commonly used salt is ammonium sulfate because it is available in highly
purified form and because of its high solubility. (Boyer, 2000) Proteins can also be fractionally
precipitated by adjusting the pH, temperature and dielectric constant. Variations in pH also change
the state of ionization of the functional groups, and hence, the net charge of the protein. Usually, the
protein's solubility is at its least at the isoelectric point pI and increases on either side of the pI. At
the pI, the net charge of the protein is zero and the protein molecules do not repel each other. As a
result, protein–protein interactions are increased and the solubility is at its lowest. (Boyer, 2000)
Meanwhile, if temperature is increased denatures the proteins. Proteins then unfold and the non–
polar groups which were previously in the interior of the molecule become exposed. This leads to a
decrease in the solubility of the protein in aqueous environment. Addition of ethanol, methanol,
acetone and the like decreases the dielectric constant and thus decreases protein's solubility. (Boyer,
2000) The

Number Plate Extraction
III. NUMBER PLATE EXTRACTION
The captured input image has number plate covered by vehicle body, so by this step only number
plate area is detected and extracted from whole body of vehicle. The number plate extraction phase
influence the accuracy of ANPR system because all further step depend on the accurate extraction of
number plate area. The input to this stage is vehicle image and output is a portion of image
containing the exact number plate. Number plate can be distinguished by its features. Instead of
processing every pixel, the system processes only the pixels that have these features. The features
are derived from number plate format and the characters constituting the plate. Number plate color,
rectangular shape of number plate boundary, the color change between the plate background and
characters on it etc. can be used for detection and extraction of number plate area. The extraction of
Indian number plate is difficult as compared to the foreign number plate because in India there is no
standard followed for the aspect ratio of plate. This factor makes the detection and extraction of
number plate very difficult. The various methods used for number plate extraction are as follows:–
A. Number Plate Extraction using Boundary/Edge information
Normally the number plate has a rectangular shape with aspect ratio, so number plate can be
extracted by finding all possible rectangles from the input vehicle image. Various edge detection
methods commonly used to find these

The Extraction And Absorption Of Casein
Part A Part A of this experiment examines the extraction and absorption of casein within milk. The
foremost objective is to effectively remove the casein–rich curds from the milk by altering the pH
using acetic acid. Then, the objective is to dry the curds so that only the proteins and various other
materials remain. Afterwards, this part aims to evaluate the spectrum of copper (II) sulfate
pentahydrate, then use this spectrum in comparison to a solution of Casein sodium potassium
tartrate and NaOH in a copper (II) sulfate solution, also known as the biuret test. This denotes the
presence of protein.1 The ultimate objective of this part is to characterize the protein Casein. Casein
is a highly hydrophobic protein.1 However, it's compact spherical particles are able to be held
together through interactions with calcium in milk. This allows the hydrophobic protein to be
suspended within the polar solution through the presence of calcium ions. When acid is added to a
solution the number of H3O+ increases.1 Because proteins contain regions which are charged, the
addition of large amounts of acid alters the charge of the side chains these changes can dramatically
alter the non–covalent interactions of the side–chains.1 Essentially, the addition of the acid creates
an environment which alters the charges of the side chains this causes significant changes to the
forces within the protein folds, altering the protein. Because acid is added to the milk, it creates an
environment

Benzocaine Extraction
The purpose of this lab was to learn how to perform liquid–liquid extraction in order to isolate
benzocaine and benzoic acid from a mixture. The initial mass of the impure mixture of benzoic acid
and benzocaine was 2.143 g. At the end of the experiment, 0.244 g of benzocaine was obtained, and
0.411 g of the benzoic acid was obtained. The melting point range for the benzocaine was 88.6
degrees Celsius to 90.4 degrees Celsius. The melting point range for the benzoic acid was 122.3
degrees Celsius to 125.6 degrees Celsius.
The percent recovery of the benzocaine was 23.9%, and the percent recovery of the benzoic acid
was 40.3%. The student spilled the samples twice throughout the duration of the lab, which is why
the percent recovery turned out to be so low.
As for melting point ranges, the known melting point range of benzocaine was 88 degrees Celsius to
90 degrees Celsius. The known melting point range for benzoic acid was 121.5 degrees Celsius to
123.5 degrees Celsius. The fact that in both cases the experimentally determined melting point
ranges were very similar to the expected melting point ranges indicates that the benzoic acid and
benzocaine were purified quite ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
For this reason, they were able to form layers upon being mixed together. In regards to why the
benzocaine was able to be isolated, the amine group that was present in benzocaine received a
proton from the hydrochloric acid. This process ended up forming a water soluble salt. However,
this salt was not soluble in dichloromethane. After that, the salt of the benzocaine became
concentrated in the aqueous layer (which was on the top). In the bottom organic layer, there was
benzoic acid and benzamide. After the organic layer was run through the funnel again, the
benzocaine was removed. But in order to finish the job, sodium hydroxide was added to deprotonate
the

Dna Extraction Investigation
The purpose of this investigation was to determine the effects different chemicals would have on
DNA extracted from kiwi. These corrosive chemicals include: citric acid cleaner, methanol, bleach
and water for the controlled sample. This was achieved as kiwis were soaked in the harsh chemicals
and the controlled sample, DNA was then extracted and observed. After the DNA was removed, it
was isolated and weighed in order to decide in which test was the most DNA damaged. The
independent variables for this experiment were days the kiwi was soaking in and resting. While the
dependant variable was the measure of DNA found in mass. Initial trials were performed in class of
DNA extraction. This time strawberry was used. The process that was undertaken

Follicular Unit Extraction
Surgical Hair Treatment for Men and Women
Losing hair is very frustrating that affects most of the people around the world. Today, about 50% of
women and 60% of men suffer from hair loss. The most common type of hair loss is androgenic
alopecia that affects both the sexes, it is also known as "male pattern baldness" and female pattern
baldness". People shed 100 hairs per day based on their scalp that contain hair follicles (100,000
hair follicles is average). But what causes hair loss? There are many reasons behind hair loss such as
anemia, some disease, low vitamin and protein level, stress, aging, menopause, pregnancy, puberty,
crash diet and others.
If you are experiencing hair loss or hair thinning and are suffering from psychological issues such as
stress from hair loss then don't worry because now the time has come that you opt for a therapy.
There are many surgical treatments such as ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This technique uses hair graft follicles in which each follicle contains one to four hairs. You can
expect undetectable and natural result with this transplant surgery. FUE is actually a method of
obtaining hair grafts from the patient's own donor hair and then implanting it to the recipient area.
This treatment is suitable for you if you have mild to moderate level of baldness and if you have
healthy hair growth on the donor area.
You should remember that the ideal candidate for this treatment is the one who falls under the
category of class III on the Norwood scale. As hair transplant is a proven and natural procedure for
treating hair loss. It has revolutionized hair transplant surgery for both men and women. However,
this treatment can only be performed when both surgeon and other surgical staff have proper skill
and training. It usually takes about 4 to 8 hours to complete the treatment depending on the number
of grafts and bald area that need to

Feature Extraction Essay
In many research works, the various feature extraction algorithms are used for remotely sensed
imagery. In this proposed work, feature extraction is mainly divided into three steps, viz., Discrete
Wavelet Transformation of Pixel Information, Principle Component Analysis using DWT
coefficients, and then extraction of Gray Level Co–occurrence Matrix derived statistical features.
All the steps are discussed here in detail. DWT Discrete Wavelet Transform or DWT is technique
comprising of important features like localization of space frequency and multi–resolution. There is
a great flexibility in DWT for choosing varying window size, bases and the low computational
complexity [16]. Here in this work the complex signals are decomposed into sum ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
ϕ=1/M ∑_(n–1)^M▒T_n ... (4.9) Difference between the Input Matrix (Ti) with the Previous
Average Input Matrix (ψ) is calculated. ϕ_i=T_i–ψ ... (4.10) Calculation of the covariance matrix of
the variable (Фi). C= 1/M ∑_n^M▒〖ϕ_n–ϕ_n^T 〗 ... (4.11) Calculation of the Eigenvectors and
Eigenvalues of the covariance matrix. The eigenvectors that obtained from the covariance matrix
sorted according to the largest eigenvalues. Selecting the principal component, from M eigenvectors
(Eigen faces), only M is chosen, which have the highest eigenvalues. The higher the eigenvalue, the
more characteristic features of a face does the particular eigenvector describe. In MATLAB 2016a,
pca is given as a function to obtain coefficients from principle components analysis of a given raw
data vector. GLCM GLCM or Gray Level Co–occurrence Matrix is most widely used method of
Texture Based Feature Extraction. GLCM, first proposed by Haralick in 1973, characterize texture
using a variety of quantities derived from second order image statistics [21]. Co–occurrence texture
features from an image are extracted in two steps. First, "the pair–wise spatial co–occurrences of
pixels separated by a particular angle and/or distance are tabulated using a gray level co–occurrence
matrix" (GLCM). Second, "the GLCM is used to compute a set of scalar quantities that characterize
different aspects of the underlying texture". These steps

Extraction Techniques For Rough Medications
Extraction, as the term is utilized pharmaceutically, includes the partition of restoratively dynamic
segments of plant or creature tissues from the idle or latent parts by utilizing particular solvents as a
part of standard extraction strategies. The items so acquired from plants are generally polluted
fluids, semisolids or powders expected just for oral or outside use. These incorporate classes of
arrangements known as decoctions, implantations, liquid removes, tinctures, pilular (semisolid)
separates and powdered concentrates. Such arrangements famously have been called galenicals,
named after Galen, the second century Greek doctor. The motivations behind institutionalized
extraction techniques for rough medications are to achieve the restoratively sought divide and to
wipe out the dormant material by treatment with a specific dissolvable known as menstrum. The
concentrate along these lines got might be prepared for use as a restorative specialists in the type of
tinctures and liquid concentrates, it might be further prepared to be fused in any dose frame, for
example, tablets or cases, or it might be fractionated to seclude singular concoction substances, for
example, ajmalicine, hyoscine also, vincristine, which are modem drugs. In this way,
institutionalization of extraction strategies contributes fundamentally to the last nature of the home
grown medication. The concoction properties of the analyte are critical to an extraction, just like the
properties of the fluid

Extraction Of Caffeine From Tea
EXTRACTION OF CAFFEINE FROM TEA
Abstract
The method used to separate the organic compound from a mixture of compound is the extraction. It
is done by the dissolving of one or more compounds in a good solvent. The solvent which was used
in this experiment was 15 ml of dichloromethane into 125ml of water. Caffeine was extracted from
9.19 g of TAZO Awake English Breakfast. Caffeine is soluble in water in 2.2 g/ml at 20 C; it is more
soluble than dichloromethane which has 10.2g/ml at 20 C, and the method used for the extraction
was the liquid–liquid extraction method, followed by evaporation. The objective of going through
all these steps was to be able to obtain caffeine from tea and to see how pure or how the caffeine
was not pure in comparing the standard values of Melt Point and RF values of the result of the
experiment.
Introduction
It is well known that tea is one of the greatest frequently used caffeinated drinks in the world. The
caffeine (C8H10N4O2) which was extracted from the tea was harsh and white. Caffeine is known as
being a great stimulant which is mostly used by the majority of people, and caffeine has a power in
people's organism. It creates many different kinds of problems, such respiratory problems, heart rate
problems, anxiety and insomnia problems. On the other hand, caffeine has some good effects for
people, such as improving alertness, learning capacity and exercise performance (NCBI, 2013). Tea
Also contains other components such as

Essay On Feature Extraction
Feature plays a very important role in the area of image processing. Different feature extraction
techniques are applied on different types of images to get features that will be useful in classifying
and recognition of images. Features describes the important information of images that helps to
classify images correctly and remarkably reduce the dimension of the images. In pattern recognition
and image processing, feature extraction is a special form of dimensionality reduction. The main
goal of feature extraction is to obtain the most relevant information from the original data and
represent that information in a lower dimensional space. Effective feature extraction from various
intensity or color in images have been an important topic ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
The histogram gives the feature vector for entire window. Example of LBP feature extraction is
given in the Figure 2.1
Figure 2.1: Finding decimal value for central pixel using LBP
LBP has some limitations that reduces its application fields. LBP is not rotation invariant and the
size of the features increases exponentially with the number of neighbors which leads to an increase
of computational complexity in terms of time and space.
2.2.1 Noise Adaptive Binary Pattern (NABP)
Noise adaptive binary pattern [12] is a modification of local binary pattern. Though LPB is powerful
in extraction local features, it has a lack of discriminative power and sensitive to noise. LBP may
produce same pattern for big difference and same difference of the central pixel with neighboring
pixel. LBP is also affected by noise. So, a modification is proposed on LBP to face fluctuation of
intensity and noise in image. They proposed a threshold (square root of central pixel + central pixel).
If neighboring pixel value is greater than the pixel then the pattern value is 1 otherwise 0. Figure 2.2
illustrates calculation of NABP.
Figure 2.2: Finding decimal value for central pixel using NABP
2.2.3 Completed Local Binary Pattern (CLBP)
CLBP [1] is also very similar to LBP. Main

Separatory Funnel Extraction
Alterations: After mixing the benzoic acid, p– dichlorobenzene, and m– nitroaniline with the diethyl
ether inside the separatory funnel it resulted a yellowish color with a strong odor that makes you
dizzy. Preparing an hydrochloric acid solution and mixing it with the mixture of diethyl ether and
there three compound creates a layer in the separatory funnel. Shaking it and releasing the gas to
mix the compound very well, but too much shake trap the bubbles in the center layer that separate
the organic layer and aqeuous layer. It will take time to disappear the bubbles, so by shaking it
slowly will avoid the forming of bubbles. The aqeuous layer formed a very light– yellow color and a
"gello" like material and settled in the bottom of the separatory funnel, while the organic layer
remain in the top. Draining the bottom which is the aqeuous layer and saving it later for the
extraction of benzoic acid. Adding hydrochloric acid gave us a crystal white color in appearance
with a purple color of litmus paper and ph level of 0.3, indicating an acidic solution and allowing it
to precipitate. Pre– weighing the filter paper resulted a 0.31 g and after vacuum filtration and
allowing it to dry, the filter paper with the compound weigh ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
The bottom layer has a cloudy color with a strong odor also but a very cold texture. Draining it and
saving it for later for the extraction of m– nitroaniline. By adding sodium hydroxide slowly and
continuously until the color changes to yellow and begin to precipitate. Checking the acidity by
litmus paper resulted a a deep purple color indicate an acidic solution with a ph level of 0.3. Pre–
weighing the filter resulted a 0.29 g and after filtering it by vacuum and allowing it to dry the mass
of the compound weight 1.41 g and by getting the difference between the filter paper and filter paper
with product gave us a 1.12 g of

Gold Mining By Saudi Arabia
Far into one of Saudi Arabia's mud fields, which is measured to be greater than five soccer fields.
Saudi Arabia is known to have heaps of gold. Adam tries to remove gold, by diving profound into
the surface of a gold mining site. The gold mine had been prohibited by the town's nearby
government, because of the spread of different diseases, caused by the gold extraction. Many notices
have been given to the general population who endeavor to burrow for gold, however despite the
fact that, Adam's steadiness to keep burrowing is imperative. He has nothing left any longer; neither
does his significant other and his two kids. He wishes to desert destitution and carry on with a more
extravagant existence with his family and set them free from ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
You chased for gold to look for joy, now taste agony and misery by the very thing you wanted."
Those words are going through his mind, constantly, while seeing the shade of his skin turning dark.
Immediately, he begins yelling with distress "It wouldn't have resulted in these present
circumstances on the off chance that we villagers had an occupation to have the capacity to nourish
our family." As the magma is on the precarious edge of taking him in totally, Adam all of a sudden
observes himself in his home, with his eyes completely open, and heart–beating redundantly, his
better half remaining at a short separation cooking lunch, while his kids playing and snickering. A
sudden thump at the entryway keeps him pondering who it may be, so he promptly opens the
entryway. A nearby man is remaining at the entryway, shockingly he turned out to be a foundation
development work enrollment specialist. An extraordinary feeling of happiness is filling his heart,
however by the by, he wouldn't have any desire to keep any finished desires, holding up to perceive
what the man needs to state. His desires were correct; the man excitedly was inquiring whether he
might want to join the work workforce, keeping in mind the end goal to chip away at another
framework venture arranged by the administration. What's more, that they are searching for
committed and dedicated workers who were beforehand part of the Gold mining movement when
the same prohibited action was

A Comprehensive Treatment Plan Based Off Diagnosis Of The...
Upon discussions and consultations with general dentistry, periodontics, prosthodontics, and
endodontic professors, we have drawn a comprehensive treatment plan based off diagnosis of the
problems at hand. Periodontitis, loss of tooth structure due to bruxism, fistula, and periapical abscess
were the findings. Based from the presentation of patient, it is apparent patient is at high risk of
periodontal issues and of caries. Included in appendix, are the clinical photos, radiographs,
periodontal charts, study casts, and treatment plans. Scaling and Root Planning (SRP), prophylaxis,
root canal therapy (RCT), post and core, porcelain fused metal crown, and night guard were the
major treatments. While broken teeth and possible caries ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
2), Autologous platelet concentrates (APC) for bisphosphonate–related osteonecrosis of the jaw
treatment and prevention. A systematic review of the literature is a quality paper. Massimo et al.
focused on finding out the difference between the group exposed to APC vs. the group Not exposed
to APC, in regard to surgical dental treatments, in terms of a) improving success of surgical
treatment of BRONJ, b) reducing the incidence of BRONJC after oral surgery procedures,
furthermore, 1) improving healing of bone and soft tissue at the surgical site, 2) reducing incidence
of any other post–surgical complication and side–effect, 3) improving patient's quality of life by
reducing pain, swelling, and other common symptoms, in the post–surgical period, increasing
treatment acceptance by patient, in patient under bisphosphonate treatment world–wide. This paper
analyzed original clinical studies including prospective and retrospective, on surgical treatment and
prevention. The meta–analysis combined 2 case series and 1 case control but excludes case report
and non–outcome study. The studies included address the review question, have appropriate study
design, with clear search strategy,
The article utilized Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, MEDLINE, and Scopus
bibliographic databases that were not limited to just English studies. Also, Del Fabbro et al.

Extraction Of Teeth Research Paper
Tooth Extractions
Your permanent, adult teeth are supposed to last your entire life. However, there are multiple
reasons why you may need a tooth removed:
A crowded mouth is often a reason why teeth are extracted. If you need orthodontic treatment and
your mouth is crowded, your dentist may suggest removing a tooth to create more room to
straighten your teeth.
Tooth decay or damage is probably the most common reason that a tooth is removed. If a tooth is
damaged or decayed beyond repair, your dentist will more than likely recommend having that tooth
pulled for the betterment of your oral health.
Infection can happen if tooth decay is allowed to spread to the root of the tooth. If the infection is
too advanced for a root canal to repair it, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
We can't wait to see you, Buffalo Grove!
(patient testimonials)
What Our Patients Are Saying
At North Shore Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, excellent customer service is our main goal. Our
patients are what keep our practice alive, and their feedback means the world to us! We can keep
telling you how great we are and how much we care about your smile, or you can see what our
patients have to say about us.
We've collected testimonials from our patients to provide you with unbiased information about our
practice. Take a look at why some of our patients keep coming back time and time again!
If you have questions about patient satisfaction received at North Shore Oral & Maxillofacial
Surgery, call us at 847–613–4933 or fill out our online form. We can't wait to see you, Buffalo
Grove!
(Smile Gallery)
Great Smiles On Display
A beautiful smile is always a healthy smile! We believe that wholeheartedly and want to create your

healthy new smile. Take a look at our patients' before and after photos, and know that you could be
there alongside them! We are here to help you with all of your needs in oral

The Peat Extraction From The Bog
From the results presented it is a clear indicator that human activity is having a profound effect on
Monivea Bog. The peat extraction from the bog is having a dramatic effect on the natural
environment. The digitizing of the bog using GIS 10.3 was a simplistic method that visually
provides how much peat is being extracted from the Bog. The reasons behind the extraction was
pointed out by Cruickshank et al, 1995, suggesting that peat extraction is part of an Irish culture
which humans use the peat as fuel and horticulture. The peat extraction evidently has an impact on
the carbon content & loss, hydrochemistry, peat depth, geology and vegetation as pointed out in the
results.
The conductivity results for Monivea Bog shows that there is ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
From the results there is an interaction between hydrology, vegetation and depth. The lower depths
had a lack of vegetation, less surface water and high levels of conductivity. This suggests that
vegetation is unable to deal with living at low depths on the bog and this is due to four factors.
Firstly, the high conductivity suggests that the water is toxic for the sphagnum mosses to survive.
The nutrient cycle is highly disturbed and there is no oxygen available for sphagnum mosses to
grow.
It was interesting to identify that there was no open lake in the bog in 1867, it is not known how this
open lake has developed on the west side of the bog. It is almost impossible to observe or analysis
the development of open water pools (Belyea & Lancaster, 2002). However, for this study, from the
analysis of the geological profile and depths it is predicated that the pool was formed from
subsidence of drainage and peat extraction. As Zanello et al (2011) points out that subsidence
depends on how the water table is managed on the site. In Monivea Bog the water table was lowered
to dry up the peat so it can be extracted by humans. Furthermore, Zanello et al (2011) also suggests
that subsidence is driven by bio–chemical oxidation of the organic fraction in peat. The predicted
subsided open water pool in Monivea Bog due support the sphagnum mosses. However, the water
table being significantly below has caused reduced growth, desiccation and high mortality rates of

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Extraction
Chapter Five
Discussion
Extraction is a process by which substances and active constituents are separated from the original
matrix, extraction process depends on many physical and chemical characteristics. Extraction is
divided into two types liquid phase extraction and solid phase extraction depending on the physical
phase of extraction agent(Rezaee et al., 2006). In our study, we have adopted liquid phase extraction
for several reasons. Firstly, simple, inexpensive, relatively precise and wide range methods for
separation, identification, and quantification of drugs, poisons, and herbal medicine. Secondly, An
equilibrium distribution is established by the ratio between two phases will be influenced by the
choice of the extracting solvent, the pH value of the aqueous phase and the ratio of the volumes of
the organic to aqueous phases (Ahadi et al., 2011). ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
regia unripe fruit using two extraction methods (microwave and soxhlet methods). The selection of
solvents was based on the gradual increase in the polarity, ethyl acetate, acetone, ethanol, methanol,
and water. The highest efficient solvent for extraction was water as the total yield weight of the
extracts was 3.4 g in the fatted and defatted J. regia using microwave and soxhlet methods. Whereas,
the lowest efficient solvent for extraction was ethyl acetate as the total yield weight of the extracts
was only 0.74 g. The increase in the polarity of the extraction solvent has conferred a significant
increase in yield amount as there were 4.6 fold increases in the amount of yield between the lowest
polarity solvent (ethyl acetate) and the highest polarity solvent (water) regardless to the extraction

Benzocaine Extraction Lab
In this lab, liquid–liquid extraction was performed to isolate a mixture of benzocaine and benzoic
acid. 2.0107 grams of the mixture was first weighed out for the trials. When HCl was added to the
mixture for the first acid extraction of benzocaine, an emulsion formed during inversion and venting
that prevented a defined separation of the two layers. 8 mL of water was therefore added before
continuing the extraction. The addition of NaOH then turned the top aqueous layer basic, indicated
by the pH strips that turned blue when tested. A vacuum filtration isolated 0.29 grams of benzocaine
and a MelTemp apparatus measured the crystal's melting point ranges to be 85.1C–87.4C. For the
base extraction of benzoic acid, the aqueous layers were retrieved ... Show more content on
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In the first acid extraction of benzocaine, the compound was dissolved in the organic solvent of
dichloromethane. When the mixture was shaken with HCl, benzocaine's amine group gained a
proton and became more soluble in water than dichloromethane. This allowed the newly formed
hydrochloric salt to migrate to the aqueous layer. However, the addition of NaOH to the acidic
aqueous layer regenerated benzocaine by deprotonation, making it insoluble in the aqueous layer.
The precipitation of an ionic salt was therefore recovered by vacuum filtration and had a tested
melting point range of 85.1C–87.4C compared to 88C–90C, the literature melting point of
benzocaine. The similarity in melting point ranges, but low percent yield of 30.37% proves that the
extract was somewhat successful. Lower yields may be the result of spillage performed in the lab. In
the second basic extraction, the organic layer now included benzoic acid and benzamide. When
treated with NaOH to deprotonate benzoic acid, the newly formed sodium benzoate transitioned to
the aqueous layer as a sodium salt. Benzoic acid is regenerated once again after the addition of HCl
and became insoluble in the aqueous layer after protonation. Its precipitation was then filtered out
for a 65.87% recovery. Compared to its literature melting point of 122.41C, the resulting 120.9C–
123.5C melting range of the sample also supports the accuracy of the separation due to its
similarities and high percent yield. In conclusion, the usage of base and acid liquid extraction was
mostly successful in this experiment because it was able to efficiently and properly isolate the
impure mixture into two separate components of benzocaine and benzoic acid. By performing the
techniques of extraction and vacuum filtration, the similarities between literature and tested

Bioleaching of Gold Ore
Bioleaching of Gold Ore
Table of Contents Title Page i Table of Contents ii ABSTRACT iii
1. INTRODUCTION 4 2.1 HISTORICAL OVERVIEW OF BIOLEACHING 4–5 2.2 TYPES OF
BIOLEACHING 5–7 2.3 GOLD ORES APPLICABLE TO BIOLEACHING 7 2.4 PRINCIPLES
OF BIOLOGICAL GOLD ORE TREATMENT 7–9 2.5 OPTOMIZING THE BIOLEACHING
PROCESS 9–11 2.6 ADVANTAGES OF BIOLEACHING OF GOLD ORE 11
2.7 LIMITATIONS/DISADVANTAGES OF BIOLEACHING OF GOLD ORE 12
3. CONCLUSION 12
Cited References 13
Appendix A 14
1. ABSTRACT Bioleaching has been applied to copper and uranium ... Show more content on
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These investigations led to production of 8.4 tons of gold annually [1]. These successes led several
other gold mining companies to follow with bioleaching processes. Today bioleaching of gold
containing ore has become increasingly important as bioleaching technology progresses and gold
reserves become increasingly depleted. 2.2 TYPES OF BIOLEACHING Types of bioleaching of
gold ore can be divided into three categories. Each method offers various advantages. Selection of
the bioleaching type for a specific application depends on several factors including: the ore
composition, gold content, surrounding environment and amount of available reserves. 2.2.1
BIOREACTORS Bioreactors are employed when the value of the gold recovery is sufficient to
justify the costs of installing and operating the necessary equipment. Bioreactors are able to process
less gold ore at one time, but create a much faster oxidation process. This process usually utilizes
higher grade ores compared to heap leaching. This type of bioleaching is characterized by a reactor
tank in which relatively finely ground ore and nutrients are added, as well as bacteria containing
solution to create a slurry (Figure 1). This mixture is then mechanically or air agitated. [pic] Figure
1: Bioreactor tanks for processing of gold ore Available from:
http://wiki.biomine.skelleftea.se/wiki/index.php/Tank_leaching

2.2.2 HEAP BIOLEACH PADS Heap bioleach

DNA extraction lab
DNA Extraction of a Musa acuminata
Biology Lab Report
Analyze and Interpret
A number of steps are required to isolate DNA from cellular contents. Describe what happens at
each step, and why it acts to separate the parts of the cell. /6
There are three specific steps required to isolate DNA from its cellular contents. The steps used to
remove and expose DNA from its cell are: breaking down the food type you are using by crushing it,
for example a banana or strawberries, exposing the substance to a sodium chloride (NaCl) solution,
subjecting the product to detergent solution (dH2O), filtering the solution and lastly, the addition of
ethanol. When beginning with a solid substance, such as a banana, crushing the substance allows for
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Firstly, DNA is constantly trying to coil itself back into its original position, which is a supercoiled
polymer. So when the DNA is exposed to a stirring rod in a circular motion the DNA tries to coil
itself to the rod. Secondly, another property of DNA, which is the fact that it is polar, causes it to
attract to the polar glass rod. These two properties working together allow the DNA to coil around
the stirring rod.
Conclude and Communicate
Based on your procedure and results, how is DNA isolated from plant or animal cells? /4
When looking at DNA extraction, the key steps for isolating DNA from a plant cell or animal cell is
to pass through the protective barriers of each cell – whether it is a cell wall and cell membrane or
only the cell membrane for an animal cell. In order to extract DNA from a banana, the first step
required is to place half of it in a small resealable plastic bag without air bubbles, and then using
your fingers mash the banana until no visible chunks. Next, using a graduated cylinder measure 10
mL of the 0.1% NaCl solution, and add it to the bag – mix thoroughly. Then the next step is with a
graduated cylinder measure 3 mL of detergent solution (dH2O), add it to the bag and mix gently, so
as not to form bubbles. After this, set up a retort stand with the gas tube using a retort clamp, strain
the banana mixture through a filter paper, and collect the filtrate in a gas tube for approximately

Extraction of Metals
Extraction of metals
The History of Metals.
Metals have been used by people for many thousands of years. Gold and silver, found as native
metal, were used both as jewellery and as a status symbol – nothing new there. These metals were
known in the Stone Age, but gold and silver are too soft to be used as tools.
The first really useful metal to be discovered was bronze. This began the Bronze Age. Bronze was
used extensively for tools and weapons in Asia and Africa from 4,500 B.C. (6,500 years ago) and in
Britain from 2,000 B.C. (4,000 years ago). News of the new material travelled slowly in those days
and it took the Brits 2,500 years to get the message.
Bronze is not an element (like gold and silver) but an alloy (metal mixture) of ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
The same can be said of metal extraction. Metal extraction can drastically affect the quality of air in
the surrounding areas, what with the high levels of dust and gas in the area. There's also the noise
pollution that it creates, which is affecting the natural habitat of animals. Last, metal extraction
disfigures the landscape.
Now, if companies continually extract metal, the land will forever be disfigured, causing flooding
and soil erosion in the area. It will also cause large–scale natural habitat destruction, causing so
many species to be uprooted. There's also the air and water pollution to consider.
Economic Impact of Metal Extraction
It is a fact that mining, extracting, refining, and purifying metal will cost a lot of money. There are
different types of metal, and they need different methods of extraction. Now, the methods of
extracting metal do not come cheap, nor does refining and purifying metal. Not only will you need
special equipment for their extraction, but you will also need other elements as well such as copper,
zinc, mercury, among others, for the purification and refinement processes. Some of these elements
are very harmful and toxic not only to humans and animals but to nature as well, worsening the
environmental impact of metal extraction.
Aside from this, you also have to think of the transportation costs of extracted metal.

Extraction: The Story Of Stuff
The Story of Stuff is something I had seen before. My school, where I was from first grade to high
school graduation, was very active in sustainability education and making sure every member of the
community was well versed in practices to reduce our carbon footprint as a larger body. I graduated
high school thinking that I had a pretty clear understanding of what sustainability was and how I
could do my part. And even as I transitioned to Maryland I saw an increase in personal
responsibility as the campus is covered with trash cans, recycling bins and even compost bins. But
while we, as a school, work to recycle, compost, turn out the lights, carpool and in general maintain
sustainable habits, The Story of Stuff recounts the chain of events for the rest of the world. I found
the first point of the video really interesting. While a lack of resources such as fossil fuels has
become a more common discourse, the point she made about not being able to sustain a linear
system on a finite planet did a great job summing up this point. Extraction was one of the most
devastating parts for me. I was not aware that we have less than 4% of our original forests left and
that we have caused 40% ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In psychology class, we have been talking a lot about conditioning and the ways in which we are
conditioned to act and believe things that we are unaware of. In a way, I saw the concept of
Perceived Obsolescence as consumer conditioning. By re–designing, producing and marketing the
exact same product, getting those who missed out on the first wave of the product to by it and then
convince those who had the first wave to buy it, companies are conditioning consumers that they
need to have the newest product. Also some theories of psychology believe that we inherently want
to protect ourselves through fitting in socially so we buy the newest products to feel that safety and

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