The document discusses various operators in C++ including arithmetic, increment/decrement, assignment, relational, logical, and bitwise operators. It also covers topics such as loops, arrays, functions, pointers, classes, and objects. Key operators and concepts covered include addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, increment, decrement, assignment, comparison, logical AND/OR/NOT, bitwise AND/OR/XOR/complement, for/while/do-while loops, one and two dimensional arrays, user-defined and recursive functions, regular and double pointers, dynamic memory allocation, and the basics of classes and objects in C++.

1. Operators in C++
Operators

2. Overview
1. Arithmetic Operators
2. Increment and Decrement Operators
3. Assignment Operators
4. Relational Operators
5. Logical Operators
6. Bitwise Operators
7. Other Operators

3. Arithmetic Operators
 +  Addition
 -  Subtraction
 *  Multiplication
 /  Division
 %  Modulo Operation

4. Increment and Decrement Operators
 ++  Increment operator
 --  Decrement Operator

5. Assignment Operators
Operator Usage
 = x=y  x=y
 += x+=y  x=x+y
 -= x-=y  x=x-y
 *= x*=y  x=x*y
 /= x/=y  x=x/y
 %= x%=y  x=x%y

6. Relational Operators
Operator Usage
 == x==y  x equal to y
 != x!=y  x not equal to y
 > x>y  x greater than y
 < x<y  x lesser than y
 >= x>=y  x greater than (or) equal to y
 <= x<=y  x lesser than (or) equal to y

7. Logical Operators
Operator Usage
 && Exp 1 && Exp 2  Logical AND (Return true if both are true)
 || Exp 1 || Exp 2  Logical OR (Return true at least one true)
 ! ! Exp 1  Logical NOT (Return true if Exp false)

8. Bitwise Operators
Operator Name
 & Binary AND
 | Binary OR
 ^ Binary XOR
 ~ Binary One’s Complement
 << Binary Shift Left
 >> Binary Shift Right

9. Decimal to Binary

10. Binary to Decimal

11. Binary to Decimal

12. Bitwise AND Operator
Truth Table Example Code:
Output :
Formula:

13. Bitwise OR Operator
Truth Table Example Code:
Output :
Formula:

14. Bitwise XOR Operator
Truth Table Example Code:
Output :
Formula:

15. Bitwise Complement Operator
Table Example Code:
Output :
Formula:
Flow Chart:

16. Right Shift Operator
Flow Chart:
Example Code:
Output :
Formula:

17. Left Shift Operator
Flow Chart:
Example Code:
Output :
Formula:

18. Loops
• for
• while
• do...while
• break
• continue
• switch
• goto

19. For loop
Syntax: Flow Chart:
Example Code:
How it works:
Output:

20. While Loop
Syntax: Flow Chart:
Example Code:
How it works:
Output:

21. Do While Loop
Syntax: Flow Chart:
Example Code:
How it works:
Output:

22. Arrays in C++
 One Dimensional Array
 Two Dimensional Array

23. One Dimensional Array
 Declaration : dataType arrayName[arraySize];
 Ex, int a[10];  int (datatype) a (arrayname) [10] array size

24. Two Dimensional Array
int x[2][3] = { {2, 4, 5}, {9, 0, 19}};

25. String
Declaration :
 char x[100] = “Hello";  Char – Datatype; x  String Name;[100]  String Array Size

26. Sample Program
 #include <iostream>
 using namespace std;
 int main()
 {
 char str[100];
 cin.get(str, 100);
 cout << str << endl;
 return 0;
 }

27. Functions
 Pre-defined Functions
 User-defined Functions
 Call By Value
 Call By Reference

28. User Defined Functions
Call by value example code:
Output:
Call by reference example code:
Output:

29. C++ Recursion
Structure Flow

30. Pointers
What is pointer?
 Pointer reduces the code and improves the performance, it is used to retrieving strings,
trees etc. and used with arrays, structures and functions.
 We can return multiple values from function using pointer.
 It makes you able to access any memory location in the computer's memory.

31. Pointers

32. Usage of Pointer
Dynamic memory allocation
 In c language, we can dynamically allocate memory using malloc() and calloc() functions
where pointer is used.
Arrays, Functions and Structures
 Pointers in c language are widely used in arrays, functions and structures. It reduces the
code and improves the performance.

33. Declaring a Pointer
We use the asterisk (*) symbol to designate a variable as a pointer in C++. The
asterisk symbol can be placed anywhere before the pointer name and after the
datatype.
Syntax :
If we have to declare two (or more) pointers together in the same line, we will need
to use the asterisk symbol before each variable name. For example:

34. Pointer Example
Printing Address & Value of the variable using Pointer Output

35. Pointer Example
Program to swap 2 numbers without using 3rd variable Output

36. Double Pointers
What is double pointers?
 Regular pointer is to refer to an object in memory, then a double pointer is a variable that points to
another pointer which in turn, points to an object in memory.
 Double pointer is also known as pointer to pointer.

37. Declaring Double Pointers
Declaring a Pointer to a Pointer in C++ or double-pointer is very similar
to declaring a single pointer; the only difference is that an extra * is
added.
For Example
Syntax :

38. Double Pointers Example
The simple working of double pointer Output

39. New & Delete Operator
The “new” operator is used to allocate memory for a
variable or any other entity like objects or arrays on a
heap memory area. If a sufficient amount of memory
is available on the heap, the new operator will
initialize the memory and return the address of the
newly allocated memory and you can use pointers to
store the address of that memory location.
Output
Example
Since the programmer has allocated memory at
runtime, it’s the responsibility of the programmer to
delete that memory when not required. So at any
point, when programmers feel a variable that has
been dynamically allocated is no anymore required,
they can free up the memory that it occupies in the
free store or heap with the “delete” operator. It
returns the memory to the operating system. This is
also known as memory deallocation. Also, memory

40. Class
 Description & Structure :
A class is a blueprint for the object.
We can think of a class as a sketch (prototype) of a house. It contains all the details about the floors,
doors, windows, etc. Based on these descriptions we build the house. House is the object.

41. Objects
 Description & Structure :
When a class is defined, only the specification for the object is defined; no memory or storage is
allocated.
To use the data and access functions defined in the class, we need to create objects.

42. Class & Objects Sample
 Program :