This document summarizes a thesis submitted for a Master's degree in structural engineering. The thesis investigates the efficiency of lateral load resisting systems in tall steel buildings. It first introduces the topic and importance of structural concepts for tall buildings. It then outlines the methodology, including loading criteria and building design optimization. Next, it describes different lateral systems - rigid frames, braced frames, rigid-braced frames, and outrigger and belt truss systems. The results and discussions chapter compares the performance of these systems. The conclusion discusses the scope for future work and references cited.

1. i
EFFICIENCY OF LATERAL SYSTEMS IN TALL STEEL
BUILDINGS
A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULLFILMENT OF THE
REQUIREMENT FOR THE AWARD OF DEGREE OF
MASTER OF TECHNOLOGY IN
STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING
BY
MIRZA RAFATHULLAH BAIG 12Q81D2004
UNDER THE ESTEEMED GUIDANCE OF
S. AMAR
ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
AZAD COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING &
TECHNOLOGY
(Approved by AICTE and Affiliated to JNTUH)
Moinabad, RangaReddy Dist.
2012-2014

2. ii
A PROJECT REPORT ON
EFFICIENCY OF LATERAL SYSTEMS IN TALL STEEL
BUILDINGS
MASTER OF TECHNOLOGY
IN
STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING
BY
MIRZA RAFATHULLAH BAIG 12Q81D2004
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
AZAD COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING &
TECHNOLOGY
(Approved by AICTE and Affiliated to JNTUH)
Moinabad, RangaReddy Dist.
2012-2014

3. iii
AZAD COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING &
TECHNOLOGY
Moinabad, RangaReddy Dist.
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
Certificate
This is to certify that the thesis entitled “EFFICIENCY OF
LATERAL SYSTEMS IN TALL STEEL BUILDINGS” is Bonafide
record work done by MIRZA RAFATHULLAH BAIG bearing
Hall Ticket No: 12Q81D2004 in partial fulfillment of requirement for
the award of degree of MASTER OF TECHNOLOGY IN
STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING, Azad College of Engineering and
Technology, Moinabad.
HOD INTERNALGUIDE
EXAMINER PRINCIPAL

4. iv
STUDENT DECLARATION
I hereby declare that the work which is being presented in this project titled
“EFFICIENCY OF LATERAL SYSTEMS IN TALL STEEL
BUILDINGS” for partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of
degree of MASTER OF TECHNOLOGY in STRUCTURAL
ENGINEERING submitted to Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University
is an authentication record of my original work carried during the period
from 2012 to 2014 under the guidance of Sri S.Amar, Associate Professor
& HOD, Department of Civil Engineering in Azad College of Engineering
& Technology.
Date:
Place:
MIRZA RAFATHULLAH BAIG

5. v
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I express my grateful thanks, deep regards and gratitude to Mr. S. Amar,
Associate Professor in Civil Engineering, AZAD COLLEGE OF
ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY, Moinabad for his genuine,
precious efforts, guidance and encouragement in my project.
I would like to express my gratitude to Sri S. Amar, Head of Civil
Engineering Department for his support and suggestions throughout my
project work.
I am thankful to all the faculty members of Civil Engineering Department
for their unstained cooperation, help and encouragement.
Finally, I extend my heartfelt thanks to all the unmentioned ones and the
invisible hands that helped in making this project a success.
MIRZA RAFATHULLAH BAIG

6. vi
ABSTRACT
The advances in three-dimensional structural analysis and computing resources
have allowed the efficient and safe design of increasingly taller structure. These structures
are the consequence of increasing urban densification and economical viability. The
modem skyscraper has and will thus continue to feature prominently in the landscape of
urban cities. The trend towards progressively taller structures has demanded a shift from
the traditional strength based design approach of building to a focus on constraining the
overall motion of the structure. Structural engineering have responded to this challenge of
lateral control with a myriad of systems that achieve motion control while adhering to the
overall architectural vision.
An investigation was carried out to understand the behavior of the different lateral
system employed in today's skyscrapers. The investigation examined the structural
behavior of the traditional moment frame, braced frame, integrated rigid brace system,
brace frame with outriggers and finally braced frame with outriggers and belt truss. The
advantages and disadvantages of all schemes were explored from both an architectural and
structural efficiency standpoint. Prior to the computer modeling of each lateral system,
each scheme was understood from behavioral standpoint to verify computer results. The
study repeatedly illustrated that motion was the governing condition in all models, the
increasing effect of wind load as the height of the building increases and change in design
approach from strength to stiffness criterion.

7. vii
CONTANT
S.No Description Page
No.
CHAPTER-1
1 INTRODUCTION 1 to 9
1.1 General 1
1.2 Structural Concept 2
CHAPTER-2
2 LITERATURE REWIVE 10 to 12
2 General 10
2.1 Literature Revive 10
CHAPTER-3
3 METHODOLOGY 13 to 17
3.1 Loading and Design Criteria 13
3.2 Live Load 14
3.3 Wind Load 14
3.4 Quake Load 15
3.5 Building Design and Optimizing
Criteria
16
3.6 Optimization procedure 16
CHAPTER-4
4 LATERAL SYSTEMS 18 to 39
4.1 Rigid frames 18
4.1.2 Deflection Characteristic 19
4.1.3 Calculation of Drift 22
4.2 Braced Frames 23
4.2.1 Physical Behavior 23
4.2.2 Calculation of Drift 26

8. viii
4.2.3 Calculation of Flexural Component 26
4.2.4 Calculation of Shear Component 26
4.3.1 Rigid-Braced frames 27
4.3.2 Physical Behavior 29
4.4.1 Outrigger and belt truss system 31
4.4.2 Behavior 33
4.4.3 Calculation of displacements 35
4.4.4 Step wise calculation 38
CHAPTER-5
5 RESULTS AND DISCUSSUIONS 40 to 64
CHAPTER-6
6 CONCLUSION 65
6.1 SCOPEFOR FUTURE WORK 66
6.2 REFERANCES 67

9. ix
S.No Descriptionof Tables Page no
5.1 MI and Lateral load values of 10 storey model of MF 40
5.2 Chord drift components of 10 storey model of MF 40
5.3 Column and beam rotation components due to ELY 41
5.4 Percentage contribution of each componentdue to ELY 41
5.5 MI and Lateral Load of 10 storey model 42
5.6 Displacement values obtained using Etabs 42
5.7 Displacement values of 10 storey RB frame model 43
5.8 Displacement for 10 storey model with outrigger at top 43
5.9 Displacement components WLY of 30 storey model 44
5.10 Displacement components WLX of 30 storey model 46
5.11 Displacement and % contribution of SDBF 47
5.12 Displacement and % contribution of DDBF 48
5.13 Displacement and % contribution of DDBF in x 50
5.14 Displacement and % contribution of DDBF in y 52
5.15 Displacement and % contribution of 10 storey IS in y 53
5.16 Comparison of lateral displacement 54
5.17 Set of displacements Components 55
5.18 Displacement for outrigger at different location 56
5.19 Displacement Components in 30 storey OM 58
5.20 Lateral displacement due to wind load OBT model 60
5.21
Comparison of later displacement obtained in each
system
62

10. x
S.No Descriptionof Figures
Page
no
1.1 Structural Conceptof tall building 2
1.2 Shear resistance of Building 3
1.3 Bending Resistance of Building 3
1.4 Building plan Forms 5
1.5
Columns layout and bending rigidity
index
6,7
1.6 Tall building shear system 8,9
3.1 Building plan forms 13,14
4.1 Responseof rigid frames to lateral loads 18
4.2 Rigid frame deflection 21
4.3 Braced frame deformation 24
4.4
Load path for horizontal shear through
web members
25
4.5 Gravity load path 25
4.6 Types of rigid braced frames 28
4.7
Interaction between braced and unbraced
frames
30
4.8 Types of outrigger system 31,32
4.9 Belt truss System 33,34
4.10 Optimum location of outriggers 37

11. xi
S.No Descriptionof Charts Page no
5.1 Displacements components of SDBF of 10 models. 47
5.2 Displacements components of DDBF of 10 models. 49
5.3
Displacements components of DDBF of 30 models. in x
direction
51
5.4
Displacements components of DDBF of 30 models. in y
direction
51
5.5
Displacement components in 10 storey integrated
system.
53
5.6
Comparison of lateral displacement between MF, BF
and MBF.
55
5.7 Displacement in single outrigger structure 56
5.8
Displacement due outrigger at top middle and bottom
location.
57
5.9 Displacement components in 30 storey outrigger model 59
5.10 Displacement in simple OT and OBTS in y-direction 61
5.11 Displacement in simple OT and OBTS in x-direction 61
5.12 Comparison of displacement from all 30 storey models 63