Latvia is located in Northern Europe, bordering the Baltic Sea. The capital and largest city is Riga. The population is around 2.3 million, with Latvians making up around 60% and Russians around 30%. The official language is Latvian, but Russian is also widely spoken. The economy was previously centered around industry and manufacturing but is now focused more on services. Healthcare and education are provided through a combination of public and private systems. Latvia joined both the EU and NATO in 2004.
Madagascar has experienced significant political turmoil since gaining independence from France in 1960. There have been numerous presidential elections and changes in leadership, often accompanied by civil unrest and international intervention. The country's current leadership under Andry Rajoelina rose to power in 2009 amid protests but lacks full international recognition due to the unconstitutional nature of the transfer of power. Efforts at negotiations and transitional governments have so far failed to restore democratic elections.
Claims of some officials at the state as well as local levels are perceived as state policy directions. However, some messages of state representatives do not correspond to the social and political situation and do not support public reconciliation in the frontline zone.
The document summarizes life in the Donetsk region of Ukraine two years after the signing of the Minsk agreements, which aimed to return control of the region from separatists to Ukraine. It finds that separate healthcare, education, media and economic systems have developed under the control of opposing sides, dividing society. While some ties remain, movement between sides is restricted and the conflict continues to negatively impact infrastructure and public services. Recommendations include restoring transportation and making it easier for students and goods to cross borders, to help integrate the region if the conflict ends.
El documento habla sobre la Web, incluyendo definiciones de términos clave como páginas web, sitios web, servidores web y dominios. Explica las diferencias entre enlaces, HTML y URLs. También describe los servicios de Internet y buscadores web, incluyendo una clasificación de diferentes tipos de buscadores.
Madagascar has experienced significant political turmoil since gaining independence from France in 1960. There have been numerous presidential elections and changes in leadership, often accompanied by civil unrest and international intervention. The country's current leadership under Andry Rajoelina rose to power in 2009 amid protests but lacks full international recognition due to the unconstitutional nature of the transfer of power. Efforts at negotiations and transitional governments have so far failed to restore democratic elections.
Claims of some officials at the state as well as local levels are perceived as state policy directions. However, some messages of state representatives do not correspond to the social and political situation and do not support public reconciliation in the frontline zone.
The document summarizes life in the Donetsk region of Ukraine two years after the signing of the Minsk agreements, which aimed to return control of the region from separatists to Ukraine. It finds that separate healthcare, education, media and economic systems have developed under the control of opposing sides, dividing society. While some ties remain, movement between sides is restricted and the conflict continues to negatively impact infrastructure and public services. Recommendations include restoring transportation and making it easier for students and goods to cross borders, to help integrate the region if the conflict ends.
El documento habla sobre la Web, incluyendo definiciones de términos clave como páginas web, sitios web, servidores web y dominios. Explica las diferencias entre enlaces, HTML y URLs. También describe los servicios de Internet y buscadores web, incluyendo una clasificación de diferentes tipos de buscadores.
El documento habla sobre la importancia y aplicación de la validación de datos en Excel. La validación de datos ayuda a evitar la introducción de información incorrecta y mantiene la integridad de los datos al asegurar que solo se introducen los tipos de datos adecuados. El documento explica cómo aplicar diferentes criterios de validación como números enteros, fechas y listas, y cómo personalizar mensajes de error. También cubre cómo crear listas desplegables y eliminar validaciones de datos.
EMPLOYING MULTI CORE ARCHITECTURE TO OPTIMIZE ON PERFORMANCE, FOR APPROACH IN...IAEME Publication
Cloud detection is an important task in meteorological application. Cloud information is especially important for now-casting purposes [1] and as an input for different satellite based estimation of atmospheric and surface parameters [2 -4]. The solar energy is the principal source of energy in the solar system. Clouds have high reflectance and absorption property which is used to distinguish them with land, water or sea area. There is critical demand to develop application, which can calculate the presence of cloud by using the available satellite image processing data, so that prediction of radiated solar energy can be optimised and energy budget can be predicted more easily.
O documento descreve uma dieta detox chamada Detox Slim, que promete limpar o organismo de toxinas e promover a perda de peso de forma saudável em até 10 dias, recomendando o consumo de alimentos que auxiliam no processo de desintoxicação e evitando aqueles que acumulam toxinas no corpo.
El documento describe los sistemas binario y decimal de numeración. El sistema binario utiliza solo dos cifras (0 y 1) y es el sistema utilizado por las computadoras. El sistema decimal utiliza 10 cifras (0-9) y es la base del sistema de numeración común. Además, proporciona ejemplos de cómo convertir números entre los sistemas binario y decimal.
ĐỀ TÀI 1:
Đo lường chất lượng dịch vụ: Phương pháp tiếp cận hệ thống.
ĐỀ TÀI 2:
Đánh giá chất lượng dịch vụ của việc phục vụ thức ăn nhanh tại chỗ dành cho sinh viên UEH tại siêu thị Family mart tại chi nhánh Nguyễn Tri Phương.
CultureGrams
TM
World Edition
2022
Republic of
Lithuania
BACKGROUND
Land and Climate
Lithuania is larger than its Baltic neighbors, Latvia and
Estonia, and is slightly bigger than the U.S. state of West
Virginia. It lies on the western fringe of the east European
plain and has a short coastline on the Baltic Sea. It is a green
country with forests, rolling hills, and thousands of rivers and
lakes. The two longest rivers are the Nemunas and the Neris.
Forests cover about 35 percent of the country and are rich in
wild animals, mushrooms, and berries.
Lithuania has four seasons. Summers are short and rainy,
and July temperatures average 63°F (17°C). Winters are cold
and snowy, with an average temperature in January of 23°F
(-5°C). In winter, children are allowed to stay home from
school when the temperature falls below -13°F (-25°C),
which generally happens at least once a year. The general
climate is comparable to that of southeastern Canada. A
westerly breeze is common.
History
Grand Duchy of Lithuania and Union with Poland
Lithuania’s first inhabitants arrived in the 10th millennium
BC. The first mention of Lithuania is found in a medieval
German manuscript, The Annals of Quedlinburg, in the early
11th century AD. Lithuanians began to form a distinct society
in the early second century. In the mid-1200s, a tribal leader
named Duke Mindaugas united several groups to form the
Grand Duchy of Lithuania. The new state grew in
prominence, especially during the 14th century, when it
annexed neighboring lands (including present-day Belarus,
Ukraine, and parts of Poland and Russia) and was ruled by
strong monarchs. During the 14th century, Lithuania was one
of the largest countries in Europe. Vilnius became the capital
in 1323.
In 1386, reacting to a serious threat from Germanic
invaders, the Grand Duke Jogaila married the Polish crown
princess and became king. This alliance brought Lithuania
into a union with Poland, which strengthened the nations
enough to defeat the German (Teutonic) invaders in 1410;
this conflict was one of the biggest battles of the Middle
Ages. After its union with Poland, Lithuania, one of the last
pagan countries in Europe, adopted Roman Catholicism in
1387 and became increasingly open to Western culture.
Poland and Lithuania tightened their association in 1569
when they united under the Lublin Union and became the
Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth.
Russian Rule and World War I
After the Polish-Lithuanian state was partitioned by its
neighbors (in 1772, 1793, and 1795), the Grand Duchy of
Lithuania was left largely a part of the Russian Empire, which
controlled Lithuania for more than 120 years. During this
time, Russia implemented a policy known as Russification, in
which it insisted that Lithuanians speak Russian and convert
to the Russian Orthodox Church. Many attempts were made
to regain independence from Russia, but all were
unsuccessful.
During ...
The document provides information on the geography, religion, and political system of Lithuania. It describes Lithuania as a parliamentary republic located in Northern Europe, bordering the Baltic Sea between Poland and Latvia. The majority religion is Roman Catholicism, though some Lithuanian pagan traditions remain. The political system has three branches of government - an executive branch led by the President and Prime Minister, a unicameral legislative branch called the Seimas, and an independent judicial branch. It also profiles the current President Dalia Grybauskaitė and Prime Minister Algirdas Butkevičius, as well as some of Lithuania's major political parties.
Latvia is a unitary parliamentary republic located in Northern Europe. It has a population of over 2 million people, with Latvians making up 62.1% of the population and Russians being the largest minority at 26.9%. Latvia has a history of being ruled by various foreign powers but gained independence in 1991 with the dissolution of the Soviet Union. Since joining the EU in 2004, Latvia has experienced rapid economic growth, but was hit hard by the 2008 financial crisis experiencing a 10.5% drop in GDP. There remain some societal tensions between the Latvian and Russian populations over issues like citizenship and language rights.
Latvia is a unitary parliamentary republic located in Northern Europe. It has a population of over 2 million people, with Latvians making up 62.1% of the population and Russians at 26.9%. Latvia has a history of being ruled by various powers like Germany, Poland, and Sweden before becoming annexed by the Soviet Union in 1940. It regained independence in 1991 and joined the EU in 2004. While Latvia experienced rapid economic growth in the 2000s, it was hit hard by the global financial crisis in 2008-2009. There remain some societal tensions between the Latvian and Russian populations over issues like citizenship and language rights.
Latvia is a country located in Northern Europe between Latvia, Lithuania, Russia, and Estonia. It has a total area of 64,559 km2 and a population of around 1.93 million people, most of whom are Latvian or Russian. Latvia has a temperate climate and mostly consists of fertile plains and hills below 100 meters in elevation. Its highest point is Gaiziņkalns at 311.6 meters. Latvia was formerly part of the Soviet Union but gained independence in 1991.
Latvia is a country located in Northern Europe between Latvia, Lithuania, Russia, and Estonia. It has a total area of 64,559 km2 and a population of around 1.93 million people, most of whom are Latvian or Russian. Latvia has a temperate climate and terrain consisting of plains and hills with forests and wetlands. Some of Latvia's largest cities include the capital Riga, Daugavpils, Liepaja, and Ventspils.
Latvia is a country located in Northern Europe on the eastern shores of the Baltic Sea. It gained independence from the Soviet Union in 1991. Latvia has a population of around 2 million people and its capital and largest city is Riga, known for its art nouveau architecture. Some key facts are that Latvia has a Baltic culture and heritage, joined the EU and NATO in 2004, and uses the euro currency since 2014.
Latvia is a country located in Northern Europe. Some key facts about Latvia include:
- The capital and largest city is Riga, which has over 700,000 residents.
- Latvia joined both NATO and the EU in 2004 and uses the euro currency.
- The population of Latvia is around 2 million people, with Latvian being the most widely spoken language.
- Latvia has a long history of being ruled by other countries but gained independence in 1991 after the fall of the Soviet Union.
- The economy struggled after independence but has grown in recent decades, especially in industries like tourism.
"One Belt, One Road" Policy & the International Trade Supermicro
For thousands of years, the Silk Road was the way of trade and cultural exchanges between the Asian and European civilizations and has played an important role in promoting the progress of human civilization and promoting the prosperity and development of all countries along the route. In 2013, for the ancient Silk Road had a new goal - promote world peace and development, and provide regional economic and trade cooperation, strengthen exchanges between different civilizations, Chinese President Xi Jinping proposed to build a Silk Road Economic Belt "in twenty-first Century and "Maritime Silk Road" (referred to as "One Belt, One Road"), therefore the main initiatives, attracted the international attention. The thesis starts from the countries along the Silk Road in Ukraine, by introducing the overview of Ukraine, and the political and economic relations between Chinese and Ukraine in the eyes of the "Chinese Belt and Road Initiative" strategy, to analyze the "China Belt and Road Initiative" strategy implemented in Ukraine's advantages and risks, and reveal Ukraine in the area the way strategy is an important strategic geopolitical position.
The document provides information about Lithuania, including:
- The emblem of Lithuania is called Vytis, which depicts an armored knight on a horse.
- Lithuania has a population of 3.5 million people, with the majority being Lithuanian and minorities including Polish and Russian.
- The capital is Vilnius and the currency is the litas. Some geographic features include forests, meadows, and rivers.
- The document also discusses climate, food, traditions, national parks, education system, and specific schools in Lithuania like the Vinco Zemaičio primary school in Zalioji.
Latvia is a country located in Northern Europe bordered by Estonia, Lithuania, Russia, and Belarus. It has a population of nearly 2 million people and its capital and largest city is Riga. Some key facts are its currency is the euro, its official language is Latvian, and it gained independence from the Soviet Union in 1991.
Poland is a country located in Central Europe bordering Germany, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Ukraine, Belarus, Lithuania, and Russia's Kaliningrad Oblast. It has a population of over 38 million people and its capital and largest city is Warsaw. Poland first became a kingdom in 1025 and formed a union with Lithuania in 1569, though it lost its independence in 1795 when its territory was partitioned among Prussia, Russia, and Austria. Poland regained independence after World War I but was then occupied by Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union during World War II. It became a socialist republic dependent on the Soviet Union after the war until transitioning to a parliamentary democracy and market economy in 1989.
This presentation provides an overview of Slovakia, including its geographic location in Central Europe bordering several countries, population of over 5 million, and status as a member of the European Union and Eurozone. Key details mentioned include Bratislava as the capital city, Slovak as the official language, majority Roman Catholic religion, and popular tourist sights such as Bratislava Castle.
The capital of Latvia is Riga, which is the largest city in the Baltic states and one of the largest cities in Northern Europe. Latvia gained independence from the Soviet Union in 1991 and joined the EU in 2004. Latvia has a unicameral parliamentary system and its currency was originally the Latvian lat, though it plans to adopt the euro in the future. Some of Latvia's most significant holidays and traditions involve Midsummer solstice celebrations.
Lithuania is located in Northern Europe, bordered by Latvia, Belarus, and Poland. It has a population of around 2.9 million, with Lithuanian as the official language. The capital and largest city is Vilnius. Lithuania has a mostly temperate climate and a long history and culture with influences from Catholicism and the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. Some of Lithuania's most popular tourist attractions include the Hill of Crosses, Palanga beach, Gediminas Castle, and the Vilnius Cathedral.
El documento habla sobre la importancia y aplicación de la validación de datos en Excel. La validación de datos ayuda a evitar la introducción de información incorrecta y mantiene la integridad de los datos al asegurar que solo se introducen los tipos de datos adecuados. El documento explica cómo aplicar diferentes criterios de validación como números enteros, fechas y listas, y cómo personalizar mensajes de error. También cubre cómo crear listas desplegables y eliminar validaciones de datos.
EMPLOYING MULTI CORE ARCHITECTURE TO OPTIMIZE ON PERFORMANCE, FOR APPROACH IN...IAEME Publication
Cloud detection is an important task in meteorological application. Cloud information is especially important for now-casting purposes [1] and as an input for different satellite based estimation of atmospheric and surface parameters [2 -4]. The solar energy is the principal source of energy in the solar system. Clouds have high reflectance and absorption property which is used to distinguish them with land, water or sea area. There is critical demand to develop application, which can calculate the presence of cloud by using the available satellite image processing data, so that prediction of radiated solar energy can be optimised and energy budget can be predicted more easily.
O documento descreve uma dieta detox chamada Detox Slim, que promete limpar o organismo de toxinas e promover a perda de peso de forma saudável em até 10 dias, recomendando o consumo de alimentos que auxiliam no processo de desintoxicação e evitando aqueles que acumulam toxinas no corpo.
El documento describe los sistemas binario y decimal de numeración. El sistema binario utiliza solo dos cifras (0 y 1) y es el sistema utilizado por las computadoras. El sistema decimal utiliza 10 cifras (0-9) y es la base del sistema de numeración común. Además, proporciona ejemplos de cómo convertir números entre los sistemas binario y decimal.
ĐỀ TÀI 1:
Đo lường chất lượng dịch vụ: Phương pháp tiếp cận hệ thống.
ĐỀ TÀI 2:
Đánh giá chất lượng dịch vụ của việc phục vụ thức ăn nhanh tại chỗ dành cho sinh viên UEH tại siêu thị Family mart tại chi nhánh Nguyễn Tri Phương.
CultureGrams
TM
World Edition
2022
Republic of
Lithuania
BACKGROUND
Land and Climate
Lithuania is larger than its Baltic neighbors, Latvia and
Estonia, and is slightly bigger than the U.S. state of West
Virginia. It lies on the western fringe of the east European
plain and has a short coastline on the Baltic Sea. It is a green
country with forests, rolling hills, and thousands of rivers and
lakes. The two longest rivers are the Nemunas and the Neris.
Forests cover about 35 percent of the country and are rich in
wild animals, mushrooms, and berries.
Lithuania has four seasons. Summers are short and rainy,
and July temperatures average 63°F (17°C). Winters are cold
and snowy, with an average temperature in January of 23°F
(-5°C). In winter, children are allowed to stay home from
school when the temperature falls below -13°F (-25°C),
which generally happens at least once a year. The general
climate is comparable to that of southeastern Canada. A
westerly breeze is common.
History
Grand Duchy of Lithuania and Union with Poland
Lithuania’s first inhabitants arrived in the 10th millennium
BC. The first mention of Lithuania is found in a medieval
German manuscript, The Annals of Quedlinburg, in the early
11th century AD. Lithuanians began to form a distinct society
in the early second century. In the mid-1200s, a tribal leader
named Duke Mindaugas united several groups to form the
Grand Duchy of Lithuania. The new state grew in
prominence, especially during the 14th century, when it
annexed neighboring lands (including present-day Belarus,
Ukraine, and parts of Poland and Russia) and was ruled by
strong monarchs. During the 14th century, Lithuania was one
of the largest countries in Europe. Vilnius became the capital
in 1323.
In 1386, reacting to a serious threat from Germanic
invaders, the Grand Duke Jogaila married the Polish crown
princess and became king. This alliance brought Lithuania
into a union with Poland, which strengthened the nations
enough to defeat the German (Teutonic) invaders in 1410;
this conflict was one of the biggest battles of the Middle
Ages. After its union with Poland, Lithuania, one of the last
pagan countries in Europe, adopted Roman Catholicism in
1387 and became increasingly open to Western culture.
Poland and Lithuania tightened their association in 1569
when they united under the Lublin Union and became the
Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth.
Russian Rule and World War I
After the Polish-Lithuanian state was partitioned by its
neighbors (in 1772, 1793, and 1795), the Grand Duchy of
Lithuania was left largely a part of the Russian Empire, which
controlled Lithuania for more than 120 years. During this
time, Russia implemented a policy known as Russification, in
which it insisted that Lithuanians speak Russian and convert
to the Russian Orthodox Church. Many attempts were made
to regain independence from Russia, but all were
unsuccessful.
During ...
The document provides information on the geography, religion, and political system of Lithuania. It describes Lithuania as a parliamentary republic located in Northern Europe, bordering the Baltic Sea between Poland and Latvia. The majority religion is Roman Catholicism, though some Lithuanian pagan traditions remain. The political system has three branches of government - an executive branch led by the President and Prime Minister, a unicameral legislative branch called the Seimas, and an independent judicial branch. It also profiles the current President Dalia Grybauskaitė and Prime Minister Algirdas Butkevičius, as well as some of Lithuania's major political parties.
Latvia is a unitary parliamentary republic located in Northern Europe. It has a population of over 2 million people, with Latvians making up 62.1% of the population and Russians being the largest minority at 26.9%. Latvia has a history of being ruled by various foreign powers but gained independence in 1991 with the dissolution of the Soviet Union. Since joining the EU in 2004, Latvia has experienced rapid economic growth, but was hit hard by the 2008 financial crisis experiencing a 10.5% drop in GDP. There remain some societal tensions between the Latvian and Russian populations over issues like citizenship and language rights.
Latvia is a unitary parliamentary republic located in Northern Europe. It has a population of over 2 million people, with Latvians making up 62.1% of the population and Russians at 26.9%. Latvia has a history of being ruled by various powers like Germany, Poland, and Sweden before becoming annexed by the Soviet Union in 1940. It regained independence in 1991 and joined the EU in 2004. While Latvia experienced rapid economic growth in the 2000s, it was hit hard by the global financial crisis in 2008-2009. There remain some societal tensions between the Latvian and Russian populations over issues like citizenship and language rights.
Latvia is a country located in Northern Europe between Latvia, Lithuania, Russia, and Estonia. It has a total area of 64,559 km2 and a population of around 1.93 million people, most of whom are Latvian or Russian. Latvia has a temperate climate and mostly consists of fertile plains and hills below 100 meters in elevation. Its highest point is Gaiziņkalns at 311.6 meters. Latvia was formerly part of the Soviet Union but gained independence in 1991.
Latvia is a country located in Northern Europe between Latvia, Lithuania, Russia, and Estonia. It has a total area of 64,559 km2 and a population of around 1.93 million people, most of whom are Latvian or Russian. Latvia has a temperate climate and terrain consisting of plains and hills with forests and wetlands. Some of Latvia's largest cities include the capital Riga, Daugavpils, Liepaja, and Ventspils.
Latvia is a country located in Northern Europe on the eastern shores of the Baltic Sea. It gained independence from the Soviet Union in 1991. Latvia has a population of around 2 million people and its capital and largest city is Riga, known for its art nouveau architecture. Some key facts are that Latvia has a Baltic culture and heritage, joined the EU and NATO in 2004, and uses the euro currency since 2014.
Latvia is a country located in Northern Europe. Some key facts about Latvia include:
- The capital and largest city is Riga, which has over 700,000 residents.
- Latvia joined both NATO and the EU in 2004 and uses the euro currency.
- The population of Latvia is around 2 million people, with Latvian being the most widely spoken language.
- Latvia has a long history of being ruled by other countries but gained independence in 1991 after the fall of the Soviet Union.
- The economy struggled after independence but has grown in recent decades, especially in industries like tourism.
"One Belt, One Road" Policy & the International Trade Supermicro
For thousands of years, the Silk Road was the way of trade and cultural exchanges between the Asian and European civilizations and has played an important role in promoting the progress of human civilization and promoting the prosperity and development of all countries along the route. In 2013, for the ancient Silk Road had a new goal - promote world peace and development, and provide regional economic and trade cooperation, strengthen exchanges between different civilizations, Chinese President Xi Jinping proposed to build a Silk Road Economic Belt "in twenty-first Century and "Maritime Silk Road" (referred to as "One Belt, One Road"), therefore the main initiatives, attracted the international attention. The thesis starts from the countries along the Silk Road in Ukraine, by introducing the overview of Ukraine, and the political and economic relations between Chinese and Ukraine in the eyes of the "Chinese Belt and Road Initiative" strategy, to analyze the "China Belt and Road Initiative" strategy implemented in Ukraine's advantages and risks, and reveal Ukraine in the area the way strategy is an important strategic geopolitical position.
The document provides information about Lithuania, including:
- The emblem of Lithuania is called Vytis, which depicts an armored knight on a horse.
- Lithuania has a population of 3.5 million people, with the majority being Lithuanian and minorities including Polish and Russian.
- The capital is Vilnius and the currency is the litas. Some geographic features include forests, meadows, and rivers.
- The document also discusses climate, food, traditions, national parks, education system, and specific schools in Lithuania like the Vinco Zemaičio primary school in Zalioji.
Latvia is a country located in Northern Europe bordered by Estonia, Lithuania, Russia, and Belarus. It has a population of nearly 2 million people and its capital and largest city is Riga. Some key facts are its currency is the euro, its official language is Latvian, and it gained independence from the Soviet Union in 1991.
Poland is a country located in Central Europe bordering Germany, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Ukraine, Belarus, Lithuania, and Russia's Kaliningrad Oblast. It has a population of over 38 million people and its capital and largest city is Warsaw. Poland first became a kingdom in 1025 and formed a union with Lithuania in 1569, though it lost its independence in 1795 when its territory was partitioned among Prussia, Russia, and Austria. Poland regained independence after World War I but was then occupied by Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union during World War II. It became a socialist republic dependent on the Soviet Union after the war until transitioning to a parliamentary democracy and market economy in 1989.
This presentation provides an overview of Slovakia, including its geographic location in Central Europe bordering several countries, population of over 5 million, and status as a member of the European Union and Eurozone. Key details mentioned include Bratislava as the capital city, Slovak as the official language, majority Roman Catholic religion, and popular tourist sights such as Bratislava Castle.
The capital of Latvia is Riga, which is the largest city in the Baltic states and one of the largest cities in Northern Europe. Latvia gained independence from the Soviet Union in 1991 and joined the EU in 2004. Latvia has a unicameral parliamentary system and its currency was originally the Latvian lat, though it plans to adopt the euro in the future. Some of Latvia's most significant holidays and traditions involve Midsummer solstice celebrations.
Lithuania is located in Northern Europe, bordered by Latvia, Belarus, and Poland. It has a population of around 2.9 million, with Lithuanian as the official language. The capital and largest city is Vilnius. Lithuania has a mostly temperate climate and a long history and culture with influences from Catholicism and the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. Some of Lithuania's most popular tourist attractions include the Hill of Crosses, Palanga beach, Gediminas Castle, and the Vilnius Cathedral.
The document summarizes key events in Lithuania's restoration of independence from the Soviet Union in 1991. It describes how the Reform Movement of Lithuania (Sąjūdis) led the struggle for independence in the late 1980s. It also discusses the Baltic Way protest in 1989, where over 2 million people formed a human chain across Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania. Finally, it provides details of the January Events in 1991 when 14 civilians were killed after Lithuania declared independence from the Soviet Union.
The document provides information on several topics related to Lithuania:
1. It discusses prominent Lithuanian painters like Antanas Žmuidzinavičius, Mikalojus Konstantinas Čiurlionis, Zoma Baitler, and Samuel Grodzensky.
2. It mentions Vincas Kudirka, a Lithuanian poet and physician who wrote the music and lyrics of the Lithuanian national anthem.
3. It provides brief biographical information on Lithuanian writer Agnė Marcinkevičiūte.
General Electric in Russia (Business Ethics project)Aliaksey Narko
1) The program would establish that all GE employees in Russia are equal and should respect each other regardless of differences.
2) Employees would be responsible for doing their jobs carefully to protect GE's reputation.
3) The program would promote using the newest technologies to reduce pollution and protect the environment, even if Russian laws allow more pollution.
4) Violence, discrimination, or conflict between employees based on religion, gender, age, or other attributes would be prohibited.
5) Bribery and corruption would be strictly forbidden and punished. Employees would also be barred from sharing confidential company information with competitors.
The document summarizes Latvia's history of occupation and independence. It notes that Latvia was occupied by the Soviet Union in 1940 and incorporated as a republic. During World War 2, over 15,000 Latvians were deported to Siberia in 1941 by the Soviet government, and 40% died. A second deportation in 1949 sent 42,150 more to Siberia, where 12% died. Latvia regained independence in 1991 after the fall of the Soviet Union.
Philippine Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) CurriculumMJDuyan
(𝐓𝐋𝐄 𝟏𝟎𝟎) (𝐋𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐨𝐧 𝟏)-𝐏𝐫𝐞𝐥𝐢𝐦𝐬
𝐃𝐢𝐬𝐜𝐮𝐬𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐄𝐏𝐏 𝐂𝐮𝐫𝐫𝐢𝐜𝐮𝐥𝐮𝐦 𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐏𝐡𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐩𝐩𝐢𝐧𝐞𝐬:
- Understand the goals and objectives of the Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) curriculum, recognizing its importance in fostering practical life skills and values among students. Students will also be able to identify the key components and subjects covered, such as agriculture, home economics, industrial arts, and information and communication technology.
𝐄𝐱𝐩𝐥𝐚𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐍𝐚𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐞 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐒𝐜𝐨𝐩𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐚𝐧 𝐄𝐧𝐭𝐫𝐞𝐩𝐫𝐞𝐧𝐞𝐮𝐫:
-Define entrepreneurship, distinguishing it from general business activities by emphasizing its focus on innovation, risk-taking, and value creation. Students will describe the characteristics and traits of successful entrepreneurs, including their roles and responsibilities, and discuss the broader economic and social impacts of entrepreneurial activities on both local and global scales.
Andreas Schleicher presents PISA 2022 Volume III - Creative Thinking - 18 Jun...EduSkills OECD
Andreas Schleicher, Director of Education and Skills at the OECD presents at the launch of PISA 2022 Volume III - Creative Minds, Creative Schools on 18 June 2024.
How Barcodes Can Be Leveraged Within Odoo 17Celine George
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Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering.pptxDenish Jangid
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering
Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
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إضغ بين إيديكم من أقوى الملازم التي صممتها
ملزمة تشريح الجهاز الهيكلي (نظري 3)
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تتميز هذهِ الملزمة بعِدة مُميزات :
1- مُترجمة ترجمة تُناسب جميع المستويات
2- تحتوي على 78 رسم توضيحي لكل كلمة موجودة بالملزمة (لكل كلمة !!!!)
#فهم_ماكو_درخ
3- دقة الكتابة والصور عالية جداً جداً جداً
4- هُنالك بعض المعلومات تم توضيحها بشكل تفصيلي جداً (تُعتبر لدى الطالب أو الطالبة بإنها معلومات مُبهمة ومع ذلك تم توضيح هذهِ المعلومات المُبهمة بشكل تفصيلي جداً
5- الملزمة تشرح نفسها ب نفسها بس تكلك تعال اقراني
6- تحتوي الملزمة في اول سلايد على خارطة تتضمن جميع تفرُعات معلومات الجهاز الهيكلي المذكورة في هذهِ الملزمة
واخيراً هذهِ الملزمة حلالٌ عليكم وإتمنى منكم إن تدعولي بالخير والصحة والعافية فقط
كل التوفيق زملائي وزميلاتي ، زميلكم محمد الذهبي 💊💊
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THE SACRIFICE HOW PRO-PALESTINE PROTESTS STUDENTS ARE SACRIFICING TO CHANGE T...indexPub
The recent surge in pro-Palestine student activism has prompted significant responses from universities, ranging from negotiations and divestment commitments to increased transparency about investments in companies supporting the war on Gaza. This activism has led to the cessation of student encampments but also highlighted the substantial sacrifices made by students, including academic disruptions and personal risks. The primary drivers of these protests are poor university administration, lack of transparency, and inadequate communication between officials and students. This study examines the profound emotional, psychological, and professional impacts on students engaged in pro-Palestine protests, focusing on Generation Z's (Gen-Z) activism dynamics. This paper explores the significant sacrifices made by these students and even the professors supporting the pro-Palestine movement, with a focus on recent global movements. Through an in-depth analysis of printed and electronic media, the study examines the impacts of these sacrifices on the academic and personal lives of those involved. The paper highlights examples from various universities, demonstrating student activism's long-term and short-term effects, including disciplinary actions, social backlash, and career implications. The researchers also explore the broader implications of student sacrifices. The findings reveal that these sacrifices are driven by a profound commitment to justice and human rights, and are influenced by the increasing availability of information, peer interactions, and personal convictions. The study also discusses the broader implications of this activism, comparing it to historical precedents and assessing its potential to influence policy and public opinion. The emotional and psychological toll on student activists is significant, but their sense of purpose and community support mitigates some of these challenges. However, the researchers call for acknowledging the broader Impact of these sacrifices on the future global movement of FreePalestine.
2. Republic of Latvia
Latvijas Republika
CAPITAL: Riga
FLAG: The flag consists of a single w hite horizontalstripe on a maroon field.
ANTHEM: Dievs, svēti Latviju! (God bless Latvia!).
MONETARY UNIT: The lat w as introduced as the officialcurrencyin May 1993; $1 = Ls1.78571 (or $1 = Ls0.56) as of
2005.
WEIGHTS AND MEASURES: The metric systemis in force.
HOLIDAYS: New Year's Day, 1 January; Good Friday (movable); Midsummer Festival, 23–24 June; National Day,
Proclamation of the Republic, 18 November; Christmas, 25–26 December; New Year's Eve, 31 December.
TIME: 2 pm = noon GMT.
3. LOCATION, SIZE, AND EXTENT
The Country is located in northeastern of Europe, bordering by the Baltic Sea, among Sweeden
and Russia. Comparatively, Latvia is more larger than the state of West Virginia, with a total
area of 64,589 sq km (24,938 sq mi). Latvia is sharing boundaries with Estonia on the n, Russia
on the e, Belarus on the s, Lithuania on the sw, and the Baltic Sea on the w. Latvia's land
boundary length totals 1,150 km (713 mi). Its coastline is 531 km (330 mi). Riga is the Capital
City of Latvia, which is located near the southern edge of the Gulf of Riga.
CLIMATE
Latvia’s climate is affected by geographical location and by its nearness to the North Atlantic
Ocean. The temperature in July is between 16.8°c and 17.6°c (62–64°f). In January the average
temperature ranges between–2.8°c and 6.6°c (31–44°f). The rainfall in the country is between
56–79 cm (22–31 in).
ENVIRONMENT
Air and water pollution are beetween Latvia's most important environmental concerns and are
largely related to a lack of waste treatment facilities.
In 2000 the all of carbon dioxide emissions was at 7 million metric tons. All vehicles account for
a majority of the Latvia’s air pollution. Acid rain had contributed to the destruction of Latvia's
forests. Latvia's water supply is perilously polluted with agricultural chemicals and industrial
waste.The Gulf of Riga and the Daugava River are both heavily polluted.
4. POPULATION
Latvia’s population in 2005 was aproximately by the United Nations (UN) at 2,300,000, which
placed it at number 138 in population among the 193 nations of the world. In 2005, approximately
17% of the population was over 65 years of age, with another 17% of the population under 15
years of age. There was 84 males for every 100 females in the country. According to the UN,
the annual population rate of change for 2005–10 was expected to be -0.5%, a rate the
government viewed as too low. The country has had low fertility rates since the mid-1990s. The
projected population for the year 2025 was 2,156,000. The population density was 36 per sq km
(92 per sq mi).
The UN estimated that 68% of the population lived in urban areas in 2005, and that population in
urban areas was declining at an annual rate of -0.99%. The capital city, Riga, had a population of
733,000 in that year, and Daugavpils had an estimated of 124,887. There were 75 urban
localities, many located on rivers or coastal areas.
MIGRATION
Some 250,000 Latvians fled Soviet occupation during World War II, and others were sent to
Soviet labor camps. After the war many Russians moved to Latvia.
With independence in 1991, citizenship issues surrounding the large non-Latvian ethnic population
became a problem. Only 55% were ethnic Latvians; 32% were Russians; 3.9% Belarussians; and
9.1% other. Immigration from other former Soviet republics came to 4,590 in 1992. A
breakthrough came in 1998 when the Citizenship Law was changed, abolishing the annual quota of
naturalizations and entitling children born after independence to automatically acquire Latvian
citizenship upon request from their parents. A total of 51,778 persons emigrated when Latvia
gained independence in 1991; almost all of them went to Russia, Ukraine, or Belarus.
In 2000 there were 613,000 migrants living in Latvia. This amounts to about 25% of the total
population. In 2004 noncitizens in Latvia numbered 452,003, and 173 were stateless, all of
concern to the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR). In 2005,
the net migration rate was an estimated -2.25 migrants per 1,000 population, a change from -8.8
per 1,000 in 1990. The government views the immigration level as too high, but the emigration
level as satisfactory.
ETHNIC GROUPS
According to 2003 guesses, the percentage of ethnic Latvians is about 58.8% of the total
population. Russians constitute about 29.6% of the population; Belarussians make up 4.1%;
Ukrainians account for 2.7%; Poles for 2.5%; Lithuanians for 1.4%; and others 2%. The Romani
population is estimated at about 13,000 to 15,000 people. Nearly half the Russians and
Ukrainians lived in Riga, where Russians formed a majority of the population. All residents of
pre-1940 Latvia and their descendants are citizens. Naturalization requires 16 years' residence
and fluency in Latvian.
5. LANGUAGES
Lettish or Latvian is a kind of Baltic language;which is spoken in Latvia.it is spoken by about
59.3% of the population. It is highly inflected, with eight noun cases and seven verb declensions.
The stresses are on the first syllable. There are three dialects. The macron is used for long
vowels, and there is a hacek for "h." A cedilla adds the y sound. Education is now available in both
Latvian and Russian, the latter of which is spoken by about 36.4% of the population. Lithuania
and other languages are spoken by about 3.2% of the population.
RELIGIONS
After declaring independence from the Soviet Union in 1991, freedom of religion and worship
was restored for the first time since 1941. Christianity had arrived in Latvia in the 12th century,
and the Reformation made Lutheranism the primary religious persuasion after 1530. Currently
the three largest faiths are Catholicism, Lutheranism, and Orthodoxy.
In 2004, the Latvian Justice Ministry had registered more than 1,000 religious congregations,
including 308 Lutheran, 264 Roman Catholic, 125 Orthodox, 96 Baptist, 67 Old Believer (a
breakaway Orthodox sect dating from the 17th century), 50 Seventh-Day Adventist, 15 Muslim,
13 Jehovah's Witnesses, 13 Methodists, 13 Jewish, 11 Hare Krishna, 5 Buddhist, 4 Mormon, and
over 100 others. According to church membership rolls submitted to the Justice Ministry, the
Lutheran Church has about 556,000 members, the Roman Catholic Church has about 430,405
members, and the Orthodox Churches have about 350,000 members. There are only about 6,000
Jews in the country.
The constitution provides for freedom of religion and this right is generally respected in
practice. Though there is no state religion, six religions are recognized by the government as
traditional religions: Lutheranism, Roman Catholicism, Orthodoxy, Old Believers, the Baptist
Church, and Judaism. All other religions are categorized as "new" religions; these groups have
not offered any reports of significant discrimination. Certain Christian holidays are celebrated
as national holidays. The New Religions Consultative offers opinions to the government on
specific issues. The Ecclesiastical Council offers regular input on issues of common concern.
TRANSPORTATION
Rail Road System Of Latvia ,as of 2004, consisted of 2,407 km of broad and narrow gauge
railway that linked the Latvia's port cities with Russia. More than 60% of railway use is for daily
commuting. Of the total rail lines in operation, 2,270 km (1,412 mi) was broad gauge, of which
257 km (160 mi) had been electrified. In 2003, there were 69,919 km (43,490 mi) of highways in
Latvia, all of which were paved. In that same year, there were 619,081 passengers cars and
125,030 commercial vehicles in use. Maritime ports include Riga, Ventspils, and Liepāja. In 2005,
the merchant fleet consisted of 19 ships of 1,000 GRT or more, with a total of 53,153 GRT.
Ventspils is the terminus of the 750 km (466 mi) oil pipeline from Polotsk, Belarus. As of 2004,
the country also had 300 km (186 mi) of navigable waterways.
HISTORY
6. Germans, Poles, Swedes, and Russians competed for influence in what is now Latvia from the
Middle Ages until the 18th century, when it was incorporated into the Russian Empire. During the
19th century, a Latvian nationalist movement arose which by the early 20th century sought
independence. The political chaos in Europe following World War I provided the opportunity for
Latvia to break away from Russia's control.
GOVERNMENT
The 1990 declaration of provisional independence reinstated the 1922 constitution. From 1990
to 1993, Latvia was in a state of transition and authority was held by the Supreme Council. The
new Saeima (parliament) consists of a single chamber with 100 deputies. A party must receive at
least 5% of the national vote to hold a seat in parliament. Deputies are elected to a term of four
years by citizens over the age of 18.
The executive branch of government is made up of the president, prime minister, and the
cabinet. The Saeima elects the president for a four-year term. Executive power lies with the
prime minister, who heads the Council of Ministers (cabinet). In June 1999, the Saeima elected
Vaira Vike-Freiberga to the presidency. He was reelected in 2003 and will remain in office until
the next election, scheduled to take place in June 2007.
Only citizens of Latvia at the time of the 1940 Soviet invasion and their descendants were
allowed to vote in the 1993 elections. This meant that an estimated 34% of the country's
residents (primarily Russians) were ineligible to vote. A citizenship law passed in June 1944
restricted naturalization to fewer than 2,000 resident aliens a year. On 22 July 1994, bowing to
domestic and international pressure, the Saeima amended the citizenship law, eliminating the
quota system. Applicants need a minimum of five years of continuous residence, basic knowledge
of the Latvian language, history, and constitution, and a legal source of income; they must also
take an oath of loyalty to Latvia and renounce any other citizenship. Thus the new citizenship law
accelerates the naturalization process for the several hundred thousand Russian-speakers living
in Latvia.
INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION
Latvia was admitted to the United Nations on 17 September 1991 and serves in several
specialized agencies, such as UNESCO, FAO, IFC, the World Bank, WHO, and the ILO. The
country is a member of the WTO, the Council of Europe, Euro-Atlantic Partnership Council, the
European Bank for Reconstruction and Development, the OSCE, and the Council of the Baltic Sea
States. Latvia joined the European Union and NATO in 2004. Latvia is an observer in the OAS
and a member affiliate of the Western European Union. In environmental cooperation, Latvia is
part of the Basel Convention, Conventions on Biological Diversity and Air Pollution, CITES, the
Kyoto Protocol, the Montréal Protocol, MARPOL, and the UN Conventions on the Law of the Sea
and Climate Change.
ECONOMY
Latvia has a relatively well-developed infrastructure and a diversified industrial base, which
accounts for about 26% of GDP. Agriculture constitutes approximately 5% of GDP and centers
around the cultivation of potatoes, cereals, fodder, and other crops, as well as dairy farming.
7. The largest sector of the economy is the service sector, with wholesale and retail trade,
transportation, financial services, communications, and real estate management the most
important industries.
AGRICULTURE
As of 2003, out of a total land area of 6,205,000 hectares (15,333,000 acres), about 30% was
crop land. Agriculture accounted for about 5% of GDP and engaged around 12% of the labor
force in 2003. Agricultural output declined by an annual average of 7% during 1990–2000.
Privatization of agriculture progressed rapidly after 1991. By the beginning of 1993, over 50,000
private farms had been established, and many agricultural facilities were being privatized.
Production of primary crops in 2004 (in thousands of tons) included wheat, 530; barley, 275; rye,
100; potatoes, 628.4; rapeseed, 103.6; and dry beans, 0.5.
INDUSTRY
Latvia's industrial base has centered mainly on heavy industries such as chemicals and
petrochemicals, metal working, and machine building. Major manufactured items include railway
carriages, buses, mopeds, washing machines, radios, electronics, and telephone systems. Since
1995, output of buses has fallen, but there has been an increase in the production of transport
vehicles and passenger rail cars. Base chemical production has also declined slightly, as demand
for household detergents and fibers has fallen. Other important industries include paper,
petrochemicals, mechanical engineering, and communications.
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
The Latvian Academy of Sciences has divisions of physical and technical sciences and of chemical
and biological sciences.
Fifteen research institutes, most attached to the academy, conduct medical, technical, and
scientific research. The University of Latvia (founded in 1919) has faculties of physics and
mathematics, chemistry, and biology. The Riga Technical University (founded in 1990) has various
engineering faculties. Both are in Riga, as are the Latvian Academy of Medicine (founded in
1951), the Riga Aviation University (founded in 1919), and the Stradin Museum of the History of
Medicine. The Latvian University of Agriculture (founded in 1939) is located in Jelgava, and the
National Botanical Garden is situated in Salaspils.
In 1987–97, science and engineering students accounted for 23% of university enrollment. In
2002, Latvia had 1,478 scientists and engineers and 282 technicians per million people actively
engaged in research and development (R&D). For that same year, Latvia's expenditures on R&D
totaled $100.082 million, or 0.46% of GDP, with government providing the largest portion at
42.7%, followed by foreign sources at 35.6%. Business provided the remaining 21.7%. High
technology exports in 2002 totaled $51 million, or 4% of all manufactured exports.
DOMESTIC TRADE
The traditional, small, privately owned farmer's markets, bakeries, and dairies are still prevalent
throughout the country; however, large supermarkets are making their mark in larger cities.
Latvia's center of domestic commerce is in Riga. One of the countries first malls opened with
8. major investment from a Finnish department store chain. The most widely demanded domestic
services include dressmaking and repair; house construction and repair; and automotive servicing.
As of 2002, privatization of previously state-owned companies and industries was nearly
complete.
Shops are generally open from 9 or 10 am to 7 or 8 pm
HEALTH
Primary care is provided at large urban health centers, hospital and walk-in
emergency facilities, individual and group private practices, rural clinics staffed
by midwives and physicians' assistants, and workplace clinics run by large private
employers and the military. Total health care expenditure was estimated at 6.7%
of GDP. As of 2004, there were an estimated 291 physicians, 509 nurses, 53
dentists, and 21 nurses per 100,000 people. In the same year, Latvia had 151
hospitals, of which 31 were located in Riga (including all specialized hospitals).
EDUCATION
The modern Latvian educational system is based on the reforms introduced in
1991. Compulsory education lasts for nine years beginning at the age of seven. At
this stage, students have a choice between basic vocational school (two or three
years), general secondary school (three years), or vocational secondary school
(four years, offering a diploma that may fulfill the prerequisite for university
studies).
In 2001, about 60% of children between the ages of three and six were enrolled
in some type of preschool program. Primary school enrollment in 2003 was
estimated at about 86% of age-eligible students. The same year, secondary
school enrollment was about 88% of age-eligible students.
MUSEUMS
The larger museums are located in Riga, including the State Museum of Fine Arts, the History
Museum of Latvia, The Latvian Photography Museum, and the Museum of Foreign Art. Riga also
hosts the Museum of Natural History; the Riga Film Museum; the State Museum of Art; the
Literature, Theater, and Music Museum; the Latvian Sports Museum, and the Latvian War
Museum. In 1990, Bauska Castle was converted into a historic museum. The Bauska Art Museum
holds over 8,000 works of art by Russian and Western European artists. With the end of the
Soviet era, a number of new museums devoted to Latvian culture and history opened in the
1990s, including museums of architecture, photography, telecommunications.
TOURISM AND TRAVEL
9. With a population of almost one million, Riga is the major tourism center of the Baltic states. Its
historic architecture has undergone extensive restoration. The white sand beaches offer sailing
and river rafting along with many spas. Latvia boasts 12,310 rivers and 3,000 lakes, which are
popular for boating, as well as country castles and medieval towns. Tennis, horseback riding,
fishing, hunting, sailing, water sports, and winter sports are available to visitors, as well as a ski
marathon in February, the Sport Festival of Riga in May, and the International Riga Marathon in
July.
All visitors need passports valid for at least three months after the planned stay. Visas are not
required for stays of up to 90 days.
FAMOUS LATVIANS
Guntis Ulmanis (b.1939) was president of Latvia from 1993 to 1999. Vaira Vike-Freiberga
(b.1937), Latvia's first female president, succeeded him in 1999, and was reelected in 2003.
Turis Alumans was Latvia's first poet. He started a school of poetry that produced the poets
Krisjanis Barons (1823–1923) and Atis Kronvalds in the 19th century. Romantic literature in the
20th century was symbolized by Janis Rainis's (1865–1929)Fire and Night.