Costly Contamination
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This document discusses common methods for producing coconut shell charcoal and identifies major contaminants that can occur during the carbonization process. It describes how coconut shells are typically carbonized in ground pits or above-ground kilns made of brick or metal drums. Contaminants like brick, sand, soil and mineral oxides can stick to the charcoal during carbonization if the shells come into contact with the kiln materials or if water is used during or after the process, causing contaminants to be absorbed into the charcoal. The document suggests there are solutions to address problems faced during carbonization.
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2. The syllabus outlines 4 modules covering materials like brick, cement, concrete, arches, cavity walls, stairs, fire resistance, plastering and more.
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lecture1424085991.pdf
1. The document provides a lecture note on civil engineering materials and construction that outlines the syllabus and covers topics like brick, cement, concrete and other building materials.
2. It discusses in detail the manufacturing process of bricks, including preparing clay, moulding, drying and burning bricks using clamp burning or kiln burning methods.
3. The ideal constituents of brick earth are outlined, and different types of moulding like hand moulding and machine moulding are explained. Kiln burning is described as a more efficient method than clamp burning.
MINIMIZATION OF CEMENT KILN DUST
Cement refers to the commodities that are produced by burning mixtures of limestone and other
minerals or additives at high temperature in a rotary kiln, followed by cooling, finish mixing, and
grinding. This is the manner in which the vast majority of commercially-important cementations
materials are produced in the United States. Cements are used to chemically bind different
materials together. The most commonly produced cement type is "Portland" cement, though
other standard cement types are also produced on a limited basis.
Cement plants produced 99.8 million metric tons of cement. Worldwide production accounted
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materials are generated. These industrial by-product and waste materials must be managed
responsibly to insure a clean and safe environment.
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This document discusses the use of natural pozzolana in green cement and concrete industries. Natural pozzolana is a volcanic ash that reacts with calcium hydroxide in the presence of water to produce cementitious compounds. Test results show the pozzolana meets ASTM quality standards. Using pozzolana to replace 30-40% of clinker in cement production can reduce CO2 emissions by up to 30% since it eliminates the CO2 produced during clinker calcination. Pozzolana cement may develop strength slower initially but will surpass ordinary Portland cement strengths after 28 days while providing benefits like reduced costs, better workability, and prevention of alkali-silica reactions.
Formation, Occurrence, Extraction and Refining of coal and petroleum.
The document discusses the formation, occurrence, extraction, and refining of coal and petroleum. It explains that coal formed from buried plant matter undergoing heat and pressure over millions of years, while petroleum formed from buried marine organisms. Coal occurs in underground seams and is extracted through surface or underground mining. Petroleum occurs between impervious rock layers and is extracted through drilling wells. Refining coal produces gas, tar, and coke, while refining petroleum uses fractional distillation to produce useful fractions like gasoline and kerosene.
Igneous rocks formaion through chemical weathering
Igneous rocks are generally termed as fire rocks formed either underground or above ground there are two types Intrusive, Extrusive igneous rocks mainly containing high silica content
12445975.ppt
Cement is produced by burning limestone and clay at high temperatures. The resulting clinker is ground with gypsum to produce cement powder. There are different types of cement including natural cement, Portland cement, and special cements. Cement hydration results in products like calcium silicate hydrate and calcium hydroxide that provide strength and bonding. Sulphate resisting cement contains less tricalcium aluminate to improve durability in sulphate-containing environments. Cement is widely used in construction for applications such as concrete structures.
Similar to Costly Contamination (20)
Formation, Occurrence, Extraction and Refining of coal and petroleum.
Formation, Occurrence, Extraction and Refining of coal and petroleum.
Igneous rocks formaion through chemical weathering
Igneous rocks formaion through chemical weathering
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Costly Contamination
- 1. Costly Contamination During Carbonization Process in Coconut Shell Charcoal Manufacturing By Jerome Pun
- 3. Common Methods of Carbonization A large opening is excavated into the ground and its wall is reinforced with bricks to prevent soil from getting into the pit. By Jerome Pun
- 4. Common Methods of Carbonization Kiln is constructed above the ground with brick wall shaped like an inverted cone. By Jerome Pun
- 5. Common Methods of Carbonization Popular among the villagers in the South East Asian region By Jerome Pun
- 6. Low Barrier-to-Entry -- all you need is a few used metal drums, makes every village folk who has access to few kilograms of coconut shell a potential charcoal manufacturer! By Jerome Pun
- 7. Major Contaminants: Brick Coconut shells are exposed to or in contact with the brick wall during carbonization By Jerome Pun
- 8. Major Contaminants: Brick, Sand & Soil Presence of water (added into the kiln during cooling stage) causing brick debris, sand & soil to stick onto the charcoal By Jerome Pun
- 9. Major Contaminants: Brick, Sand & Soil Coconut shell charcoal is exposed to or in contact with sand and soil which somehow find their ways into the kiln Presence of water (added into the kiln during cooling) causing brick debris, sand & soil to stick onto the charcoal By Jerome Pun
- 10. Major Contaminants: Mineral Oxide Metal drums are prone to rust (Iron (III) oxide) after being exposed to the elements (oxygen and water) This is especially true when water is being hosed into the drums after carbonization process is complete in order to extinguish the red hot charcoal Rust formed and accumulated on the inner surface of the drums somehow get rubbed off and come into contact with the charcoal, and the presence of water (from the hose) makes it easier for the rust to attach onto the charcoal. By Jerome Pun
- 11. By Jerome Pun
- 12. By Jerome Pun
- 13. Good News!! There are solutions to problems faced during carbonization Jerome Pun @sleepundercoco