3. ACNE
• Acne is a skin condition that causes whiteheads, blackheads,
and inflamed red lesions (papules, pustules, and cysts) to form.
• These growths are commonly called pimples or "zits.
4. Hemangioma of Skin
•A hemangioma is an abnormal buildup of
blood vessels in the skin or internal organs.
5. COLD SORE
• Cold sores are red, fluid-filled blisters that appear
near the mouth or the nose.
6. PSORIASIS
•Psoriasis is a noncontiguous, chronic skin condition
characterized by white scaly patches of the skin.
7. ROSACEA
•Rosacea is a chronic skin condition involving
inflammation of the cheeks, nose, chin, fore-head,
or eyelids.
8. SEBORRHEIC ECZEMA
•Seborrheic (eczema) dermatitis is a common, inflammatory
skin condition that causes flaky, white to yellowish scales to
form on oily areas such as the scalp or inside the ear.
9. HIVES
•Hives are raised, often itchy, red welts on the
surface of the skin.
•They are usually an allergic reaction to food or
medicine.
10. VITILIGO
•Vitiligo is a skin condition in which there is
loss of pigment (color) from areas of skin,
•Resulting in irregular white patches that feel
like normal skin.
11. WARTS
•Warts - we all get them and we all find them
embarrassing, ugly and inconvenient.
12. NECROTIZING FASCIITIS
•Necrotizing soft tissue infection is a rare but very
severe type of bacterial infection.
• Can destroy the muscles, skin, and underlying tissue.
14. CARBUNCLE
•A carbuncle is a skin infection that often involves
a group of hair follicles.
• The infected material forms a lump, called mass,
which occurs deep in the skin.
15. CELLULITIS
•Cellulitis is a common skin infection caused by
bacteria, most commonly staph or strep bacteria.
16. HYPOHIDROSIS
•Hypohidrosis is an abnormal lack of sweat in response
to heat that may be harmful.
•Because sweating allows heat to be released from the
body.
18. CUTIS LAXA
•Cutis laxa (Latin for loose or lax skin) is a connective
tissue disorder in which the skin lacks elasticity and
hangs in loose folds.
19. DECUBITUS ULCER
• A decubitus (or "pressure") ulcer is an area of skin
•Breaks down when you stay in one position for too
long without shifting your weight.
21. DIAPER RASH
•Dermatitis of the buttocks, genitals, lower
abdomen, or thigh folds of an infant or toddler.
22. DYSHIDROTIC ECZEMA
•Dyshidrotic eczema, or dyshidrosis, is a skin condition in
which blisters develop on the soles of your feet and/or the
palms of your hands.
23. CANKER SORE
• A canker sore (aphthous ulcer) is a mouth ulcer or
sore that is open and painful.
• Most common type of mouth ulcer.
24. HERPES STOMATITIS
• Herpetic stomatitis is a viral infection of the mouth that
causes ulcers and inflammation.
•These mouth ulcers are not the same as canker sores,
which are caused by a different virus.
33. LICHEN PLANUS
•Lichen planus is a disease in which there is an
itchy, swollen rash on the skin or in the mouth
• Spontaneous resolution is common after months to years.
34. ECZEMA
•Eczema is a common skin condition
characterized by itchy and inflamed patches of
skin.
39. Solution Cosmetics
• These are the simplest type of cosmetic formulas
and are used for a wide range of products such as
shampoos, body wash, hand cleansers, colognes,
etc.
• They are homogeneous mixtures of soluble
ingredients. To make them you simply fill your
container with the main diluent (usually water)
then mix the rest of the ingredients into it.
Sometimes warming the system slightly will
increase the speed at which you can make them.
40. Creams / Emulsions
• The majority of cosmetics use raw materials that are
not compatible so a cream or emulsion is used.
• Emulsions are pseudo stable mixtures of immiscible
liquids dispersed in another liquid.
• They are used for products like hand moisturizers,
make up, hair conditioners, sunscreens, etc.
• To create them you need three formula components
including an oil phase, aqueous phase, and an
emulsifier. The formulas are made by heating up the oil
and water phases separately, mixing them together
(along with the emulsifier) when they are hot, and
cooling them down with thorough mixing. The result is
a cream with tiny particles of dispersed in the diluent
phase.
41. Lotions
• Creams are not always appropriate for some
applications because they can be too heavy or
greasy. In these cases, the lotion form is used.
• Lotions are essentially thin creams. They are used
for facial moisturizers, leave-in hair conditioners,
and moisturizing cleansers. Since these are
emulsions, you make them the same way you
would a cream. They are generally easier because
you do not have to worry about the emulsion
getting thick enough as it cools down.
42. Suspensions
• Suspensions are another product form for
delivering incompatible ingredients.
• Unlike creams, they are typically clear products
with visible particles like gelatin beads or
inorganic minerals (e.g titanium dioxide)
suspended throughout.
• They are used for sunscreens, hand washes or
shampoos.
• To create them you need to include a polymer or
clay that gives the formula some internal
suspending structure. Ingredients like carbomer
or bentonite clays are useful.
43. Ointments / Pastes
• These are super thick products used for things
like hairdressing and medicated skin products.
Usually, they are anhydrous (contain no water)
and are sticky & greasy. Some common
ingredients used to create pastes include
petrolatum, lanolin, or dimethicone. Making
them is a simple matter of heating up the raw
materials and rapidly mixing them until they
are dispersed.
44. Tablets & Capsules
• Another product form that is often used for
creating color cosmetics is the tablet. These
are physically blended solids that are held
together by being pressed into shape. You’ll
need special equipment to create these
products. They are also generally more
expensive.
45. Powders
• Powders are also used for products like baby
powder & foot powder.
• They are just mixtures of solid raw materials
blended together into a fine powder.
• Some typical ingredients include talc, silicates,
and starch. Special equipment is needed when
making these products as the fine powder can
be dangerous.
46. Gels
• These are thick products, typically clear, and have
a property known as “shear thinning”. This means
they stay thick until you apply a force which
makes them thin and flowable. Anyone who has
tried to get ketchup out of a bottle knows what
we’re talking about.
• Gels are used for hair products, body washes,
shaving products, and in toothpaste.
• They are made by using a gelling agent such as an
acrylic polymer, a natural gum or a cellulosic
thickener.
47. Sticks
• Sometimes you need to create a product that the
consumer won’t necessarily want to touch, for
example, lipstick. In these cases you’ll use a stick
product form.
• Sticks are solid delivery forms that deliver active
ingredients through a rubbing action.
• The way you create them is by using mostly materials
that are solid at room temperature. The ingredients are
heated until they melt, mixed, and poured into either a
mold or the final container. When they cool, they take
the shape of their packaging.
48. Aerosols
• Aerosols are more of a packaging product form than a
specific formulation type.
• You could actually create an aerosol out of almost any
cosmetic formulation if you have the right can, propellant,
and nozzle set-up.
• Aerosols are any cosmetic delivered from a pressurized can.
They are composed of a concentrate and a propellant.
• You first make the formula as you would any other
cosmetic, then fill it into the can. You seal the can and
pressurize it using the appropriate propellant.
• Recent VOC (volatile organic compounds) regulations have
reduced the use of aerosols in cosmetic products.
49. SKIN CLEANSERS
• The term cleanser refers to a product that cleans
or removes dirt or other substances.
• In this case, a cleanser is a facial care product that
is used to remove make-up, skin care product
residue, microbes, dead skin cells, oils, sweat, dirt
and other types of daily pollutants from the face.
• These washing aids help prevent filth-
accumulation, infections, pores clogs, irritation
and cosmetic issues like dullness from dead skin
buildup & excessive skin shine from sebum
buildup.
50. • This can also aid in preventing or treating
certain skin conditions; such as acne.
Cleansing is the first step in a skin care
regimen and can be used in addition of a
toner and moisturizer, following cleansing.
51. ANTIPERSPIRANTS & DEODRANTS
• An antiperspirant is a chemical agent that reduces
perspiration or sweating. The active ingredients of roll-
on, spray and powder formulations are traditionally the
metallic salts aluminium chloride and aluminium
chlorohydrate. These are formulated into preparations
of varying strengths. More concentrated solutions are
used to control excessive sweating (hyperhidrosis).
•
• Newer generation antiperspirants contain aluminium
zirconium compounds. These are better tolerated by
the skin and are less likely to cause irritation or
aggravation to razor burn.
52. • Deodorants are not antiperspirants.
Deodorants do not prevent sweating.
Their aim is to mask the smell produced
by sweat-eating bacteria. An
antiperspirant preparation may contain a
deodorant.
• A higher concentration antiperspirant is
usually more effective than a low
concentration or aluminium-free
preparation. However, increasing the
strength can also increase the potential
for side effects.
53. How do antiperspirants work?
• Aluminium-based antiperspirants work by
blocking the sweat ducts, thereby reducing
the amount of sweat that reaches the skin’s
surface. Aluminium salts are soluble as long as
the formulation is acidic (low pH). When they
are applied to the skin and come in contact
with sweat, the pH rises causing the
aluminium salts to precipitate out and form a
plug over the sweat glands. Sweat continues
to be produced by the sweat gland but it just
isn't able to reach the surface of the skin.
54. Benefits of Antiperspirant& Deodorant
• Benefits of deodorant. Sweating is your
body’s natural response. Deodorant helps
mask this odor and makes you smell better
depending on the fragrance in your deodorant
product.
• Benefits of antiperspirant. Antiperspirant
have the added benefit of acting as a
deodorant because of how the product works.
When antiperspirant blocks sweat glands, it
also blocks odor from escaping, which reduces
how badly you smell when sweating.
55. Precautions when using an antiperspirant
• Avoid applying antiperspirants to mucous
membranes (mouth, nose, eyelids, genitals,
anus).
• Antiperspirants may cause irritant or allergic
contact dermatitis. This may be from the
active ingredient or diluents in the
preparation. The skin around the underarm
area is particularly prone to develop these
reactions because it is thin, delicate, moist
and occluded.
• If you have any allergies to fragrances, be sure
to read labels carefully.
56. Risks of Antiperspirant &
Deodorant
• Antiperspirant/deodrant added fragrance leaves
you at risk of developing allergic contact
dermatitis (ACD).
• Parabens. These preservatives help
antiperspirant and deodorant stay good for
longer. However, your skin easily absorbs
parabens, and they may mimic estrogen in your
body. Too many parabens increase your risk for
breast cancer.
• Aluminum. This metal is most commonly used to
plug your sweat ducts and prevent sweat from
escaping the glands. However, aluminum may
increase the likelihood that genes mutate at a
cellular level, increasing your risk for tumors.
57. Risks of Antiperspirant….. (conti..)
• Butane and Isobutane. These are gases that help
propel aerosol spray deodorants from their
canisters but they are linked to cancer and
reproductive toxicity.
• Diethanolamine. This may also be listed as DEA
on labels and is considered a carcinogenic
product. It increases your risk for cancer.
• Triclosan. Is antibacterial chemical used in
antiperspirants/deodorants to kill germs on skin
that cause odors. However, it is an endocrine
disruptor, so it may also act like hormones your
body produces naturally and interfere with your
body’s hormonal signaling.
58. Risks of Antiperspirant….. (conti..)
• Triclosan is also linked to an increased risk of
breast cancer.
• Phthalates. It’s a chemical that allows other
ingredients to be flexible and also extends the
life of any added fragrances.
It may lead to an earlier onset of puberty in
young women, which increases your risk of
breast cancer later on in life.
59. PERFUMES AND FRANGRANTS
• Perfume is a mixture of fragrant essential oils
or aroma compounds (fragrances), fixatives
and solvents, usually in liquid form, used to
give the human body, animals, objects, and
living-spaces an agreeable scent.
• Perfume is used to give a pleasant and
desirable scent to a person’s body, typically
with the aim of increasing self-appeal and self-
confidence.
60. • In liquid perfume, the liquid is a mixture of
alcohol, water and molecules that evaporates
at room temperature.
• What creates the fragrance is that cells in your
nose recognize the evaporating molecules and
send electrical messages to your brain, which
creates a perception.
61. Adverse effects of perfume and fragrance?
• Involve irritant and allergic contact dermatitis:
The chemical substances in some fragrances can
cause contact allergic dermatitis in sensitised
individuals.
• Headaches
• Eye, nose, and throat irritation
• Nausea
• Asthma flares.
62. SKIN EMOLLIENTS , SOFTENERS AND
MOISTURRIZIERS
SKIN EMOLLIENTS.
These are cosmetic preparations used for protecting, moisturizing, and lubricating the skin.
Skin emollients are moisturizing treatments applied directly to the skin to soothe
and hydrate the skin. They cover the skin with a protective film to trap in moisture.
Emollients are preparations that soften the skin and often used to help manage
dry, itchy or scaly skin conditions such as eczema, psoriasis and ichthyosis.
Petrolatum, lanolin, mineral oil, plant oils,shea butter, cocoa butter, fatty acids and
dimethicone are common emollients. Humectants, including glycerin, lecithin and
propylene glycol, draw water into the outer layer of the skin.
Pharmaceutical uses include;
• To correct dryness and scaling of the skin.
• To resolve fine lines and wrinkles.
• To prevent mild irritant dermatitis.
Factors that determine the suitability of an emollient.
• Depends on the degree of dryness and scaling of the skin.
• Depends on the area and the body part involved.
• Depends on the preference of the consumer.
63. Causes of dry and scaly skin.
Dry air seen in low winter humid areas
Exposure to the wind.
Over washing the skin.
Reduction in the production of natural moisturizers ie sebum at a old age.
Diuretics medications.
Skins disorders such as atropic dermatitis.
Interventions for dry and scaly skin.
Reduce contact with soap and water and apply moisturing agent or
emollient.
Reduce bathing frequency though the body may be sponged daily with
lukewarm water if desired.
Apply humectants preparations as they increase the water holding
capacity of the stratum corneum.
Use of bath oils as they deposit a thin layer of oil onto the skin.
Apply creams immediately after bath oils as they are occlusive than
lotions esp. the thicker barrier creams contain dimeticone that particularly
useful for the people with hand dermatitis.
Ointments aree however the most occlusive thus they are recommended
for severe dry skin.
64. Types of emollients.
There various types;
– Gels.
– Lotions.
– Emulsions.
– Ointments.
Ingriedients contained in an emollient.
Main ingredients include the following.
– Glycerin, aqua, urea,poyol.
NB. Use at most two of the ingredients.
Excipients;
– Lipid supplementing corneal interstium eg ceramide, cholesterol
and free fatty acids.
– Occlusive eg dimeticone.
– Emulsifier.
– Preservative and antioxidants.
65. Humectants and keratolytic agents.
They include;
– Glycerin(humectant).
– Urea( keratoytic agent and humectant)
– Alpha hydroxyl acids (keratolytic)
NB; urea and lactic acid often sting if applied on broken skin.
Frequency of application.
– Emollients should be applied as often as necessary so as to keep
the skin supple and moist though varies from person to person
depending on the degree of dryness of the skin.
– In eczema, continuous application of emollient is recommended
even in the absence of flaring up of eczema.
Concomitant use of emollients and corticosteroids.
Use of emollients alongside corticosteroids for eczema, apply the
emollient first for 10-15 mins before application of topical steroids.
The essence of this is to provide or make the skin moist before
application of topical steroids.
66. ANTI-AGING AGENTS.
Skin aging.
Skin aging is characterized by the following;
– Laxity(sagging).
– wrinkles(rytids); these appear as lines or groves on the skin.
– Poor texture, dry skin.
Wrinkles are due to the loss of elasticity of the skin.
Wrinkles appear to start from the papillary dermis as a
result of decreased production of elastin or possible
chemically altered elastin.
Signs of skin aging.
– Wrinkles; these are fine lines on the skin. This the first
noticeable sign of skin aging.
– Loss of volume; this is seen as a loss of facial volume
resulting into a sagging the skin, flattening of the cheeks.
67. Process of skin aging.
Skin aging is a complex biological process influenced by a combination of
endogenous or instrinsic and exogenous or extrinsic factors.
Cutaneous aging can be classified as;
– Intrinsic aging.
– Extrinsic aging.
Intrinsic aging.
This is also called chronological aging. It is an inherent
degenerative process due to the declining physiologic functions and
capabilities.
Such an aging process may include quantitative and quantitative changes
and includes diminished or defective synthesis of collagen and elastin in
the dermis. Its genetically engineered.
Extrinsic skin aging.
Also known as photo aging.
This is a distinctive declination process caused by external factors. These
include;
– Ultra-violet radiation.(most widespread document of its negative effects on the
skin and because of this, extrinsic aging is often referred to aas photo aging)
– Cigarette smoking.
– Air pollution.
68. How to minimize skin aging.
Life style; as oxidative stress is the primary external cause of skin aging
lifestyle changes should focus on minimizing its effects.
Nutrition; a health diet rich in fruits and vegetables will ensure an intake of
antioxidants that can help to limit the damaging effects of free radicals on
the skin eg carrots, tomatoes, beans, orange and yellow fruit and vegetables.
Stop smoking; smoking accelerates aging remarkably reducing elasticity
causing dullness.
Skin care; a good skin care routine is an essential part of a holistic approach
to treating all signs of aging. Cleanse, care to replenish and hydrate skin with
products that address your primary aging concern.
Treatment for aging.
Ingredients used in the treatment of aging in the creams include;
Retinoid; normalize the life cycle of keratinocytes, reduces keratinocyte
atypia and normalizes the spread of melanosomes.
Alpha hydroxyl acids(AHA) and beta hydroxyl acids or chemical peels;
mechanism not well clarified but one suggests that they help to dissolve the
intracellular”glue” that holds dead cells on the skin hence exposes newer
skin cells improving its appearance.
Peptides; such as matryil and copper peptides, argireline.
69. Alpha-lipoic acid; has anti-inflammatory properties and acts as exfoliant,possibly helping in
reducing roughness, wrinkles and lentigins.
Co-enzyme Q10.
Anti-oxidants; substances that protect cells from damage caused by free radicles.
Sunscreens; provides a high level of UV protection against the effects of UV radiation.
ANTI-AGING DRUGS.
Botulinum toxin; treats wrinkles by immobilizing the muscles which cause
wrinkles. Its not appropriate for the treatment of all wrinkles; its indicated for
glabellar line(between eyebrows) in adults. Botulinum toxin has no effect on
skin texture and cannot discontinue the skin aging processes, however the
injections can slow down the visible aging process by helping in the
management of certain dynamic facial lines and wrinkles.
Tretinoin; decreases cohesiveness of follicular epithelial cells, although the
exact mode of action is unknown, it also stimulates mitotic activity and
increased turnover of follicular epithelial cells.
Dermal filters; Are injectable products frequently used to correct wrinkles
and other depression in the skin improving the appearance. These increase
the biosynthetic capacity of fibroblasts, inducing the reconstruction of an
optimal physilogiloggical environment, the enhancement of cell activity,
hydration and synthesis of collagen, elastic and hyaluronic acid.
Topical glycosaminoglycan's supplements; can help to provide temporary
restoration of enzyme balance to slow or prevent matrix breakdown and
consequent onset or wrinkle formation.
Hormone replacement therapy(HRT); it known that there a progressive
decease of hormone synthesis with age . Melatonin has shown to have a
favorable influence on the aging process, because it has an inverse effect with
regard to body weight; food restriction raises the levels of melatonin and
ddecreases its age-related decrease.
70. ANTI-OXIDANTS.
These are agents that reduce cell damage caused by free radicals resulting
from oxidation and also inhibits inflammation and offers protection against
photo-aging and skin cancer.
Use of oral or topical antioxidants in the treatment of dermatoses basically
seek to neutralize excess free radicals, reducing or preventing the attack on
cellular structures
Free radicals; these chemical atoms or molecular fragments that have
charge due to an excess or defiency of electrons.
Oxidation; process of addition of oxygen or removal of hydrogen or is then
loss of electrons during a reaction by metals.
Oxidants; Are reactants that oxidize or remove electrons from other
reactants during reduction-oxidation reactions.
Some of the processes that lead to oxidation include;
– Aerobic respiration
– Metabolism.
– Inflammation.
– Smoking and alcohol.
– Sun light and X-rays.
71. These anti-oxidants include;
Vitamin A ; often seen as retinol, tretinoin acid and retinaldehyde,
vitamin A has multiple functions such as increasing healthy cellular
turnover(thus exfoliating the skin and improving age spots),
repairing cellular structure of the skin, decreasing sebum
production, eliciting formation of collagen(hence improved fine
lines and wrinkles)
vitamin C; nutrient usually associated with the immune system is a
dermatologist favorite ingredient for the skin. Vitamin C IS A
STRONG anti-oxidant that binds and removes harmful free radicals
from the skin, like those produced from exposure to UV radiation
and environmental pollutants.
Vitamin E; has activity in reducing UV-induced photo damage,
decrease thr risk of skin cancers and stabilize the skin barrier.
Resveratrol; naturally found in berries, peanuts and red grapes.
Topically applied resveratrol protects against UVB-induced photo
damage, pigmentation and collagen degradation.
Curcumin; this polyphenol anti-oxidant is found in turmeric root,
helps decrease inflammation, accelerates wound healing, prevents
oily skin and acne, fights free radicals and is photo-proctective, anti-
agigng and anti-microbial.
72. Ultra-violet protectants.
These are preparations that are applied topically to
absorb or reflect UV radiations from the skin against burns.
They also known as sunscreens.
They are categorized as;
Physical sunscreens.
Those that reflect the sun rays away from the skin.
Chemical sunscreens.
Those that absorb the ultraviolet light.
Active ingredients in sunscreen.
Aromatic molecules conjugated with carbonyl groups.
Chemical stabilizers are included in some sunscreen to sllow
its break down.
UV filter(p-amino benzoic acid, oxybenone, zinc oxide,
titanium oxide).
73. SKIN BLEACHERS
Are also know as skin lightening and
skin bleaching .
Is the practice of using chemical
substances in an attempt to lighten the
skin or provide an even skin color by
reducing the melanin concentration in
the skin
74. • An importing colour to the skin , the most
important role is played by
pigments,carotenes, melanins.
• Melanins are responsible for racial difference
• Skin bleaching cosmetics are used to lighten
the colour of darker skin.
75. • Skin whitening can be dangerous, painful and
expensive.
• The goal of skin whitening (or skin bleaching)
is to lighten or fade your complexion beyond
the natural skin tone
76. What are some common skin lightening
ingredients?
• Hydroquinone
• Kojic acid
• Azelaic acid
• Vitamin c (citrus extracts)
• Niacinamide.
• Hydrogen peroxide
77. HYDROQUINONE
This is the most common ingredient found in
lightening products over the last 50 years.
What makes this ingredient so is that it effectively
decreases melanin in skin.
Hence a potent skin lightening for someone looking
to lighten dark spots,freckles,acne scars and
more.
Until recently it was considered to be the safest and
most effective treatment for hyper pigmentation
including age spots,melasma,sun damage, and
other discolour.
78. Side effects of hydroquinone.
• Hydroquinone isn't for everyone. it can
irritate sensitive skin and may result in
redness, itching or dryness. Although itching
and redness often fades with time some
people can not tolerate it.
79. KOJIC ACID
• It is effective in treatment of melasma.
• Kojic acid comes from fermented mushroom and
inhibits the production of melanin in unevenly
pigmented skin.
• This makes it a potent in brightening everything
from freckles to melasma.
• It has become revered worldwide for its skin
lightening ablities.Therefore,making a sense that
it is found in numerous skin lightening products.
80. AZELAIC ACID
• Lightening agent found in grains like wheat,
rye and barley. It is not only effective in
lightening skin, but is effective in treating
numerous skin conditions too.
• Azelaic acid was originally used to treat acne.
• It also reduces inflammation and decreases
the production of keratin.(keratin promotes
the growth of acne)
81. Cont..
Azelaic acid does two things;
• It inhibits melanin production.
• It combats hyper pigmentation by suppressing
the growth of melanin producing cells.
82. Niacinamide
• This actively reduces jagged pigmentation and
age spots effectively lightening and soothing
your skin.
• Niacinamide increases ceramide and fatty acid
levels in skin effectively increasing hydration
levels in your skin. This ensures you softer,
smoother skin which is less prone to irritation.
• In the long term well hydrated skin ensures
you firm and wrinkled free skin.
83. CITRUS EXTRACTS
• Citrus extracts are a rich source of vitamin c which
destroys free radicals in your body
• Free radicals are substances that cause aging. citrus
extracts give your skin a radiant glow while
rejuvenating it from the inside.
• Lemon juice naturally whitens skin and effectively
removes dark spots. It is also used to mildly exfoliate
your skin due to its acidic content by safely peeling off
the top layer of your skin.
• Researchers have also found that citrus acid can be
used to significantly reverse photo aging and sun
damage.
84. BROWNERS
• Browners are used to darken the skin tone.
They include;
Tans
Foundations
Bronzers, etc.
85. TANS
• There are two types of tans; i.e. natural tans and
sunless tans.
• Sunless tanning – refers to the application of
chemicals to produce a darker tone on the skin.
They are used because sun screen absorbs ultra
violet light and prevents it from reaching the skin.
• They are composed of dehydroxyacetone which
is a colorless active ingredient that reacts with
amino acids in dead skin cells to produce a brown
color change.
86. SPOTS
• Spots on the skin aka hyperpigmentation age
spots, solar lentigines or liver spots depending
on their cause can happen at any time but
most often appear in middle age. They are a
consequence of past sun exposure or artificial
UV light used in tanning. They are also
associated with certain skin conditions and
can occur as side effects of certain
medications as well.
89. Colorants
• Colorants are mainly substance used to impart a
distinct appearance to the pharmaceutical
dosage forms, e.g. tablets, capsules, liquid orals,
tooth pastes, ointments, etc.
• Colorants increase the aesthetic appearance and
also prolong stability of a particular formulation
• They are also required to produce standard
preparations or to identify a particular
formulation
90. Reasons for using colorants;
increase acceptability – unattractive medications can
made acceptable to patients by use of colorants.
For easy identification – helps to identify a product in
its manufacturing and distribution stages.
Standard preparations – e.g. when lactose is used as
diluents for powdered opium it should be colored with
caramel to give a uniform appearance to the product.
Stability purpose – contribute to stability of light
sensitive active materials in tablets or capsule
formulation by providing opacity.
91. Ideal properties of colorants;
• Nontoxic and have no physiological activity. Free
from harmful impurities.
• Is a definite chemical compound because only its
coloring power will be reliable, its assay will be
practicable and easier.
• Its tinctorial( coloring) power should be high so
that only small quantities are required.
• Readily available and inexpensive.
NB. Natural coloring matters are less satisfactory
than coal tar colors in many of these aspects.
92. Colorants and their application/use
• Colorants including dies find applications in
cosmetics in; lip balm/stick, eye brow pencils,
93. Causes and risk factors
• Due to overproduction or collection of melanin (skin
pigment) and or free radical damage.
• Exposure to UV light. This causes hyperpigmentation.
• Skin conditions
– Post inflammatory hyperpigmentation
– Melasma
– Linea nigra
– Choasma
– Riehl’s melanosis
– Medication eg amiodarone, phenothiazines, and estrogens
among others.
94. Treatment (Spots Removers)
Topical treatments eg prescription bleaching creams
gradually diminish the appearance of dark spots.
Hydroquinone is the active ingredient in
prescription bleaching creams which inhibits pdtn
of melanin and should only be used for short term
basis.creams containing retinoids alpha hydroxy
acid, glycolic acid, deoxyarbutin, etc
Cosmetic procedures such as laser treament,
chemical peels, cryosurgery .
95. WARTS
• Warts aka verrucas are superficial mucocutaneous
infections.
• Although warts are not dangerous, they are ugly,
potentially embarrassing, contagious and be painful,
Note that warts are self limiting.
Causes of warts
Human papilloma virus (HPV) which causes viral warts
(Condylomata acuminata)
Treponema pallidum causes syphilitic warts (Condylomata
lata)
Molluscum contagiosum virus.
96. WART
A wart is generally a small, rough growth, typically on a human’s hands or feet but
often other locations, that can resemble a cauliflower or a solid blister. They are
caused by a viral infection, specifically by one of the many types of human
papillomavirus There are as many as 10 varieties of warts, the most common
considered to be mostly harmless. It is possible to get warts from others; they are
contagious and usually enter the body in an area of broken skin. They typically
disappear after a few months but can last for years and can recur
Types
A range of types of wart have been identified, varying in shape and site affected, as
well as the type of human papillomavirus involved. These include:
Common wart (Verruca vulgaris), a raised wart with roughened surface, most
common on hands, but can grow anywhere on the body;
Flat wart (Verruca plana), a small, smooth flattened wart, flesh-coloured, which can
occur in large numbers; most common on the face, neck, hands, wrists and knees;
Filiform or digitate wart, a thread- or finger-like wart, most common on the face,
especially near the eyelids and lips;
Genital wart (venereal wart, Condyloma acuminatum, Verruca acuminata), a wart
that occurs on the genitalia.
Mosaic wart, a group of tightly clustered plantar-type warts, commonly on the
hands or soles of the feet;
Periungual wart, a cauliflower-like cluster of warts that occurs around the nails.
Plantar wart (verruca, Verruca plantaris), a hard sometimes painful lump, often with
multiple black specks in the center; usually only found on pressure points on the soles
of the feet;
97. TYPES OF WARTS
• There are five types of which each type
appears on a different part of the body and
has distinct appearance.
– Common warts: they usually grow on the fingers
and toes but can appear elsewhere. They have a
rough grainy appearance and a rounded top. They
are grayer than the sorounding skin.
98.
99.
100.
101. • Plantar warts: these grow on the sole of the foot. Unlike
other warts plantar warts grow into the skin and not out of
it. One can tell if it si a plantar wart by noticing what
appears to be a small hole at the bottom of the foot
sorounded by hardened skin. Plantar warts make walking
uncomfortable.
• Flat warts: these usually grow on the face, thigh, or arms.
They are small and not immediately noticeable. They have
flat tops as if they have been scraped. Can be pink,
brownish or yellow,
• Periungual warts: they grow under and around toe nails
and finger nails. Can be painful and affect nail growth.
• Filiform warts: grow around mouth, nose and sometimes
on the neck or under the chin. They are small and shaped
like tiny flat or tag of the skin. They are the same color as a
person’s skin.
102. WART REMOVERS
• Topical treatments containing salicylic acid
• Freezing teatment spray conc cold air onto the wart.
This kills the skin and allows you to scrap away the
surface of the wart.
• Treatments and patches containing salicylic acid. They
work best if you soak the wart in water for 15 mins
before applying treatment.
• Duct tape involves covering the wart with a small piece
of duct tape for several days, then soaking the wart
and finally rubbing the wart to remove dead skin. It
takes several rounds of treatment to work.
103. ACNE
• Acne is a chronic inflammatory skin condition
that causes spots and pimples, especially on the
face, shoulders, back, neck, chest and upper
arms.
• UCG defines acne as a common chronic skin
disease involving blockage and inflammation of
hair follicles and sebaceous glands. It commonly
occurs in puberty and adolescence when the
sebaceous glands are active and is associated
with hormonal changes but it can occur at any
age. It is not dangerous but it can leave skin scars.
104. Causes of acne
• Life style eg cigarette smoking.
• Release of inflammatory mediators into the skin.
• Follicular hyperkeratinasation with susequent plugging
of the follicles.
• Propionibacterium acnes which colonises the follicles.
• excess sebum pdtn due to excessive activity of the
hormones.
• certain medications such as lithium, cortison,
hormones, iodides, some seisure medications and
isoniazid can also case acne lesions
105. Hormonal factors
• A range of factors trigger acne but the main cause is
thought to be rise in androgen levels.
• Androgen is a type of hormone, the levels of which rise
when adolescence begins. In women it gets converted
to estrogen. Rising androgen levels cause the oil glands
under the shin to grow. The enlarged gland produces
more sebum. Excessive sebum can break down cellular
walls in the pores causing bacteria to grow.
• Other possible triggers include greesy cosmetics,
hormonal changes, emotional stress, and
menstruation.
106. Types of acne
• Black heads: aka open comedones, are
follicular plugs which are oxidised from being
exposed to the hair.
• White heads: aka closed comedones, are
follicular plugs sitting below the skin surface.
• Pustules: are pus filled lesions and nodules.
• Papules: are small pink-reddish brown bumps.
• Cysts: are deeper pus filled lesions.
107. • A blackhead (medically known as an open comedo, plural
comedones) is a yellow or blackish bump or plug on the skin.
A blackhead is a type of acne vulgaris. Contrary to the
common belief that it is caused by poor hygiene, blackheads
are caused by excess oils that have accumulated in the
sebaceous gland's duct. The substance found in these bumps
mostly consists of keratin and modified sebum (an oily
secretion of the sebaceous gland), which darkens as it
oxidizes. Clogged hair follicles, where blackheads often occur,
reflect light irregularly to produce a blackhead's "black" hue
• A papule is a circumscribed, solid elevation of skin with no
visible fluid, varying in size from a pinhead to 1 cm. They can
be either brown, purple, pink or red in colour. The papules
may open when scratched and become infected and crusty
• A whitehead (more commonly known as a pimple or a closed
comedo) is a follicle that is filled with the same material,
sebum, but lacks a small opening to the skin surface. Since
the air cannot reach the follicle, the material is not oxidized,
and remains white
108.
109.
110. Treatment of acne
• Home remedies
– Diet: a good supply of vit A, E and zinc lowers the risk
of severe acne.
– Polyphenols from tea including green tea applied in
topical preparations also reduce sebum pdtn.
– Moisturisers which soothe the skin esp. in people
using acne treatment reduce inflammation.
For mild acne:
can be treated with otc medications such as gels,
soaps, creams and lotions that are applied to the skin.
Creams and lotions are best for sensitive skin. Alcohol-
based gels dry the skin and so are good for oily skin.
111. CONT..
• Otc acne remedies may contain the following APIs
– Resorcinol (a crystalline phenol C6H6O2 obtained from various
resins ) helps break down black heads and white heads.
– Benzoyl peroxide kills bacteria, accelerates skin replacement
and slows pdtn of sebum
– Salicylic acid assists the breakdown of black heads and white
heads and helps reduce inflammation and swelling.
– Retin A helps unblock pores through cell turnover.
– Azelaic acid strengthens cells that line the follicles, stops sebum
eruptions and reduces bacterial growth.
NB:- it is advisable to start with the lowest strength as some
perparations cause irritation or burning on first use.
Moderate to severe acne, vist a specialist or dermatologist
112. • Coticosteroid injection: if an acne cyst becomes
severely inflammed, this is treated by injecting a
diluted corticosteroid which prevents
scaring,reduce inflammation and speed up
healing.
• Oral antibiotics such as tetracyclines,
erythromycin, ampicillin, trimethoprim and
cepharosporins.
• Oral contraceptives and spironolactone, which
help to regulate hormones.
• Isotretinoin, a strong drug with many side effects
for severe acne unresponsive to the above
treatments.
114. intro
Basically hair removal creams are usually semisolid viscous
preparations of oil and water that contain chemicals that help
break down the keratin proteins in ones hair which ends
dissolving them .
These creams are also known as depilatories .
Looking at the chemistry of these hair removal creams, they
contain a few different alkaline chemicals ,these include ;
• sodium thioglycolate
• Strontium sulfide
• Calcium thiogycolate
These chemicals react with the hair on your body
115. So what exactly do they do
• Depilatories are usually available as creams but
they also come as gels ,lotions ,aerosols even
roll-ons .
• Once rubbed or sprayed onto the skin the
formulations breakdown the chemical bonds that
hold the proteins known as keratins.
• Once the keratin has been dissolved ,the hair
becomes weak enough to fall from its follicles
• The resulting substance is a bit like jelly and its
possible to rub or wash off the patches of the hair
with ease
116. Veet Gel Hair Remover Cream.
Veet Fast Acting Gel Cream Hair Removal.
Sally Hansen Cream Hair Remover Kit.
Olay Smooth Finish Facial Hair Removal Duo.
• Nair Cocoa Butter Lotion
Examples include;
117. usage
Wash your skin with mild soap and warm
water. Dry the area completely.
Squeeze the cream or lotion onto the back
of the included spatula. Use the spatula to
spread a thin layer of the cream over the
area from which you wish to remove hair.
Wait at least three minutes. You may have
to wait longer depending on the thickness
of the hair and the specific formulation of
your hair removal cream product. For
instance, lotions designed for sensitive skin
take a bit longer to work than the standard
formulation.
118. Advantages of hair depilatories
include;
Quick depilatory method (between 3-15 minutes),
cheap and easy (you can easily apply at home).
It is a painless hair removal.
It can be purchased at any pharmacy.
It is better than waxing or razor blade hair does not
grow so hard.
Following the use of the cream, the skin is soft.
It takes relatively little time in shave with a cream
with other methods such as an electric epilator.
Some depilatory creams can help exfoliate and
moisturize the skin leaving it radiant.
119. Allergic Reaction
In rare circumstances, an allergic reaction
can occur. An allergic reaction is identified
by swelling, redness and intense pain or
burning at the application site. All
depilatory products recommend that a
patch test at least 24 hours before
application. To perform a patch test, apply
a small amount of product to an
inconspicuous area. Follow the instructions
and rinse the product away. Check your
skin the next day for irritation and signs of
allergic reaction.
Associated disadvatages include;
120. Lingering Smell
Although companies have taken great
measures to sweeten the smell of their
hair-removal products, most products still
have an unpleasant odor. The odor,
caused by the chemical component of the
product, often lingers after application,
much like the smell of a permanent wave.
While you can apply lotions, creams and
body sprays to cover up the smell, your
skin will continue to have a peculiar odor
for a few hours after treatment.
121. Skin Irritation
Skin irritation and sensitivity are common
with depilatory creams. During the
application, the skin tingles and stings
mildly. The sensations usually stop after
rinsing, but people with sensitive skin may
continue to have unpleasant sensations for
hours after application. Dryness, itching,
rash and sensitivity are common. Also
common is the feeling of having a slight
sunburn. To avoid irritation, always use the
correct cream for the job. Creams are
formulated according to skin type, hair type
and the removal area. To minimize
irritation, use the mildest formula that will
get the job done.
Chemical Burns
Severe chemical burns can occur with the
use of hair-removal creams. Both hair and
skin are made up of the same proteins and
amino acids. Hair breaks down muck more
123. Cont..
• Cosmetic removers these are the cosmeceutical agents
applied on a body surface intended to get rid of the existing
waterproof body makeups and also playing an important
role in moisturizing and smoothening the skin.
• These products contains biological active ingredients from
natural sources, (i.e. Plant derivatives and minerals) and
other formulations like oil, water, humectants , perfumes
and preservatives.
• These products precisely are used as cleansing agents to
individual intending to completely remove the existed body
makeup applied also, since the products contains some
active biological ingredients therefore can be used to
manage some few skin disorders e.g. Acne.
125. 1.DIOR HYDRA LIFE OIL TO MILK
MAKEUP REMOVING CLEANSER.
• This cleansing agent is applied to remove milk
solution makeups.
• This magical oil to milk solution breaks down
tougher formulas with sweet almond oil and
then upon contact with water which then
transforms into a gentle creamy lather that
rinses away cleanly.
126.
127. 2. E.L.F MAKEUP REMOVER PEN
• This mini pen helps corrects any makeup
snafus without affecting the rest of the face.
• Ingredients like vitamin E, cucumber and
chamomile mitigates irritation while removing
traces of makeup around the eyelids and
under eyes.
128. 3. FLAUNT
• Flaunt removes a dried out makeup and
waterproof makeups.
• Its filled with natural ingredients like noni
extracts, pink guava, lycopene and selenium to
hydrate and smoothen the skin.
129. 4. CLINIQUE TAKE THE DAY OFF
MAKEUP REMOVER FOR LIDS, LASHES
& LIPS
• This remover is little greasy to the touch but
its for good reason.
• The solution literally wipes your lids, lashes
and lips clean for all traces of makeup.
• Its fragrance free, paraben free and
ophthalmologist tested ( do not irritates eyes)
130.
131. 5. BLISS MAKEUP MELT JELLY
CLEANSER
• This formulation can be used on dry or wt
skin.
• On dry skin it breaks down the makeup with a
quick swipe over the face with a cotton pad.
• On wet skin its milky jelly consistency is
viscous enough to stay on skin, this helps to
dissolve the makeup, dirt and excess oils.
• Its contains ingredients from lemon juice.
132.
133. 6. DHC DEEP CLEANSING OIL
• This is said to be a more effective cleansing
agent against makeup
• Its ingredients are also effective against skin
disorders and smoothens the skin(face)
134. 7. NATURA BRASIL BI-PHASE MAKEUP
REMOVER
• This contains hydrating humectants helping to
keep the skin moist without stripping away
the natural oils.
• Its also safe against acne skin disorder.
135. 8. ALMAY OIL FREE EYE MAKEUP
REMOVER PADS
This is non-oil-based option capable in removing
your eye makeup.
The pads are tiny but pack a punch when it
comes to removing the eye makeup.
136. 9. GLOSSIER MILKY OIL
• This micellar water and oil blend seems to be
perfect complement to the brands favorite
cleanser, milky jelly.
• In combination its melts waterproof eye
makeup and intense matte lipsticks in
seconds.
137. 10. SEPHORA COLLECTION
WATERPROOF EYE MAKEUP REMOVER.
• This formulation is paraben and phthalate free
solution effective against waterproof
makeups.
• It is packed with flavonoids and olive-wood
extract that work to strengthen lashes.
138. • QUALITY CONTROL OF COSMETIC PRODUCTS.
• INTRODUCTION:
• Cosmetics refer to all of the products used to care for and
clean the human skin, hair and nails and make them more
beautiful. The intension of using cosmetic products is to
maintain the body in good condition protect it from the
effect of environment and aging processes, change the
appearance and make the body smell nicer.
139. THE USE OF COSMETIC PRODUCTS:
• Many cosmetic users do not care about the effect of usage of products to the skin
and only focus on the short term results of skin appearance rather than the long
term effects to the whole body. Generally, consumers assume that cosmetic effects
are safer and pose no risk to the human health. Some consumers do not even read
the labels to identify the ingredients and some other useful information of the
cosmetic products before they decide to use them.
• It is the companies’ responsibility to ensure the safety of the cosmetic products
and most of these companies are business oriented and give little or no attention
to the cosmetic safety because of many reasons.
• Some of these reasons being the requirement to change the test methods,
formulations, packaging and advertising could increase cost.
• Labeling is required for all cosmetic products and safety information must appear
on cosmetic containers or packaging.
• Labels on cosmetics containers should contain the use of the cosmetic product, list
of all ingredients and their uses, instruction for use, country of origin, contents,
batch number, manufacturing and expiry dates.
•
140. QUALITY AND SAFETY OF COSMETIC
PRODUCTS:
• Cosmetics may contain ingredients whose safety is unclear or which are known to pose health risks (e.g Mercury).
• Studies have shown that the adverse reactions to the cosmetics are the commonest single reason for hospital
referrals with allergic contact dermatitis
•
List of prohibited ingredients and other hazardous substances.
• Hexachlorophene
• Mercury Compounds
• Chlorofluorocarbon Propellants
• Bithionol
• Halogenated Salicylanilides
• Chloroform
• Vinyl chloride
• Zirconium
• Methylene chloride
• Acetyl ethyl tetramethyl tetralin
• 6-Methylcoumarin
• Musk Ambrette
• Nitrosamines
• Dioxane
141. • Most chemicals are added to cosmetics in the form of preservatives or fragnances to increase the
shelf life of the product and to have good odor and appearance to the users.
• These additive chemicals are the most common causes of skin problems such as skin irritation,
photo-toxicity, contact allergy and other dermatological problems.
• In the previous ages, extracts of natural materials were used but currently they have been replaced
with synthetic ingredients.
• Laboratory analysis for example in Canada identified that heavy metals such as Lead, Arsenic, and
Antimony were found as ingredients and were not listed on the products labels.
• Another study done in Nigeria detected that there were elevated concentrations of Lead in facial
talcum powders and other metals. A number of ingredients or chemicals added to cosmetics many
of them are toxic and can cause cancer, mutation, reproductivity toxicity and endocrine disorders,
since some of them also contain above the maximum allowed concentration.
•
•
• Rabbit test:
• Cosmetics can be tested for skin irritation using rabbits as test animals.
• Procedure:
• Rabbit skin is clipped free of fur using a shaving machine on five different rabbits for the selected
cosmetics and one of the rabbit is treated with distilled water and this is a control rabbit.
• These rabbits will be closely monitored of any sensitive skin reaction compared to the control one.
142. FACTORS CONSIDERED IN QUALITY AND SAFETY
EVALUATION OF COSMETIC PRODUCTS:
• Determination of potential ingredient toxicology.
• Key factors include;
• - cosmetic ingredients’ concentration and function,
• -degree of chemical purity and stability,
• -potential for ingredients to be absorbed through the skin or mucous membrane or via oral
ingestion or inhalation.
• Evaluation and testing of human health impacts.
• Each ingredient in a cosmetic formulation, safety data must be reviewed. Ingredients interaction
within the product leading to unexpected adverse effects also is evaluated.
• Confirmatory testing of product compatibility and acceptability on human volunteers with informed
consent and with appropriate safeguards to detect any undesirable effects that could occur.
•
• Examination of cumulative exposure to the human body.
• Assessment of cumulative exposure to product form multiple sources. It is also important to take
into account secondary exposures (inhalation of hair or body sprays).
143. QUALITY ASSURANCE OF COSMETIC PRODUCTS
• Avoid purchasing harsh cosmetic products.
• Some of the ingredients are harsh and irritating to the skin
• The use of natural tested ingredients is a major advantage.
•
• Avoid buying cosmetic products with poor labeling.
• Never use cosmetics that are sold with poor or lacking labels.
• Typically, vitamins and other products are sold without any information about their
activity or concentration or strength.
•
• Store cosmetics properly
Most cosmetics have long shelf lives when stored under favorable conditions.
• Always use tightly closed containers and avoid moisture and extreme
temperatures.
• Certain cosmetics containing for example vitamin C & E should be stored at light
protected places, while others should be stored in the refrigerator (eg she abutter,
cocoa butter, vitamin A).
•
144. CONT..
• Use heat resistant containers
• Many recipes require the preparations to be heated up to 67 C or more.
• Therefore heat resistant containers like glass or metal jars are recommended to prevent breaking or
even melting of the container.
•
• Use preservatives
• Microbial contamination can be prevented by the use preservatives.
• There are natural or synthetic substances that inhibit the growth of microorganisms.
•
• Label all your products
• Attach a label to the container that provides information about the product which will include
names of ingredients used, their strengths or concentrations, manufacturing and expiry dates.
•
• CONCLUSION:
• Cosmetics and other personal care products should be non-toxic, non-irritating and must be safe to
the consumers.
• Therefore efforts have to be made to educate the community and if necessary to call the attention
of regulatory authorities about the need to regulate production and importation of cosmetics.
•
