Rekha Dehariya (M.Sc nursing 1st year) Bhopal Nursing College, Bhopal
Covid -19 has effected broud number of people all over the world. the health education is necessary to aware people about it.
Rekha Dehariya (M.Sc nursing 1st year) Bhopal Nursing College, Bhopal
Covid -19 has effected broud number of people all over the world. the health education is necessary to aware people about it.
MIDDLE EAST RESPIRATORY SYNDROME CORONA VIRUS (MERS CoV)Dhruvendra Pandey
Middle East Respiratory Syndrome, countries affected by MERS virus, preventive and control strategies for MERS infection, recommendation for healthcare professionals and hospitals in case of MERS corona virus infection, time trend of different events in corona virus infection, MERS Cov is associated with camels, Saudi Arabia guideline for travellers to haj and umrah, MERS CoV Vaccine
Muktapishti is a traditional Ayurvedic preparation made from Shoditha Mukta (Purified Pearl), is believed to help regulate thyroid function and reduce symptoms of hyperthyroidism due to its cooling and balancing properties. Clinical evidence on its efficacy remains limited, necessitating further research to validate its therapeutic benefits.
MIDDLE EAST RESPIRATORY SYNDROME CORONA VIRUS (MERS CoV)Dhruvendra Pandey
Middle East Respiratory Syndrome, countries affected by MERS virus, preventive and control strategies for MERS infection, recommendation for healthcare professionals and hospitals in case of MERS corona virus infection, time trend of different events in corona virus infection, MERS Cov is associated with camels, Saudi Arabia guideline for travellers to haj and umrah, MERS CoV Vaccine
Muktapishti is a traditional Ayurvedic preparation made from Shoditha Mukta (Purified Pearl), is believed to help regulate thyroid function and reduce symptoms of hyperthyroidism due to its cooling and balancing properties. Clinical evidence on its efficacy remains limited, necessitating further research to validate its therapeutic benefits.
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
Local Advanced Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex Sys...Oleg Kshivets
Overall life span (LS) was 1671.7±1721.6 days and cumulative 5YS reached 62.4%, 10 years – 50.4%, 20 years – 44.6%. 94 LCP lived more than 5 years without cancer (LS=2958.6±1723.6 days), 22 – more than 10 years (LS=5571±1841.8 days). 67 LCP died because of LC (LS=471.9±344 days). AT significantly improved 5YS (68% vs. 53.7%) (P=0.028 by log-rank test). Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: N0-N12, T3-4, blood cell circuit, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells-CC and blood cells subpopulations), LC cell dynamics, recalcification time, heparin tolerance, prothrombin index, protein, AT, procedure type (P=0.000-0.031). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and N0-12 (rank=1), thrombocytes/CC (rank=2), segmented neutrophils/CC (3), eosinophils/CC (4), erythrocytes/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), stick neutrophils/CC (8), leucocytes/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (error=0.000; area under ROC curve=1.0).
263778731218 Abortion Clinic /Pills In Harare ,sisternakatoto
263778731218 Abortion Clinic /Pills In Harare ,ABORTION WOMEN’S CLINIC +27730423979 IN women clinic we believe that every woman should be able to make choices in her pregnancy. Our job is to provide compassionate care, safety,affordable and confidential services. That’s why we have won the trust from all generations of women all over the world. we use non surgical method(Abortion pills) to terminate…Dr.LISA +27730423979women Clinic is committed to providing the highest quality of obstetrical and gynecological care to women of all ages. Our dedicated staff aim to treat each patient and her health concerns with compassion and respect.Our dedicated group ABORTION WOMEN’S CLINIC +27730423979 IN women clinic we believe that every woman should be able to make choices in her pregnancy. Our job is to provide compassionate care, safety,affordable and confidential services. That’s why we have won the trust from all generations of women all over the world. we use non surgical method(Abortion pills) to terminate…Dr.LISA +27730423979women Clinic is committed to providing the highest quality of obstetrical and gynecological care to women of all ages. Our dedicated staff aim to treat each patient and her health concerns with compassion and respect.Our dedicated group of receptionists, nurses, and physicians have worked together as a teamof receptionists, nurses, and physicians have worked together as a team wwww.lisywomensclinic.co.za/
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
2. Introduction
Corona virus comprises of a large family of viruses that are common in human
beings as well animals (camels, cattle, cats, and bats).
There are seven different strains of corona virus.
Sometimes corona virus from animals infect people and spread further via
human to human transmission such as with MERS-CoV, SARS-CoV, and now with
this COVID 19 (Corona disease 2019).
The virus that causes COVID-19 is designated severe acute respiratory
syndrome corona virus 2 (SARS-CoV-2); previously, referred to as 2019-nCoV.
3. Transmission
Droplet transmission
Other possible modes of transmission- by
touching a surface or object that has the virus on
it and then touching their own mouth, nose, or
possibly their eyes, but this is not thought to be
the main way the virus spreads.
Virus may also be present in feces
4. Clinical Features
Incubation period- presumed to be between 2 to 14 days
after exposure, with most cases occurring within 5 days after
exposure
Age affected -Mostly middle aged (>30 years) and elderly
and symptomatic infection in children appears to be
uncommon, and when it occurs, it is usually mild
Clinical Presentation:Common clinical features •Fever in
88% •Fatigue in 38% •Dry cough in 67% •Myalgias in 14.9%
•Dyspnea in 18.7%
Other symptoms •Headache •Sore throat •Rhinorrhea
•Gastrointestinal symptoms
5. Spectrum of
illness
severity
Mild illness -- 81% patients
Severe illness ( Hypoxemia, >50%
lung involvement on imaging within 24
to 48 hours) --14%
Critical Disease (Respiratory failure,
shock, multi-organ dysfunction
syndrome) --5 percent
Overall case fatality rate --2.3 to 5%
6. Diagnosis-
case definition
Suspected
case:
A patient with acute respiratory tract infection (sudden
onset of at least one of the following: cough, fever,
shortness of breath) AND with no other etiology that fully
explains the clinical presentation AND with a history of
travel or residence in a country/area reporting local or
community transmission* during the 14 days prior to
symptom onset;
OR
A patient with any acute respiratory illness AND having
been in close contact with a confirmed or probable COVID-
19 case in the last 14 days prior to onset of symptoms;
OR
A patient with severe acute respiratory infection (fever
and at least one sign/symptom of respiratory disease (e.g.,
cough, fever, shortness breath)) AND requiring hospital
isolation (SARI) AND with no other aetiology that fully
explains the clinical presentation.
7. Confirmed
Case:
A person with laboratory confirmation of
virus causing COVID-19 infection, irrespective
of clinical signs and symptoms
8. Close
Contacts
Close contact of a probable or confirmed case is
defined as
A person living in the same household as a COVID-19
case;
A person having had direct physical contact with a
COVID-19 case (e.g. shaking hands);
A person having unprotected direct contact with
infectious secretions of a COVID-19 case (e.g. being
coughed on, touching used paper tissues with a bare
hand);
A person having had face-to-face contact with a
COVID-19 case within 2 metres and > 15 minutes;
9. Close
Contacts
A person who was in a closed environment (e.g. classroom,
meeting room, hospital waiting room, etc.) with a COVID-19 case
for 15 minutes or more and at a distance of less than 2 metres
A healthcare worker (HCW) or other person providing direct care
for a COVID-19 case, or laboratory workers handling specimens
from a COVID-19 case without recommended personal protective
equipment (PPE) or with a possible breach of PPE;
A contact in an aircraft sitting within two seats (in any direction)
of the COVID-19 case, travel companions or persons providing
care, and crew members serving in the section of the aircraft
where the index case was seated
10. Recommendations for sample
collection
Collection of specimens to test for SARS-CoV-2 from the upper respiratory tract
(nasopharyngeal and oropharyngeal swab) is the preferred method for diagnosis
Induction of sputum collection is not recommended
Bronchoscopy being an aerosol generating procedure has got the potential to
trans mit infection to others. In view of this preferably avoid performing it and limit its
usage clearing secretions/mucous plugs in intubated patients
11. Current recommended diagnostic
modality for COVID-19
SARS-CoV-2 RNA is detected by polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR)
Results are generally available within a few hours to 2 days
A single positive test should be confirmed by a second RT-PCR assay
targeting a different SARS-CoV-2 gene
If initial testing is negative but the suspicion for COVID-19 remains, the
WHO recommends re-sampling and testing from multiple respiratory tract
sites
For safety reasons, specimens from a patient with suspected or
documented COVID-19 should not be submitted for viral culture.
Samples should also be tested for other viral/bacterial pathogens.
12. Whom to
test?
INDIAN COUNCIL OF MEDICAL RESEARCH
DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH RESEARCH Strategy for
COVID19 testing in India (Version 4, dated 09/04/2020)
1. All symptomatic individuals who have undertaken
international travel in the last 14 days
2. All symptomatic contacts of laboratory confirmed cases
3. All symptomatic health care workers
4. All patients with Severe Acute Respiratory Illness (fever
AND cough and/or shortness of breath)
5. Asymptomatic direct and high-risk contacts of a confirmed
case should be tested once between day 5 and day 14 of
coming in his/her contact
In hotspots/cluster (as per MoHFW) and in large
migration gatherings/ evacuees centres
6. All symptomatic ILI (fever, cough, sore throat, runny nose)
a. Within 7 days of illness – rRT-PCR
b. After 7 days of illness – Antibody test (If negative,
confirmed by rRT-PCR)
15. Chloroquine/hydroxychloroquine
Proposed mechanism- Hampers the low pH dependant steps of viral
replication
No renal or hepatic dose adjustments necessary
Has been even proposed for prophylaxis- however lacks evidence
Side effects: QT prolongation
Dose (Adult) : 400mg PO Q12h x 1 day, 200mg PO Q12h x 4 days
Pediatric: 6.5mg/kg/DOSE PO q12h x 1 day, then 3.25mg/kg/DOSE PO
q12h x • 4 days (up to adult maximum dose)
16. When to
discharge
patient ??
• Resolution of symptoms
• Radiological improvement
• Documented virological clearance
in 2 samples at least 24 hours apart
17. Conclusion
Corona virus disease 2019 (COVID-19) was reported
as cluster of disease in China in December 2019
It has since spread to all continents except Antarctica
and WHO declared COVID-19 as a pandemic.
Elderly persons with co-morbidities are more affected
It spreads mainly via Respiratory droplets
Pneumonia is the most common complication
Severe cases have a mortality rate of 2.3 to 5%
Presently there is no standardized treatment or
vaccine available for COVID-10
Containment and prevention is the best option.