This document summarizes a conference on copyright and technology. It includes: - An overview of the interface between digital technology and copyright, and how legal, technological, economic, and educational factors are interrelated. - A discussion of technologies like digital rights management (DRM) and content identification techniques like watermarking and fingerprinting that can affect copyright. - An examination of legal concepts like fair use, exhaustion, and network service provider liability, and their related technical solutions. - Details on the agenda for the conference, including keynote speakers on policing piracy and panels on content security, identification, and international law perspectives.

1. Copyright and Technology
London 2012
19 June 2012
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2. Opening Remarks
Bill Rosenblatt
GiantSteps Media Technology Strategies
www.giantstepsmts.com
www giantstepsmts com
billr@giantstepsmts.com
Twitter: @copyrightandtec
+1 212 956 1045
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3. www.giantstepsmts.com
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4. www.copyrightandtechnology.com
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5. www.musically.com
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6. Twitter:
#ctlondon2012
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7. American Conference Jargon
American British
Attendee Delegate
Seat Place
Booth Stand
Cocktail party Drinks reception
Butts in seats Bums in seats
Ripoff VAT
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8. What Are We Discussing Today?
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9. Interface between Copyright and
Technology
T h l
Digital technology used to make and distribute copies
at virtually no cost
Copyright i d t responses, all i t l t d
C i ht industry ll interrelated:
– Legal
– Technological
– Economic
– Education
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10. Technologies to Affect Copyright
Content access control
– DRM
– Conditional Access
Content identification
– Filtering
– License/royalty management
Rights registries
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11. Legal Concepts that Affect These
Technologies
T h l i
Fair Dealing
Exhaustion
Secondary infringement liability
Network service provider liability
p y
Anticircumvention legislation
Blanket licensing of content
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12. Technologies
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13. Digital Rights Management
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14. DRM is a “troubled”* technology…
Why?
*Jaron Lanier, You Are Not a Gadget, 2010
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15. Factors Inhibiting DRM Success*
 Market:  Architecture:
– Economic incentives – Technological innovation
misaligned hampered
– Commercial content must
compete with free/illegal
 Norms:  Laws:
– Users don’t see value in – Laws not amenable to
choices of offers technological implementation
– Norms distorted by
architecture (technology)
*Based on L. Lessig, Code and Other Laws of Cyberspace, 1999, pp. 88-90
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16. Market:
Economic Incentives Misaligned
E i I ti Mi li d
Content owners demand DRM but rarely pay for it
Device makers and network operators use it to suit
their
th i own purposes
Consumers have only indirect market influence
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17. Norms:
Consumers Don’t Yet See Value in N Models
C D ’t Y t S V l i New M d l
Radio
ulations
Record Store
Legacy
Emu
VCR
Bookstore
Dig Native
Free/Limited VOD
New,
gital
Paid Subscription VOD
On Demand Music
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Million U.S. Users (estimated)
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18. Norms:
Users Influenced towards Infringing B h i
U I fl dt d I f i i Behavior
Definition of DRM commandeered by the press
– Narrower than original definitions
– Yet broadened to apply to any technology that restricts user
behavior in any way1
Notion that DRM  Big Media  Evil/Obsolete
Romanticism & rationalization of hacker/pirate ethic
“Lords f the Cloud” t the “free d
“L d of th Cl d”2 get th “f and open” PR3 ”
1C. Doctorow, M. Masnick, etc.
2J
Jaron Lanier, Y A Not a Gadget
L i You Are N t G d t
3Robert Levine, Free Ride
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19. Architecture:
Technological I
T h l i l Innovation Hampered
ti H d
Lack of revenue for DRM vendors
Venture capital scared off
– B d press
Bad
– Non-sexy topic
Researchers scared off
R h d ff
– RIAA actions against Prof. Ed Felten in 1999
– DRM research “politically incorrect” in U S
politically incorrect U.S.
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20. The Rights Technologies R&D Imbalance
450 70
400
60
350
50
300
250 40 2009 Gross Expen‐
ditures on R&D
200 30 ($Billion)
150
Rights Technologies
20 p
R&D Output
100 (Research Papers)
10 Rights Technology
50
R&D Index
0 0
Device Producers Content Producers
Sources: O C IMF
S OECD,
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21. Laws Not Amenable to
Technological Implementation
T h l i lI l t ti
 Fair Dealing/Fair Use laws not amenable to automation
 Privacy and due process are important but become obstacles
 Anticircumvention laws reduce incentive to develop effective
technologies; liability solely on the hacker
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22. Yet DRM Is Alive Today…
Downloads Real Time Delivery
E-books Yes “Screenshot DRM”
(page images)
Music Mobile device Usually
“offline listening (stream encryption)
mode”
d ”
Video Yes In most release
windows
(stream encryption)
(t ti )
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23. Will DRM Die?
Not Wh
N t When It Enables N Models
E bl New M d l
Service investment protection
– Music: iTunes (originally)
– E-books: Amazon
E books:
– Digital pay TV
Business models
– Subscription music services: Spotify, Deezer, etc
– Library e-book lending: OverDrive
y g
Subsidized content
– Amazon Prime: one e-book at a time “lending”
g
– MuveMusic: unlimited music downloads with phone
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24. Content Identification
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25. Techniques for Identifying Content
Watermarking
Fingerprinting
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26. Watermarking
Inserting/embedding data into “noise” portions of
noise
image, audio, or video signal
Inserting invisible data into e-book files
Inserting visible personal info into e-book files
Data capacity: typically a few dozen bytes
Technology appeared in mid-to-late 1990s
– First for digital images
– Audio and video later
– PDFs & EPUBs most recent
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27. Fingerprinting
Examining content to determine its identity
– Compute a set of numbers (“fingerprints”)
– Look up in database, see if there’s a match
Based on mathematical concept of hashing
– But allows for different files that look/sound the same
– Can compensate for certain transformations:
excerpting, cropping, audio distortion, etc.
History:
y
– 2002: Introduced for music during Napster litigation
– 2006: Video fingerprinting introduced
– 2007 “T t fi
2007: “Text fingerprinting” (Att ib t ) adopted b AP
i ti ” (Attributor) d t d by
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28. Content Identification
Business B fit
B i Benefits
Detecting and deterring unauthorized use
Tracking content usage
Discovery & recommendations
Increasing Internet ad revenue
g
Managing assets and integrating systems
Monetizing transformational content uses
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29. Legal Developments
…and their Technical Solutions
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30. Legal Developments
Network operator liability
“Free riding”
Digital Exhaustion
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31. Network Operator Liability
Secondary liability (US def’ns)
def ns)
– Contributory: aiding and abetting infringement
– Vicarious: “looking the other way” and benefiting from it
looking way
– Inducement: inducing others to infringe as business model
ISP responsibility
– Notice and takedown (US)
– Notice and notice (Canada)
( )
– Graduated Response
(France, South Korea, Taiwan, New Zealand, UK)
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32. Technical Solutions
Fingerprinting
Watermarking
Traffic analysis
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33. “Free Riding”
Monetizing links to copyrighted content
Posting links to illegal content (e.g. in cyberlockers)
Monetizing content appearing in search results
“Cloud sync” services(?)
y ()
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34. Technical Solutions
Fingerprinting & search
Tagging content with “beacon” metatags – AP hNews
Tagging content with rules for indexing and search
results – ACAP
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35. Exhaustion
If you obtain a copyrighted work legally
legally,
you can do what you want with it
Applicability to digital d l d is
A li bilit t di it l downloads i unclear l
U.S. Copyright Office punted on it in 2001 report
Downloads covered under licenses, not copyright
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36. Technical Solutions
 Forward
“Forward and delete” DRM like functionality
delete DRM-like
Described in 2001 U.S. Copyright Office paper
Implemented by U.S. startup ReDigi
Described in IEEE P1817 standard for
“Consumer Ownable Digital Personal Property”
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37. Conference Agenda
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38. Morning
Keynote:
Eric Walter, General Secretary, HADOPI
Plenary Session: Policing Pi
Pl S i P li i Piracy
Plenary Session:
The Yin and Yang of Piracy Data Collection
(sponsored by MarkMonitor)
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39. Afternoon
Technology Track Law & Policy Track
 Content Security  Rights Registries: Bringing
Challenges in Multi
Multi- Precision and Efficiency to
Platform Distribution Rights Licensing
 Content Identification:  International Perspectives
Progressive Response, on Digital Copyright
Media Measurement and
More
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40. Thanks to our Sponsors
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41. Thanks to our Media Sponsors
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42. And finally…
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43. Recommended Reading
Robert Levine, Free Ride
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