This document presents a model and control strategies for a solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) power plant. It includes:
1) A comprehensive nonlinear dynamic model of an SOFC that accounts for temperature dynamics, voltage losses, and the different cell components.
2) Design of two separate fuzzy logic controllers - one for AC voltage control and one for active/reactive power control of the DC/AC inverter.
3) Equations describing the SOFC components and processes, including material balances, thermal modeling considering temperature effects, and the Nernst voltage equation.
4) Explanation of how the power conditioning unit and inverter convert DC output to AC, and how the phase angle of the
Instrumental methods ii and basics of electrochemistryJLoknathDora
1. The document discusses electrochemical cells and instrumentation based on electrochemical properties. It describes the basic components and reactions of galvanic and electrolytic cells.
2. Potentiometric titrations are discussed as a method to determine the equivalence point of a titration based on potential measurements using a reference and indicator electrode. Common indicator electrodes like quinhydrone and glass electrodes are described.
3. The principles of operation of quinhydrone and glass electrodes are summarized, including their Nernst equations and typical cell setups. Advantages and limitations of these indicator electrodes are also mentioned.
ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY- Solved Model question paper,2017-18rashmi m rashmi
This document contains the solved question paper for Engineering Chemistry. It discusses several topics:
1. The derivation of the Nernst equation for single electrode potential and its relationship to Gibbs free energy.
2. Concentration cells and calculating concentrations from cell potential.
3. The construction and working of a methanol-oxygen fuel cell.
4. The construction, working, and applications of lithium-ion batteries.
5. Key battery characteristics like cell potential, capacity, and cycle life.
6. The construction and advantages of a calomel reference electrode.
Electrochemistry is the study of chemical reactions that involve the transfer of electrons between species. Key concepts include redox reactions, electrode potentials, and the Nernst equation. Electrochemical cells harness the energy of spontaneous redox reactions through the movement of electrons in an external circuit and the compensating flow of ions through an electrolyte. The standard cell potential (E°cell) is equal to the sum of the standard reduction potentials of the cathode and anode half-reactions.
This document contains questions about oxidation-reduction reactions and voltaic cells. It asks the student to identify oxidizing and reducing agents, write half reactions, identify anodes and cathodes, and determine the direction of electron and ion flow. It also contains questions about standard cell potentials, units of electrical potential, and a half reaction for a hydrogen electrode.
CONTENTS
Electrochemistry: definition & importance
Conductors: metallic & electrolytic conduction,
Electrolytes, Electrochemical cell & electrolytic cell
A simple electrochemical cell: Galvanic cell or (Daniell Cell)
Cell reaction, cell representation, Salt bridge & its use,
Electrode potential, standard electrode potential, SHE,
Standard cell potential or standard electromotive force of a cell
Electrochemical series (Standard reduction potential values)
Nernst Equation, Relationship with Standard cell potential with Gibbs energy & also equilibrium constant
Resistance (R) & conductance (G) of a solution of an electrolyte
Conductivity (k) of solution, Cell constant (G*) & their units,
Molar conductivity (Λm) & its variation with concentration & temperature,
Debye Huckel Onsager equation & Limiting molar conductivity,
Kohlrausch’s law & its application & numerical problems.
Electrolytic cells & electrolysis.
Some examples of electrolysis of electrolytes in molten / aq. state.
Faraday’s laws of electrolysis: First & second law- numerical problems. Corrosion, Electrochemical theory of rusting.
Prevention of rusting.
This document provides an overview of key concepts in electrochemistry:
1) It defines oxidation, reduction, and redox reactions, and describes direct and indirect redox reactions.
2) It explains the components and functioning of an electrochemical cell, including the anode, cathode, salt bridge, and representation of half-cells.
3) It introduces standard electrode potential and the electrochemical series, and describes how potential is affected by concentration and temperature.
Electrochemistry studies chemical reactions at the interface between an electrode and an electrolyte. Oxidation occurs when an element loses electrons and reduction occurs when an element gains electrons. Galvanic cells produce electrical energy from spontaneous redox reactions. The Nernst equation relates cell potential to concentration. Faraday's laws state that the amount of reaction is proportional to charge and equivalent weights determine amounts deposited. Electrolysis is used industrially to refine and deposit metals.
This document discusses half-cells, cell potentials, and how to calculate cell potentials using standard reduction potentials of half-reactions. The key points are:
- Standard reduction potentials allow prediction of spontaneous reactions and equilibria.
- Cell potentials (Ecell) are calculated as the potential of the reduction half-reaction minus the potential of the oxidation half-reaction.
- A positive Ecell indicates a spontaneous reaction with the half-reaction with the larger (least negative) potential proceeding as the reduction.
Instrumental methods ii and basics of electrochemistryJLoknathDora
1. The document discusses electrochemical cells and instrumentation based on electrochemical properties. It describes the basic components and reactions of galvanic and electrolytic cells.
2. Potentiometric titrations are discussed as a method to determine the equivalence point of a titration based on potential measurements using a reference and indicator electrode. Common indicator electrodes like quinhydrone and glass electrodes are described.
3. The principles of operation of quinhydrone and glass electrodes are summarized, including their Nernst equations and typical cell setups. Advantages and limitations of these indicator electrodes are also mentioned.
ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY- Solved Model question paper,2017-18rashmi m rashmi
This document contains the solved question paper for Engineering Chemistry. It discusses several topics:
1. The derivation of the Nernst equation for single electrode potential and its relationship to Gibbs free energy.
2. Concentration cells and calculating concentrations from cell potential.
3. The construction and working of a methanol-oxygen fuel cell.
4. The construction, working, and applications of lithium-ion batteries.
5. Key battery characteristics like cell potential, capacity, and cycle life.
6. The construction and advantages of a calomel reference electrode.
Electrochemistry is the study of chemical reactions that involve the transfer of electrons between species. Key concepts include redox reactions, electrode potentials, and the Nernst equation. Electrochemical cells harness the energy of spontaneous redox reactions through the movement of electrons in an external circuit and the compensating flow of ions through an electrolyte. The standard cell potential (E°cell) is equal to the sum of the standard reduction potentials of the cathode and anode half-reactions.
This document contains questions about oxidation-reduction reactions and voltaic cells. It asks the student to identify oxidizing and reducing agents, write half reactions, identify anodes and cathodes, and determine the direction of electron and ion flow. It also contains questions about standard cell potentials, units of electrical potential, and a half reaction for a hydrogen electrode.
CONTENTS
Electrochemistry: definition & importance
Conductors: metallic & electrolytic conduction,
Electrolytes, Electrochemical cell & electrolytic cell
A simple electrochemical cell: Galvanic cell or (Daniell Cell)
Cell reaction, cell representation, Salt bridge & its use,
Electrode potential, standard electrode potential, SHE,
Standard cell potential or standard electromotive force of a cell
Electrochemical series (Standard reduction potential values)
Nernst Equation, Relationship with Standard cell potential with Gibbs energy & also equilibrium constant
Resistance (R) & conductance (G) of a solution of an electrolyte
Conductivity (k) of solution, Cell constant (G*) & their units,
Molar conductivity (Λm) & its variation with concentration & temperature,
Debye Huckel Onsager equation & Limiting molar conductivity,
Kohlrausch’s law & its application & numerical problems.
Electrolytic cells & electrolysis.
Some examples of electrolysis of electrolytes in molten / aq. state.
Faraday’s laws of electrolysis: First & second law- numerical problems. Corrosion, Electrochemical theory of rusting.
Prevention of rusting.
This document provides an overview of key concepts in electrochemistry:
1) It defines oxidation, reduction, and redox reactions, and describes direct and indirect redox reactions.
2) It explains the components and functioning of an electrochemical cell, including the anode, cathode, salt bridge, and representation of half-cells.
3) It introduces standard electrode potential and the electrochemical series, and describes how potential is affected by concentration and temperature.
Electrochemistry studies chemical reactions at the interface between an electrode and an electrolyte. Oxidation occurs when an element loses electrons and reduction occurs when an element gains electrons. Galvanic cells produce electrical energy from spontaneous redox reactions. The Nernst equation relates cell potential to concentration. Faraday's laws state that the amount of reaction is proportional to charge and equivalent weights determine amounts deposited. Electrolysis is used industrially to refine and deposit metals.
This document discusses half-cells, cell potentials, and how to calculate cell potentials using standard reduction potentials of half-reactions. The key points are:
- Standard reduction potentials allow prediction of spontaneous reactions and equilibria.
- Cell potentials (Ecell) are calculated as the potential of the reduction half-reaction minus the potential of the oxidation half-reaction.
- A positive Ecell indicates a spontaneous reaction with the half-reaction with the larger (least negative) potential proceeding as the reduction.
Electrochemistry Basics
Table of Contents
1. Introduction
2. Voltaic Cells-Galvanic Cells
3. Cell Potential
4. Balancing Redox Reactions
5. Rules for Assigning Oxidation states
6. Additional Materials
6.1. I. Conversion
6.2. II. Free Energy & Cell Potential
6.3. III. Nernst equation
6.4. At Equilibrium
7. Terminology
8. Reference
9. Outside Links
10. Contributors
As the name suggests, electrochemistry is the study of changes that cause electrons to move. This movement of electrons is called electricity. In electrochemistry, electricity can be generated by movements of electrons from one element to another in a reaction known as a redox reaction or oxidation-reduction react
Electrochemistry class 12 ( a continuation of redox reaction of grade 11)ritik
Electrochemistry involves the study of chemical reactions that produce electricity and chemical reactions produced by electricity. A galvanic (voltaic) cell converts the chemical energy of a spontaneous redox reaction into electrical energy. Daniell's cell uses the redox reaction of zinc oxidizing copper ions to produce a cell potential of 1.1 V. An electrolytic cell uses an applied voltage to drive a nonspontaneous redox reaction in the opposite direction of the natural reaction in a galvanic cell. Standard reduction potentials allow prediction of the tendency of half-reactions to occur and their oxidizing or reducing power.
This document provides an overview of electrochemistry and galvanic cells. Some key points:
- Electron transfer reactions are oxidation-reduction (redox) reactions that can generate electric current or be driven by an applied current, making it the field of electrochemistry.
- Galvanic cells use spontaneous redox reactions to generate electricity, with oxidation occurring at the anode and reduction at the cathode. The potential difference between electrodes is called the cell voltage.
- Standard electrode potentials (E°) describe the tendency of half-reactions to occur and can be used to predict spontaneity of redox reactions in cells. Nernst equation relates cell potential to concentrations.
The document discusses electrochemical reactions and cells. It describes how galvanic cells use a chemical reaction between electrodes and electrolytes to generate an electric current. Galvanic cells include components like electrodes, electrolytes, and a salt bridge. Electrolytic cells use electricity to drive non-spontaneous reactions, like the electrolysis of copper sulfate. The standard hydrogen electrode serves as a reference point for the scale of oxidation-reduction potentials. Different metals have different reaction potentials that determine their tendency to be oxidized or reduced. The electromotive force of a cell represents its electrical driving force and can be calculated using standard electrode potentials. Balancing redox equations involves writing half-reactions and adjusting coefficients to balance atoms and charges
This document discusses electrochemistry and galvanic cells. It defines oxidation and reduction, and explains how galvanic cells work by using half-reactions and a salt bridge or porous disk to allow ions to flow while preventing the electrons from mixing. It discusses how cell potential is calculated from standard reduction potentials of the half-reactions, and how the direction of electron flow determines the anode and cathode. Standard conditions and notation for describing complete galvanic cells are also covered.
This document provides an overview of electrochemistry concepts including resistance, conductance, conductivity, cell constant, molar conductivity, and their relationships. It discusses how these properties are affected by factors like electrolyte type, concentration, and temperature. Numerical problems demonstrate calculations of conductance, conductivity, and molar conductivity. The variation of molar conductivity with concentration is explained by the Debye-Huckel-Onsager equation and Kohlrausch's law of independent migration of ions. Limiting molar conductivity and its applications are also summarized.
This document provides an overview of electrochemistry. It begins by defining electrochemistry as the study of chemical reactions at the interface of an electrode and electrolyte involving the interaction of electrical and chemical changes. The document then discusses the history and founders of electrochemistry, including Faraday's two laws of electrolysis. It explains key concepts such as oxidation-reduction reactions, balancing redox equations, and the Nernst equation. The document also covers applications including batteries, corrosion, electrolysis, and branches of electrochemistry like bioelectrochemistry and nanoelectrochemistry.
This document provides examples of electrochemistry questions and strategies for solving them. It addresses topics like predicting cell potentials, determining redox reactions, and identifying which species will be oxidized or reduced in different conditions. The examples demonstrate how to approach electrochemistry problems by writing out relevant half reactions and using standard reduction potentials.
1. Electrochemistry examines phenomena resulting from combined chemical and electrical effects. It covers electrolytic and galvanic processes.
2. An electrochemical cell consists of two electrodes and an electrolyte. Charge is transported by electron motion in electrodes and ion motion in electrolytes.
3. At each electrode, an oxidation or reduction half-cell reaction occurs. The overall reaction is the sum of the half reactions. Thermodynamics predicts which reaction will occur as oxidation or reduction.
Electrochemistry is the study of the interchange between chemical change and electrical work. Electrochemical cells utilize redox reactions to produce or use electrical energy. Redox reactions involve the transfer of electrons between oxidizing and reducing agents. Voltaic or galvanic cells generate electrical energy from a spontaneous redox reaction, while electrolytic cells use an applied electrical current to drive a nonspontaneous reaction. Common components of cells include electrodes, electrolytes, and salt bridges. Oxidation occurs at the anode and reduction at the cathode. Batteries contain multiple connected galvanic cells and electrolysis uses a current to force a nonspontaneous redox reaction.
Introduction to electrochemistry 2 by t. haraToru Hara
This document provides an overview of electrochemistry concepts including:
1. Electrochemistry involves redox reactions where electrons are gained or lost at electrode interfaces.
2. Thermodynamics and kinetics control redox reactions based on potential differences and charge/mass transfer limitations.
3. The electric double layer forms at electrode interfaces and can be modeled by the Helmholtz and Stern models.
A battery releases electromotive force (EMF) to induce an electric current in a circuit by transferring electrical energy from the chemical energy stored within it through electrochemical reactions between its electrodes and electrolytes. Batteries come in wet and dry forms, with wet cells using a liquid electrolyte while dry cells use paste, and rechargeable secondary batteries can be recharged by applying electric current to reverse the chemical reactions unlike disposable primary batteries. The water level in lead-acid batteries should be topped up after charging to the designated level.
This document provides an overview of several sections on the topic of electrochemistry from a textbook or online course. It covers voltaic cells and how they generate electrical energy from redox reactions, different types of batteries like dry cells, lead-acid, and lithium batteries, fuel cells, corrosion and how to prevent it, and electrolysis and its applications in processes like metal smelting and electroplating. Diagrams and terminology related to these topics are also defined throughout the document sections.
1. The document discusses different types of electrochemical cells including galvanic/voltaic cells and electrolytic cells.
2. Galvanic cells are further classified as primary cells, which cannot be recharged, and secondary cells, which are rechargeable batteries.
3. The Nernst equation is derived, which relates the electrode potential to the standard electrode potential and the concentrations of the metal ions involved in the electrochemical cell reaction.
The document discusses different types of electrochemical cells including primary cells that produce electricity from non-reversible chemical reactions and secondary cells that can be recharged by passing electricity in the opposite direction of the spontaneous reaction. Examples of primary cells discussed include Daniel, mercury, dry, and alkaline cells, while examples of secondary cells include lead-acid, nickel-cadmium, nickel-metal hydride, and lithium-ion batteries. The working and reactions of common cells like lead-acid, alkaline, and dry cells are also explained.
Impedance Spectroscopy Analysis of a Liquid Tin Anode Fuel Cell in Voltage Re...AEIJjournal2
A concept of a liquid tin anode-indirect carbon air fuel cell (LTA-ICFC) are described. Experimental
setups for analysis of LTA-ICFC polarisations of an operational electrochemical reactor of the LTA-ICFC
are presented. Results from Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) Analysis of the electrochemical
reactor of the LTA-ICFC are shown and analysed.The rate-determining step of the system is concluded.
The charge-transfer resistance did not show considerable differences at 700-800 °C. This can be implied
that the charge-transfer resistance is not the rate-limiting step of the transport processes of the fuel cell.
The increase of the Warburg impedance concurrently with the resistance to fit mass-transport loss (R3)
suggests that the rate-limiting step for the LTA-ICFC in voltage recovery mode is the diffusion of the oxide
ions through SnO2 layer. The increment of mass transport lost, R3, of the cell causes the slowly increase of
the cell’s voltage over the voltage from 0.7-0.8 V at 700, 750, and 800 °C.
IMPEDANCE SPECTROSCOPY ANALYSIS OF A LIQUID TIN ANODE FUEL CELL IN VOLTAGE RE...AEIJjournal2
A concept of a liquid tin anode-indirect carbon air fuel cell (LTA-ICFC) are described. Experimental
setups for analysis of LTA-ICFC polarisations of an operational electrochemical reactor of the LTA-ICFC
are presented. Results from Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) Analysis of the electrochemical
reactor of the LTA-ICFC are shown and analysed.The rate-determining step of the system is concluded.
The charge-transfer resistance did not show considerable differences at 700-800 °C. This can be implied
that the charge-transfer resistance is not the rate-limiting step of the transport processes of the fuel cell.
The increase of the Warburg impedance concurrently with the resistance to fit mass-transport loss (R3)
suggests that the rate-limiting step for the LTA-ICFC in voltage recovery mode is the diffusion of the oxide
ions through SnO2 layer. The increment of mass transport lost, R3, of the cell causes the slowly increase of
the cell’s voltage over the voltage from 0.7-0.8 V at 700, 750, and 800 °C.
Impedance Spectroscopy Analysis of a Liquid Tin Anode Fuel Cell in Voltage Re...AEIJjournal2
A concept of a liquid tin anode-indirect carbon air fuel cell (LTA-ICFC) are described. Experimental
setups for analysis of LTA-ICFC polarisations of an operational electrochemical reactor of the LTA-ICFC
are presented. Results from Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) Analysis of the electrochemical
reactor of the LTA-ICFC are shown and analysed.The rate-determining step of the system is concluded.
The charge-transfer resistance did not show considerable differences at 700-800 °C. This can be implied
that the charge-transfer resistance is not the rate-limiting step of the transport processes of the fuel cell.
The increase of the Warburg impedance concurrently with the resistance to fit mass-transport loss (R3)
suggests that the rate-limiting step for the LTA-ICFC in voltage recovery mode is the diffusion of the oxide
ions through SnO2 layer. The increment of mass transport lost, R3, of the cell causes the slowly increase of
the cell’s voltage over the voltage from 0.7-0.8 V at 700, 750, and 800 °C.
IMPEDANCE SPECTROSCOPY ANALYSIS OF A LIQUID TIN ANODE FUEL CELL IN VOLTAGE RE...AEIJ journal
A concept of a liquid tin anode-indirect carbon air fuel cell (LTA-ICFC) are described. Experimental setups for analysis of LTA-ICFC polarisations of an operational electrochemical reactor of the LTA-ICFC are presented. Results from Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) Analysis of the electrochemical reactor of the LTA-ICFC are shown and analysed.The rate-determining step of the system is concluded. The charge-transfer resistance did not show considerable differences at 700-800 °C. This can be implied
that the charge-transfer resistance is not the rate-limiting step of the transport processes of the fuel cell.The increase of the Warburg impedance concurrently with the resistance to fit mass-transport loss (R3) suggests that the rate-limiting step for the LTA-ICFC in voltage recovery mode is the diffusion of the oxide
ions through SnO2 layer. The increment of mass transport lost, R3, of the cell causes the slowly increase of the cell’s voltage over the voltage from 0.7-0.8 V at 700, 750, and 800 °C.
IMPEDANCE SPECTROSCOPY ANALYSIS OF A LIQUID TIN ANODE FUEL CELL IN VOLTAGE RE...aeijjournal
A concept of a liquid tin anode-indirect carbon air fuel cell (LTA-ICFC) are described. Experimental
setups for analysis of LTA-ICFC polarisations of an operational electrochemical reactor of the LTA-ICFC
are presented. Results from Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) Analysis of the electrochemical
reactor of the LTA-ICFC are shown and analysed.The rate-determining step of the system is concluded.
The charge-transfer resistance did not show considerable differences at 700-800 °C. This can be implied
that the charge-transfer resistance is not the rate-limiting step of the transport processes of the fuel cell.
The increase of the Warburg impedance concurrently with the resistance to fit mass-transport loss (R3)
suggests that the rate-limiting step for the LTA-ICFC in voltage recovery mode is the diffusion of the oxide
ions through SnO2 layer. The increment of mass transport lost, R3, of the cell causes the slowly increase of
the cell’s voltage over the voltage from 0.7-0.8 V at 700, 750, and 800 °C.
Electrochemistry Basics
Table of Contents
1. Introduction
2. Voltaic Cells-Galvanic Cells
3. Cell Potential
4. Balancing Redox Reactions
5. Rules for Assigning Oxidation states
6. Additional Materials
6.1. I. Conversion
6.2. II. Free Energy & Cell Potential
6.3. III. Nernst equation
6.4. At Equilibrium
7. Terminology
8. Reference
9. Outside Links
10. Contributors
As the name suggests, electrochemistry is the study of changes that cause electrons to move. This movement of electrons is called electricity. In electrochemistry, electricity can be generated by movements of electrons from one element to another in a reaction known as a redox reaction or oxidation-reduction react
Electrochemistry class 12 ( a continuation of redox reaction of grade 11)ritik
Electrochemistry involves the study of chemical reactions that produce electricity and chemical reactions produced by electricity. A galvanic (voltaic) cell converts the chemical energy of a spontaneous redox reaction into electrical energy. Daniell's cell uses the redox reaction of zinc oxidizing copper ions to produce a cell potential of 1.1 V. An electrolytic cell uses an applied voltage to drive a nonspontaneous redox reaction in the opposite direction of the natural reaction in a galvanic cell. Standard reduction potentials allow prediction of the tendency of half-reactions to occur and their oxidizing or reducing power.
This document provides an overview of electrochemistry and galvanic cells. Some key points:
- Electron transfer reactions are oxidation-reduction (redox) reactions that can generate electric current or be driven by an applied current, making it the field of electrochemistry.
- Galvanic cells use spontaneous redox reactions to generate electricity, with oxidation occurring at the anode and reduction at the cathode. The potential difference between electrodes is called the cell voltage.
- Standard electrode potentials (E°) describe the tendency of half-reactions to occur and can be used to predict spontaneity of redox reactions in cells. Nernst equation relates cell potential to concentrations.
The document discusses electrochemical reactions and cells. It describes how galvanic cells use a chemical reaction between electrodes and electrolytes to generate an electric current. Galvanic cells include components like electrodes, electrolytes, and a salt bridge. Electrolytic cells use electricity to drive non-spontaneous reactions, like the electrolysis of copper sulfate. The standard hydrogen electrode serves as a reference point for the scale of oxidation-reduction potentials. Different metals have different reaction potentials that determine their tendency to be oxidized or reduced. The electromotive force of a cell represents its electrical driving force and can be calculated using standard electrode potentials. Balancing redox equations involves writing half-reactions and adjusting coefficients to balance atoms and charges
This document discusses electrochemistry and galvanic cells. It defines oxidation and reduction, and explains how galvanic cells work by using half-reactions and a salt bridge or porous disk to allow ions to flow while preventing the electrons from mixing. It discusses how cell potential is calculated from standard reduction potentials of the half-reactions, and how the direction of electron flow determines the anode and cathode. Standard conditions and notation for describing complete galvanic cells are also covered.
This document provides an overview of electrochemistry concepts including resistance, conductance, conductivity, cell constant, molar conductivity, and their relationships. It discusses how these properties are affected by factors like electrolyte type, concentration, and temperature. Numerical problems demonstrate calculations of conductance, conductivity, and molar conductivity. The variation of molar conductivity with concentration is explained by the Debye-Huckel-Onsager equation and Kohlrausch's law of independent migration of ions. Limiting molar conductivity and its applications are also summarized.
This document provides an overview of electrochemistry. It begins by defining electrochemistry as the study of chemical reactions at the interface of an electrode and electrolyte involving the interaction of electrical and chemical changes. The document then discusses the history and founders of electrochemistry, including Faraday's two laws of electrolysis. It explains key concepts such as oxidation-reduction reactions, balancing redox equations, and the Nernst equation. The document also covers applications including batteries, corrosion, electrolysis, and branches of electrochemistry like bioelectrochemistry and nanoelectrochemistry.
This document provides examples of electrochemistry questions and strategies for solving them. It addresses topics like predicting cell potentials, determining redox reactions, and identifying which species will be oxidized or reduced in different conditions. The examples demonstrate how to approach electrochemistry problems by writing out relevant half reactions and using standard reduction potentials.
1. Electrochemistry examines phenomena resulting from combined chemical and electrical effects. It covers electrolytic and galvanic processes.
2. An electrochemical cell consists of two electrodes and an electrolyte. Charge is transported by electron motion in electrodes and ion motion in electrolytes.
3. At each electrode, an oxidation or reduction half-cell reaction occurs. The overall reaction is the sum of the half reactions. Thermodynamics predicts which reaction will occur as oxidation or reduction.
Electrochemistry is the study of the interchange between chemical change and electrical work. Electrochemical cells utilize redox reactions to produce or use electrical energy. Redox reactions involve the transfer of electrons between oxidizing and reducing agents. Voltaic or galvanic cells generate electrical energy from a spontaneous redox reaction, while electrolytic cells use an applied electrical current to drive a nonspontaneous reaction. Common components of cells include electrodes, electrolytes, and salt bridges. Oxidation occurs at the anode and reduction at the cathode. Batteries contain multiple connected galvanic cells and electrolysis uses a current to force a nonspontaneous redox reaction.
Introduction to electrochemistry 2 by t. haraToru Hara
This document provides an overview of electrochemistry concepts including:
1. Electrochemistry involves redox reactions where electrons are gained or lost at electrode interfaces.
2. Thermodynamics and kinetics control redox reactions based on potential differences and charge/mass transfer limitations.
3. The electric double layer forms at electrode interfaces and can be modeled by the Helmholtz and Stern models.
A battery releases electromotive force (EMF) to induce an electric current in a circuit by transferring electrical energy from the chemical energy stored within it through electrochemical reactions between its electrodes and electrolytes. Batteries come in wet and dry forms, with wet cells using a liquid electrolyte while dry cells use paste, and rechargeable secondary batteries can be recharged by applying electric current to reverse the chemical reactions unlike disposable primary batteries. The water level in lead-acid batteries should be topped up after charging to the designated level.
This document provides an overview of several sections on the topic of electrochemistry from a textbook or online course. It covers voltaic cells and how they generate electrical energy from redox reactions, different types of batteries like dry cells, lead-acid, and lithium batteries, fuel cells, corrosion and how to prevent it, and electrolysis and its applications in processes like metal smelting and electroplating. Diagrams and terminology related to these topics are also defined throughout the document sections.
1. The document discusses different types of electrochemical cells including galvanic/voltaic cells and electrolytic cells.
2. Galvanic cells are further classified as primary cells, which cannot be recharged, and secondary cells, which are rechargeable batteries.
3. The Nernst equation is derived, which relates the electrode potential to the standard electrode potential and the concentrations of the metal ions involved in the electrochemical cell reaction.
The document discusses different types of electrochemical cells including primary cells that produce electricity from non-reversible chemical reactions and secondary cells that can be recharged by passing electricity in the opposite direction of the spontaneous reaction. Examples of primary cells discussed include Daniel, mercury, dry, and alkaline cells, while examples of secondary cells include lead-acid, nickel-cadmium, nickel-metal hydride, and lithium-ion batteries. The working and reactions of common cells like lead-acid, alkaline, and dry cells are also explained.
Impedance Spectroscopy Analysis of a Liquid Tin Anode Fuel Cell in Voltage Re...AEIJjournal2
A concept of a liquid tin anode-indirect carbon air fuel cell (LTA-ICFC) are described. Experimental
setups for analysis of LTA-ICFC polarisations of an operational electrochemical reactor of the LTA-ICFC
are presented. Results from Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) Analysis of the electrochemical
reactor of the LTA-ICFC are shown and analysed.The rate-determining step of the system is concluded.
The charge-transfer resistance did not show considerable differences at 700-800 °C. This can be implied
that the charge-transfer resistance is not the rate-limiting step of the transport processes of the fuel cell.
The increase of the Warburg impedance concurrently with the resistance to fit mass-transport loss (R3)
suggests that the rate-limiting step for the LTA-ICFC in voltage recovery mode is the diffusion of the oxide
ions through SnO2 layer. The increment of mass transport lost, R3, of the cell causes the slowly increase of
the cell’s voltage over the voltage from 0.7-0.8 V at 700, 750, and 800 °C.
IMPEDANCE SPECTROSCOPY ANALYSIS OF A LIQUID TIN ANODE FUEL CELL IN VOLTAGE RE...AEIJjournal2
A concept of a liquid tin anode-indirect carbon air fuel cell (LTA-ICFC) are described. Experimental
setups for analysis of LTA-ICFC polarisations of an operational electrochemical reactor of the LTA-ICFC
are presented. Results from Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) Analysis of the electrochemical
reactor of the LTA-ICFC are shown and analysed.The rate-determining step of the system is concluded.
The charge-transfer resistance did not show considerable differences at 700-800 °C. This can be implied
that the charge-transfer resistance is not the rate-limiting step of the transport processes of the fuel cell.
The increase of the Warburg impedance concurrently with the resistance to fit mass-transport loss (R3)
suggests that the rate-limiting step for the LTA-ICFC in voltage recovery mode is the diffusion of the oxide
ions through SnO2 layer. The increment of mass transport lost, R3, of the cell causes the slowly increase of
the cell’s voltage over the voltage from 0.7-0.8 V at 700, 750, and 800 °C.
Impedance Spectroscopy Analysis of a Liquid Tin Anode Fuel Cell in Voltage Re...AEIJjournal2
A concept of a liquid tin anode-indirect carbon air fuel cell (LTA-ICFC) are described. Experimental
setups for analysis of LTA-ICFC polarisations of an operational electrochemical reactor of the LTA-ICFC
are presented. Results from Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) Analysis of the electrochemical
reactor of the LTA-ICFC are shown and analysed.The rate-determining step of the system is concluded.
The charge-transfer resistance did not show considerable differences at 700-800 °C. This can be implied
that the charge-transfer resistance is not the rate-limiting step of the transport processes of the fuel cell.
The increase of the Warburg impedance concurrently with the resistance to fit mass-transport loss (R3)
suggests that the rate-limiting step for the LTA-ICFC in voltage recovery mode is the diffusion of the oxide
ions through SnO2 layer. The increment of mass transport lost, R3, of the cell causes the slowly increase of
the cell’s voltage over the voltage from 0.7-0.8 V at 700, 750, and 800 °C.
IMPEDANCE SPECTROSCOPY ANALYSIS OF A LIQUID TIN ANODE FUEL CELL IN VOLTAGE RE...AEIJ journal
A concept of a liquid tin anode-indirect carbon air fuel cell (LTA-ICFC) are described. Experimental setups for analysis of LTA-ICFC polarisations of an operational electrochemical reactor of the LTA-ICFC are presented. Results from Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) Analysis of the electrochemical reactor of the LTA-ICFC are shown and analysed.The rate-determining step of the system is concluded. The charge-transfer resistance did not show considerable differences at 700-800 °C. This can be implied
that the charge-transfer resistance is not the rate-limiting step of the transport processes of the fuel cell.The increase of the Warburg impedance concurrently with the resistance to fit mass-transport loss (R3) suggests that the rate-limiting step for the LTA-ICFC in voltage recovery mode is the diffusion of the oxide
ions through SnO2 layer. The increment of mass transport lost, R3, of the cell causes the slowly increase of the cell’s voltage over the voltage from 0.7-0.8 V at 700, 750, and 800 °C.
IMPEDANCE SPECTROSCOPY ANALYSIS OF A LIQUID TIN ANODE FUEL CELL IN VOLTAGE RE...aeijjournal
A concept of a liquid tin anode-indirect carbon air fuel cell (LTA-ICFC) are described. Experimental
setups for analysis of LTA-ICFC polarisations of an operational electrochemical reactor of the LTA-ICFC
are presented. Results from Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) Analysis of the electrochemical
reactor of the LTA-ICFC are shown and analysed.The rate-determining step of the system is concluded.
The charge-transfer resistance did not show considerable differences at 700-800 °C. This can be implied
that the charge-transfer resistance is not the rate-limiting step of the transport processes of the fuel cell.
The increase of the Warburg impedance concurrently with the resistance to fit mass-transport loss (R3)
suggests that the rate-limiting step for the LTA-ICFC in voltage recovery mode is the diffusion of the oxide
ions through SnO2 layer. The increment of mass transport lost, R3, of the cell causes the slowly increase of
the cell’s voltage over the voltage from 0.7-0.8 V at 700, 750, and 800 °C.
IMPEDANCE SPECTROSCOPY ANALYSIS OF A LIQUID TIN ANODE FUEL CELL IN VOLTAGE RE...AEIJjournal2
This can be implied that the charge-transfer resistance is not the rate-limiting step of the transport processes of the fuel cell. The increase of the Warburg impedance concurrently with the resistance to fit mass-transport loss (R3) suggests that the rate-limiting step for the LTA-ICFC in voltage recovery mode is the diffusion of the oxide ions through SnO2 layer. The increment of mass transport lost, R3, of the cell causes the slowly increase of the cell’s voltage over the voltage from 0.7-0.8 V at 700, 750, and 800 °C.
This document discusses the thermodynamic and electrochemical principles of fuel cells. It begins by describing the basic electrochemical reactions that occur in different types of fuel cells using hydrogen, carbon monoxide, methane, and other fuels. It then explains how the ideal performance of a fuel cell can be represented by its Nernst potential and equations. The document shows how factors like temperature, pressure, and reactant concentrations affect the ideal potential. It concludes by noting that the actual potential of a fuel cell is lower than the ideal potential due to various irreversible losses during operation.
A fuel cell is a device that converts chemical energy directly into electrical energy through electrochemical reactions. There are several types of fuel cells classified by their electrolyte, including alkaline fuel cells (AFC), proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFC), phosphoric acid fuel cells (PAFC), molten carbonate fuel cells (MCFC), and solid oxide fuel cells (SOFC). Fuel cells have advantages over heat engines like higher efficiency, fewer moving parts requiring less maintenance, and modularity to increase capacity. However, fuel cells also have challenges to overcome like fuel processing requirements, catalyst costs, startup times, and high temperature durability for some types.
Electrochemistry is the study of chemical reactions involving electric charge transfers. It includes the production of electricity from spontaneous chemical reactions in galvanic cells, and using electrical energy to carry out nonspontaneous reactions in electrolytic cells. Standard electrode potentials provide a quantitative measure of the tendency of a half-reaction to occur, and can be used to predict the direction of redox reactions. The standard hydrogen electrode serves as a reference potential of zero volts.
Simultaneousnonlinear two dimensional modeling of tubular reactor of hydrogen...Arash Nasiri
This document presents mathematical models for simulating a packed tubular reactor for methane steam reforming. It develops two-dimensional partial differential equation models to generate radial and axial plots of component concentrations and temperature over time. Both steady-state and transient regimes are considered. The models assume ideal gas behavior and include mass and energy balance equations coupled through a reaction rate constant. Results are presented from solving the PDEs numerically using MATLAB, showing temperature, concentration and production rate profiles along the reactor under different operating conditions. In conclusion, the models capture the endothermic nature of the reforming reactions and how temperature initially decreases but then rises sharply in the reactor due to high heat flux.
Simultaneousnonlinear two dimensional modeling of tubular reactor of hydrogen...Arash Nasiri
This paper develops two mathematical models of a packed tubular reactor for methane steam reforming to produce hydrogen. The models generate 2D radial and axial plots of component concentrations and temperature over time. Both steady state and transient flow regimes are considered. The models consist of two coupled partial differential equations, one for material balance and one for energy balance, with initial and boundary conditions. The equations include terms for convection, diffusion, reaction, and heat transfer. Simplifying assumptions are made to reduce complexity, such as ignoring pressure drop and the water-gas shift reaction.
Microbial fuel cells generate electricity from organic matter through microbial activity. They consist of an anode and cathode separated by a proton exchange membrane. At the anode, microbes degrade organic compounds and transfer electrons to the anode. Protons pass through the membrane to the cathode. Electrons flow through an external circuit to the cathode, where they react with oxygen and protons to form water. Ionic strength, temperature, electrode spacing and material affect performance, with higher ionic strength and temperatures increasing power density up to certain points. Microbial fuel cells produce electricity from waste sources while treating wastewater.
This document summarizes a seminar presentation about fuel cells. It begins with an introduction that defines fuel cells and batteries. It then describes the basic components and chemical reactions of different types of fuel cells, including hydrogen-oxygen, molten carbonate, PEM, and hydrocarbon-oxygen fuel cells. Applications of fuel cells currently include buses and cars that run on hydrogen fuel cells. With further technological advancements, fuel cells could potentially be used more widely for clean energy in industries and to power electronic devices. However, fuel cells also have limitations like high costs and needing specific operating conditions.
The document discusses the thermodynamics of fuel cells. It explains that thermodynamics is essential for understanding fuel cell performance as fuel cells convert chemical energy to electrical energy. The key thermodynamic concepts covered include entropy, enthalpy, Gibbs free energy, and how they relate to the maximum reversible voltage and efficiency of hydrogen fuel cells. Irreversible losses that decrease the actual voltage from the theoretical maximum are also discussed.
The document describes the development of a dynamic model of an industrial packed bed multi-tubular reactor used to manufacture ethylene oxide through the catalytic oxidation of ethylene with oxygen. A system of non-linear partial differential equations is used to model the highly exothermic gas phase reactions. The model is benchmarked against plant data and reasonably predicts the reactor behavior. The heterogeneous two phase model is reduced to a single phase homogeneous model for simplicity. A comparison shows the homogeneous model provides accurate predictions of the reactor performance.
The document describes the development of a dynamic model of an industrial packed bed multi-tubular reactor used for producing ethylene oxide. Ethylene oxide is produced through the catalytic oxidation of ethylene with oxygen over a silver-based catalyst. The model is developed using a system of non-linear partial differential equations and is benchmarked against plant data from an industrial ethylene oxide reactor. Both a heterogeneous two-phase model and a reduced homogeneous single-phase model are considered and compared against plant data.
This document provides information on various topics in electrochemistry. It defines electrolytes and non-electrolytes, and discusses different types of conductors. It also explains electrochemical cells and electrolytic cells. Key concepts covered include electrode potential, the electrochemical series, Faraday's laws of electrolysis, and different types of batteries.
The document provides an overview of fuel cell technology. It discusses the brief history of fuel cells and the basic principles of electrolysis and how fuel cells work by reversing the electrolysis process. It describes the main components of a fuel cell and the five most common types: alkaline, molten carbonate, phosphoric acid, proton exchange membrane, and solid oxide fuel cells. The benefits of fuel cells are highlighted such as efficiency, reliability and fuel flexibility. Challenges for different fuel cell types are also summarized, for example high operating temperatures of solid oxide fuel cells can limit applications.
Similar to Control Strategies for Solid oxide Fuel cell voltage (20)
Power System State Estimation - A ReviewIDES Editor
This document provides a review of power system state estimation techniques. It discusses both static and dynamic state estimation algorithms. For static state estimation, it covers weighted least squares, decoupled, and robust estimation methods. Weighted least squares is commonly used but can have numerical instability issues. Decoupled state estimation approximates the gain matrix for faster computation. Robust estimation uses M-estimators and other techniques to handle outliers and bad data. Dynamic state estimation applies Kalman filtering, leapfrog algorithms, and other methods to continuously monitor system states over time.
Artificial Intelligence Technique based Reactive Power Planning Incorporating...IDES Editor
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes using artificial intelligence techniques and FACTS controllers for reactive power planning in real-time power transmission systems. The paper formulates the reactive power planning problem and incorporates flexible AC transmission system (FACTS) devices like static VAR compensators (SVC), thyristor controlled series capacitors (TCSC), and unified power flow controllers (UPFC). Evolutionary algorithms like evolutionary programming (EP) and differential evolution (DE) are applied to find the optimal locations and settings of the FACTS controllers to minimize losses and costs. Simulation results on IEEE 30-bus and 72-bus Indian test systems show that UPFC performs best in reducing losses compared to SVC and TCSC.
Design and Performance Analysis of Genetic based PID-PSS with SVC in a Multi-...IDES Editor
Damping of power system oscillations with the help
of proposed optimal Proportional Integral Derivative Power
System Stabilizer (PID-PSS) and Static Var Compensator
(SVC)-based controllers are thoroughly investigated in this
paper. This study presents robust tuning of PID-PSS and
SVC-based controllers using Genetic Algorithms (GA) in
multi machine power systems by considering detailed model
of the generators (model 1.1). The effectiveness of FACTSbased
controllers in general and SVC-based controller in
particular depends upon their proper location. Modal
controllability and observability are used to locate SVC–based
controller. The performance of the proposed controllers is
compared with conventional lead-lag power system stabilizer
(CPSS) and demonstrated on 10 machines, 39 bus New England
test system. Simulation studies show that the proposed genetic
based PID-PSS with SVC based controller provides better
performance.
Optimal Placement of DG for Loss Reduction and Voltage Sag Mitigation in Radi...IDES Editor
This paper presents the need to operate the power
system economically and with optimum levels of voltages has
further led to an increase in interest in Distributed
Generation. In order to reduce the power losses and to improve
the voltage in the distribution system, distributed generators
(DGs) are connected to load bus. To reduce the total power
losses in the system, the most important process is to identify
the proper location for fixing and sizing of DGs. It presents a
new methodology using a new population based meta heuristic
approach namely Artificial Bee Colony algorithm(ABC) for
the placement of Distributed Generators(DG) in the radial
distribution systems to reduce the real power losses and to
improve the voltage profile, voltage sag mitigation. The power
loss reduction is important factor for utility companies because
it is directly proportional to the company benefits in a
competitive electricity market, while reaching the better power
quality standards is too important as it has vital effect on
customer orientation. In this paper an ABC algorithm is
developed to gain these goals all together. In order to evaluate
sag mitigation capability of the proposed algorithm, voltage
in voltage sensitive buses is investigated. An existing 20KV
network has been chosen as test network and results are
compared with the proposed method in the radial distribution
system.
Line Losses in the 14-Bus Power System Network using UPFCIDES Editor
Controlling power flow in modern power systems
can be made more flexible by the use of recent developments
in power electronic and computing control technology. The
Unified Power Flow Controller (UPFC) is a Flexible AC
transmission system (FACTS) device that can control all the
three system variables namely line reactance, magnitude and
phase angle difference of voltage across the line. The UPFC
provides a promising means to control power flow in modern
power systems. Essentially the performance depends on proper
control setting achievable through a power flow analysis
program. This paper presents a reliable method to meet the
requirements by developing a Newton-Raphson based load
flow calculation through which control settings of UPFC can
be determined for the pre-specified power flow between the
lines. The proposed method keeps Newton-Raphson Load Flow
(NRLF) algorithm intact and needs (little modification in the
Jacobian matrix). A MATLAB program has been developed to
calculate the control settings of UPFC and the power flow
between the lines after the load flow is converged. Case studies
have been performed on IEEE 5-bus system and 14-bus system
to show that the proposed method is effective. These studies
indicate that the method maintains the basic NRLF properties
such as fast computational speed, high degree of accuracy and
good convergence rate.
Study of Structural Behaviour of Gravity Dam with Various Features of Gallery...IDES Editor
The size and shape of opening in dam causes the
stress concentration, it also causes the stress variation in the
rest of the dam cross section. The gravity method of the analysis
does not consider the size of opening and the elastic property
of dam material. Thus the objective of study is comprises of
the Finite Element Method which considers the size of
opening, elastic property of material, and stress distribution
because of geometric discontinuity in cross section of dam.
Stress concentration inside the dam increases with the opening
in dam which results in the failure of dam. Hence it is
necessary to analyses large opening inside the dam. By making
the percentage area of opening constant and varying size and
shape of opening the analysis is carried out. For this purpose
a section of Koyna Dam is considered. Dam is defined as a
plane strain element in FEM, based on geometry and loading
condition. Thus this available information specified our path
of approach to carry out 2D plane strain analysis. The results
obtained are then compared mutually to get most efficient
way of providing large opening in the gravity dam.
Assessing Uncertainty of Pushover Analysis to Geometric ModelingIDES Editor
Pushover Analysis a popular tool for seismic
performance evaluation of existing and new structures and is
nonlinear Static procedure where in monotonically increasing
loads are applied to the structure till the structure is unable
to resist the further load .During the analysis, whatever the
strength of concrete and steel is adopted for analysis of
structure may not be the same when real structure is
constructed and the pushover analysis results are very sensitive
to material model adopted, geometric model adopted, location
of plastic hinges and in general to procedure followed by the
analyzer. In this paper attempt has been made to assess
uncertainty in pushover analysis results by considering user
defined hinges and frame modeled as bare frame and frame
with slab modeled as rigid diaphragm and results compared
with experimental observations. Uncertain parameters
considered includes the strength of concrete, strength of steel
and cover to the reinforcement which are randomly generated
and incorporated into the analysis. The results are then
compared with experimental observations.
Secure Multi-Party Negotiation: An Analysis for Electronic Payments in Mobile...IDES Editor
This document summarizes and analyzes secure multi-party negotiation protocols for electronic payments in mobile computing. It presents a framework for secure multi-party decision protocols using lightweight implementations. The main focus is on synchronizing security features to avoid agreement manipulation and reduce user traffic. The paper describes negotiation between an auctioneer and bidders, showing multiparty security is better than existing systems. It analyzes the performance of encryption algorithms like ECC, XTR, and RSA for use in the multiparty negotiation protocols.
Selfish Node Isolation & Incentivation using Progressive ThresholdsIDES Editor
The problems associated with selfish nodes in
MANET are addressed by a collaborative watchdog approach
which reduces the detection time for selfish nodes thereby
improves the performance and accuracy of watchdogs[1]. In
the related works they make use of credit based systems, reputation
based mechanisms, pathrater and watchdog mechanism
to detect such selfish nodes. In this paper we follow an approach
of collaborative watchdog which reduces the detection
time for selfish nodes and also involves the removal of such
selfish nodes based on some progressively assessed thresholds.
The threshold gives the nodes a chance to stop misbehaving
before it is permanently deleted from the network.
The node passes through several isolation processes before it
is permanently removed. Another version of AODV protocol
is used here which allows the simulation of selfish nodes in
NS2 by adding or modifying log files in the protocol.
Various OSI Layer Attacks and Countermeasure to Enhance the Performance of WS...IDES Editor
Wireless sensor networks are networks having non
wired infrastructure and dynamic topology. In OSI model each
layer is prone to various attacks, which halts the performance
of a network .In this paper several attacks on four layers of
OSI model are discussed and security mechanism is described
to prevent attack in network layer i.e wormhole attack. In
Wormhole attack two or more malicious nodes makes a covert
channel which attracts the traffic towards itself by depicting a
low latency link and then start dropping and replaying packets
in the multi-path route. This paper proposes promiscuous mode
method to detect and isolate the malicious node during
wormhole attack by using Ad-hoc on demand distance vector
routing protocol (AODV) with omnidirectional antenna. The
methodology implemented notifies that the nodes which are
not participating in multi-path routing generates an alarm
message during delay and then detects and isolate the
malicious node from network. We also notice that not only
the same kind of attacks but also the same kind of
countermeasures can appear in multiple layer. For example,
misbehavior detection techniques can be applied to almost all
the layers we discussed.
Responsive Parameter based an AntiWorm Approach to Prevent Wormhole Attack in...IDES Editor
The recent advancements in the wireless technology
and their wide-spread deployment have made remarkable
enhancements in efficiency in the corporate and industrial
and Military sectors The increasing popularity and usage of
wireless technology is creating a need for more secure wireless
Ad hoc networks. This paper aims researched and developed
a new protocol that prevents wormhole attacks on a ad hoc
network. A few existing protocols detect wormhole attacks but
they require highly specialized equipment not found on most
wireless devices. This paper aims to develop a defense against
wormhole attacks as an Anti-worm protocol which is based on
responsive parameters, that does not require as a significant
amount of specialized equipment, trick clock synchronization,
no GPS dependencies.
Cloud Security and Data Integrity with Client Accountability FrameworkIDES Editor
This document summarizes a proposed cloud security and data integrity framework that provides client accountability. The framework aims to address issues like lack of user control over cloud data, need for data transparency and tracking, and ensuring data integrity. It proposes using JAR (Java Archive) files for data sharing due to benefits like portability. The framework incorporates client-side verification using MD5 hashing, digital signature-based authentication of JAR files, and use of HMAC to ensure data integrity. It also uses password-based encryption of log files to keep them tamper-proof. The framework is intended to provide both accountability and security for data sharing in cloud environments.
Genetic Algorithm based Layered Detection and Defense of HTTP BotnetIDES Editor
A System state in HTTP botnet uses HTTP protocol
for the creation of chain of Botnets thereby compromising
other systems. By using HTTP protocol and port number 80,
attacks can not only be hidden but also pass through the
firewall without being detected. The DPR based detection
leads to better analysis of botnet attacks [3]. However, it
provides only probabilistic detection of the attacker and also
time consuming and error prone. This paper proposes a Genetic
algorithm based layered approach for detecting as well as
preventing botnet attacks. The paper reviews p2p firewall
implementation which forms the basis of filtering.
Performance evaluation is done based on precision, F-value
and probability. Layered approach reduces the computation
and overall time requirement [7]. Genetic algorithm promises
a low false positive rate.
Enhancing Data Storage Security in Cloud Computing Through SteganographyIDES Editor
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes a method for enhancing data security in cloud computing through steganography. The method hides user data in digital images stored on cloud servers. When data needs to be accessed, it is extracted from the images. The document outlines the cloud architecture and security issues addressed. It then describes the proposed system architecture, security model, and data storage and retrieval process. Data is partitioned and hidden in multiple images to improve security. The goal is to prevent unauthorized access to user data stored on cloud servers.
The main tasks of a Wireless Sensor Network
(WSN) are data collection from its nodes and communication
of this data to the base station (BS). The protocols used for
communication among the WSN nodes and between the WSN
and the BS, must consider the resource constraints of nodes,
battery energy, computational capabilities and memory. The
WSN applications involve unattended operation of the network
over an extended period of time. In order to extend the lifetime
of a WSN, efficient routing protocols need to be adopted. The
proposed low power routing protocol based on tree-based
network structure reliably forwards the measured data towards
the BS using TDMA. An energy consumption analysis of the
WSN making use of this protocol is also carried out. It is
found that the network is energy efficient with an average
duty cycle of 0:7% for the WSN nodes. The OmNET++
simulation platform along with MiXiM framework is made
use of.
Permutation of Pixels within the Shares of Visual Cryptography using KBRP for...IDES Editor
The security of authentication of internet based
co-banking services should not be susceptible to high risks.
The passwords are highly vulnerable to virus attacks due to
the lack of high end embedding of security methods. In order
for the passwords to be more secure, people are generally
compelled to select jumbled up character based passwords
which are not only less memorable but are also equally prone
to insecurity. Multiple use of distributed shares has been
studied to solve the problem of authentication by algorithms
based on thresholding of pixels in image processing and visual
cryptography concepts where the subset of shares is considered
for the recovery of the original image for authentication using
correlation function[1][2].The main disadvantage in the above
study is the plain storage of shares and also one of the shares
is being supplied to the customer, which will lead to the
possibility of misuse by a third party. This paper proposes a
technique for scrambling of pixels by key based random
permutation (KBRP) within the shares before the
authentication has been attempted. Total number of shares to
be created is dependent on the multiplicity of ownership of
the account. By this method the problem of uncertainty among
the customers with regard to security, storage, retrieval of
holding of half of the shares is minimized.
This paper presents a trifocal Rotman Lens Design
approach. The effects of focal ratio and element spacing on
the performance of Rotman Lens are described. A three beam
prototype feeding 4 element antenna array working in L-band
has been simulated using RLD v1.7 software. Simulated
results show that the simulated lens has a return loss of –
12.4dB at 1.8GHz. Beam to array port phase error variation
with change in the focal ratio and element spacing has also
been investigated.
Band Clustering for the Lossless Compression of AVIRIS Hyperspectral ImagesIDES Editor
Hyperspectral images can be efficiently compressed
through a linear predictive model, as for example the one
used in the SLSQ algorithm. In this paper we exploit this
predictive model on the AVIRIS images by individuating,
through an off-line approach, a common subset of bands, which
are not spectrally related with any other bands. These bands
are not useful as prediction reference for the SLSQ 3-D
predictive model and we need to encode them via other
prediction strategies which consider only spatial correlation.
We have obtained this subset by clustering the AVIRIS bands
via the clustering by compression approach. The main result
of this paper is the list of the bands, not related with the
others, for AVIRIS images. The clustering trees obtained for
AVIRIS and the relationship among bands they depict is also
an interesting starting point for future research.
Microelectronic Circuit Analogous to Hydrogen Bonding Network in Active Site ...IDES Editor
A microelectronic circuit of block-elements
functionally analogous to two hydrogen bonding networks is
investigated. The hydrogen bonding networks are extracted
from â-lactamase protein and are formed in its active site.
Each hydrogen bond of the network is described in equivalent
electrical circuit by three or four-terminal block-element.
Each block-element is coded in Matlab. Static and dynamic
analyses are performed. The resultant microelectronic circuit
analogous to the hydrogen bonding network operates as
current mirror, sine pulse source, triangular pulse source as
well as signal modulator.
Texture Unit based Monocular Real-world Scene Classification using SOM and KN...IDES Editor
In this paper a method is proposed to discriminate
real world scenes in to natural and manmade scenes of similar
depth. Global-roughness of a scene image varies as a function
of image-depth. Increase in image depth leads to increase in
roughness in manmade scenes; on the contrary natural scenes
exhibit smooth behavior at higher image depth. This particular
arrangement of pixels in scene structure can be well explained
by local texture information in a pixel and its neighborhood.
Our proposed method analyses local texture information of a
scene image using texture unit matrix. For final classification
we have used both supervised and unsupervised learning using
K-Nearest Neighbor classifier (KNN) and Self Organizing
Map (SOM) respectively. This technique is useful for online
classification due to very less computational complexity.
5th LF Energy Power Grid Model Meet-up SlidesDanBrown980551
5th Power Grid Model Meet-up
It is with great pleasure that we extend to you an invitation to the 5th Power Grid Model Meet-up, scheduled for 6th June 2024. This event will adopt a hybrid format, allowing participants to join us either through an online Mircosoft Teams session or in person at TU/e located at Den Dolech 2, Eindhoven, Netherlands. The meet-up will be hosted by Eindhoven University of Technology (TU/e), a research university specializing in engineering science & technology.
Power Grid Model
The global energy transition is placing new and unprecedented demands on Distribution System Operators (DSOs). Alongside upgrades to grid capacity, processes such as digitization, capacity optimization, and congestion management are becoming vital for delivering reliable services.
Power Grid Model is an open source project from Linux Foundation Energy and provides a calculation engine that is increasingly essential for DSOs. It offers a standards-based foundation enabling real-time power systems analysis, simulations of electrical power grids, and sophisticated what-if analysis. In addition, it enables in-depth studies and analysis of the electrical power grid’s behavior and performance. This comprehensive model incorporates essential factors such as power generation capacity, electrical losses, voltage levels, power flows, and system stability.
Power Grid Model is currently being applied in a wide variety of use cases, including grid planning, expansion, reliability, and congestion studies. It can also help in analyzing the impact of renewable energy integration, assessing the effects of disturbances or faults, and developing strategies for grid control and optimization.
What to expect
For the upcoming meetup we are organizing, we have an exciting lineup of activities planned:
-Insightful presentations covering two practical applications of the Power Grid Model.
-An update on the latest advancements in Power Grid -Model technology during the first and second quarters of 2024.
-An interactive brainstorming session to discuss and propose new feature requests.
-An opportunity to connect with fellow Power Grid Model enthusiasts and users.
Fueling AI with Great Data with Airbyte WebinarZilliz
This talk will focus on how to collect data from a variety of sources, leveraging this data for RAG and other GenAI use cases, and finally charting your course to productionalization.
Introduction of Cybersecurity with OSS at Code Europe 2024Hiroshi SHIBATA
I develop the Ruby programming language, RubyGems, and Bundler, which are package managers for Ruby. Today, I will introduce how to enhance the security of your application using open-source software (OSS) examples from Ruby and RubyGems.
The first topic is CVE (Common Vulnerabilities and Exposures). I have published CVEs many times. But what exactly is a CVE? I'll provide a basic understanding of CVEs and explain how to detect and handle vulnerabilities in OSS.
Next, let's discuss package managers. Package managers play a critical role in the OSS ecosystem. I'll explain how to manage library dependencies in your application.
I'll share insights into how the Ruby and RubyGems core team works to keep our ecosystem safe. By the end of this talk, you'll have a better understanding of how to safeguard your code.
Have you ever been confused by the myriad of choices offered by AWS for hosting a website or an API?
Lambda, Elastic Beanstalk, Lightsail, Amplify, S3 (and more!) can each host websites + APIs. But which one should we choose?
Which one is cheapest? Which one is fastest? Which one will scale to meet our needs?
Join me in this session as we dive into each AWS hosting service to determine which one is best for your scenario and explain why!
Essentials of Automations: Exploring Attributes & Automation ParametersSafe Software
Building automations in FME Flow can save time, money, and help businesses scale by eliminating data silos and providing data to stakeholders in real-time. One essential component to orchestrating complex automations is the use of attributes & automation parameters (both formerly known as “keys”). In fact, it’s unlikely you’ll ever build an Automation without using these components, but what exactly are they?
Attributes & automation parameters enable the automation author to pass data values from one automation component to the next. During this webinar, our FME Flow Specialists will cover leveraging the three types of these output attributes & parameters in FME Flow: Event, Custom, and Automation. As a bonus, they’ll also be making use of the Split-Merge Block functionality.
You’ll leave this webinar with a better understanding of how to maximize the potential of automations by making use of attributes & automation parameters, with the ultimate goal of setting your enterprise integration workflows up on autopilot.
Taking AI to the Next Level in Manufacturing.pdfssuserfac0301
Read Taking AI to the Next Level in Manufacturing to gain insights on AI adoption in the manufacturing industry, such as:
1. How quickly AI is being implemented in manufacturing.
2. Which barriers stand in the way of AI adoption.
3. How data quality and governance form the backbone of AI.
4. Organizational processes and structures that may inhibit effective AI adoption.
6. Ideas and approaches to help build your organization's AI strategy.
"Choosing proper type of scaling", Olena SyrotaFwdays
Imagine an IoT processing system that is already quite mature and production-ready and for which client coverage is growing and scaling and performance aspects are life and death questions. The system has Redis, MongoDB, and stream processing based on ksqldb. In this talk, firstly, we will analyze scaling approaches and then select the proper ones for our system.
In the realm of cybersecurity, offensive security practices act as a critical shield. By simulating real-world attacks in a controlled environment, these techniques expose vulnerabilities before malicious actors can exploit them. This proactive approach allows manufacturers to identify and fix weaknesses, significantly enhancing system security.
This presentation delves into the development of a system designed to mimic Galileo's Open Service signal using software-defined radio (SDR) technology. We'll begin with a foundational overview of both Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) and the intricacies of digital signal processing.
The presentation culminates in a live demonstration. We'll showcase the manipulation of Galileo's Open Service pilot signal, simulating an attack on various software and hardware systems. This practical demonstration serves to highlight the potential consequences of unaddressed vulnerabilities, emphasizing the importance of offensive security practices in safeguarding critical infrastructure.
Your One-Stop Shop for Python Success: Top 10 US Python Development Providersakankshawande
Simplify your search for a reliable Python development partner! This list presents the top 10 trusted US providers offering comprehensive Python development services, ensuring your project's success from conception to completion.
HCL Notes and Domino License Cost Reduction in the World of DLAUpanagenda
Webinar Recording: https://www.panagenda.com/webinars/hcl-notes-and-domino-license-cost-reduction-in-the-world-of-dlau/
The introduction of DLAU and the CCB & CCX licensing model caused quite a stir in the HCL community. As a Notes and Domino customer, you may have faced challenges with unexpected user counts and license costs. You probably have questions on how this new licensing approach works and how to benefit from it. Most importantly, you likely have budget constraints and want to save money where possible. Don’t worry, we can help with all of this!
We’ll show you how to fix common misconfigurations that cause higher-than-expected user counts, and how to identify accounts which you can deactivate to save money. There are also frequent patterns that can cause unnecessary cost, like using a person document instead of a mail-in for shared mailboxes. We’ll provide examples and solutions for those as well. And naturally we’ll explain the new licensing model.
Join HCL Ambassador Marc Thomas in this webinar with a special guest appearance from Franz Walder. It will give you the tools and know-how to stay on top of what is going on with Domino licensing. You will be able lower your cost through an optimized configuration and keep it low going forward.
These topics will be covered
- Reducing license cost by finding and fixing misconfigurations and superfluous accounts
- How do CCB and CCX licenses really work?
- Understanding the DLAU tool and how to best utilize it
- Tips for common problem areas, like team mailboxes, functional/test users, etc
- Practical examples and best practices to implement right away
Ivanti’s Patch Tuesday breakdown goes beyond patching your applications and brings you the intelligence and guidance needed to prioritize where to focus your attention first. Catch early analysis on our Ivanti blog, then join industry expert Chris Goettl for the Patch Tuesday Webinar Event. There we’ll do a deep dive into each of the bulletins and give guidance on the risks associated with the newly-identified vulnerabilities.
How to Interpret Trends in the Kalyan Rajdhani Mix Chart.pdfChart Kalyan
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Driving Business Innovation: Latest Generative AI Advancements & Success StorySafe Software
Are you ready to revolutionize how you handle data? Join us for a webinar where we’ll bring you up to speed with the latest advancements in Generative AI technology and discover how leveraging FME with tools from giants like Google Gemini, Amazon, and Microsoft OpenAI can supercharge your workflow efficiency.
During the hour, we’ll take you through:
Guest Speaker Segment with Hannah Barrington: Dive into the world of dynamic real estate marketing with Hannah, the Marketing Manager at Workspace Group. Hear firsthand how their team generates engaging descriptions for thousands of office units by integrating diverse data sources—from PDF floorplans to web pages—using FME transformers, like OpenAIVisionConnector and AnthropicVisionConnector. This use case will show you how GenAI can streamline content creation for marketing across the board.
Ollama Use Case: Learn how Scenario Specialist Dmitri Bagh has utilized Ollama within FME to input data, create custom models, and enhance security protocols. This segment will include demos to illustrate the full capabilities of FME in AI-driven processes.
Custom AI Models: Discover how to leverage FME to build personalized AI models using your data. Whether it’s populating a model with local data for added security or integrating public AI tools, find out how FME facilitates a versatile and secure approach to AI.
We’ll wrap up with a live Q&A session where you can engage with our experts on your specific use cases, and learn more about optimizing your data workflows with AI.
This webinar is ideal for professionals seeking to harness the power of AI within their data management systems while ensuring high levels of customization and security. Whether you're a novice or an expert, gain actionable insights and strategies to elevate your data processes. Join us to see how FME and AI can revolutionize how you work with data!
HCL Notes und Domino Lizenzkostenreduzierung in der Welt von DLAUpanagenda
Webinar Recording: https://www.panagenda.com/webinars/hcl-notes-und-domino-lizenzkostenreduzierung-in-der-welt-von-dlau/
DLAU und die Lizenzen nach dem CCB- und CCX-Modell sind für viele in der HCL-Community seit letztem Jahr ein heißes Thema. Als Notes- oder Domino-Kunde haben Sie vielleicht mit unerwartet hohen Benutzerzahlen und Lizenzgebühren zu kämpfen. Sie fragen sich vielleicht, wie diese neue Art der Lizenzierung funktioniert und welchen Nutzen sie Ihnen bringt. Vor allem wollen Sie sicherlich Ihr Budget einhalten und Kosten sparen, wo immer möglich. Das verstehen wir und wir möchten Ihnen dabei helfen!
Wir erklären Ihnen, wie Sie häufige Konfigurationsprobleme lösen können, die dazu führen können, dass mehr Benutzer gezählt werden als nötig, und wie Sie überflüssige oder ungenutzte Konten identifizieren und entfernen können, um Geld zu sparen. Es gibt auch einige Ansätze, die zu unnötigen Ausgaben führen können, z. B. wenn ein Personendokument anstelle eines Mail-Ins für geteilte Mailboxen verwendet wird. Wir zeigen Ihnen solche Fälle und deren Lösungen. Und natürlich erklären wir Ihnen das neue Lizenzmodell.
Nehmen Sie an diesem Webinar teil, bei dem HCL-Ambassador Marc Thomas und Gastredner Franz Walder Ihnen diese neue Welt näherbringen. Es vermittelt Ihnen die Tools und das Know-how, um den Überblick zu bewahren. Sie werden in der Lage sein, Ihre Kosten durch eine optimierte Domino-Konfiguration zu reduzieren und auch in Zukunft gering zu halten.
Diese Themen werden behandelt
- Reduzierung der Lizenzkosten durch Auffinden und Beheben von Fehlkonfigurationen und überflüssigen Konten
- Wie funktionieren CCB- und CCX-Lizenzen wirklich?
- Verstehen des DLAU-Tools und wie man es am besten nutzt
- Tipps für häufige Problembereiche, wie z. B. Team-Postfächer, Funktions-/Testbenutzer usw.
- Praxisbeispiele und Best Practices zum sofortigen Umsetzen
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