Power system control centers have evolved significantly over time and will continue to change in the future. Control centers were initially specialized real-time computer systems but now utilize more commercial technologies like PCs. Deregulation led to independent system operators managing control centers. Control centers now coordinate different roles between generation companies, load serving entities, and ISOs/RTOs. Future control centers will be more decentralized, integrated, flexible and open systems utilizing distributed technologies, grid computing, and service-oriented architectures.

1. Power System Control Centers: Future Trends (Revised 1-16-06) Chen-Ching Liu Iowa State University * F. F. Wu, K. Moslehi and A. Bose, “Power System Control Centers: Past, Present and Future,” Proceedings of the IEEE, Nov. 2005, pp. 1890-1908.

2. Evolution of Control Centers More computer applications after 1965 Northeast blackout Security applications in 1970s State estimation and security analysis capabilities are common today Early computer are specialized real time processors with back up

3. Evolution (Conti) PCs become more popular for control centers in 1980s “ Deregulation” waves in 1990s led to formation of ISOs Further efforts to establish RTOs Electricity markets formed around the world in 1990s and 2000s.

4. Control Centers in a Market Environment ISO/RTO CC GenCo CC LSE CCs Market Participants Internet

5. Different Roles ISO / RTO Generation companies Load serving entities Control centers at different levels play different roles

6. SCADA / AGC Load frequency control Load forecasting RTU Communication

7. Network Applications Applications Topology processor State estimation Contingency analysis Voltage stability Power flow

8. Data Warehouse Operational Real time Historical

9. Market Applications Bilateral transactions management Security constrained economic dispatch Security constrained unit commitment Locational Marginal Price Load forecast Outage management Compliance monitoring

10. Market Infrastructure Bidding and schedule management Market information publishing

11. Commercial Systems Settlements Billing and credit Metering systems

12. Architecture Local area network with PCs or workstations Control center to RTU links SCADA and EMS applications Market participants communicate through Internet

13. Present EMS and BMS Interactions in Control Centers Market Participants Business Management System Energy Management System Energy Offers Prices, Quantities Contracts, Schedules Operating Constraints Generations, Transmission, Load

14. Changing Environment Decentralization Integration Flexibility Openness

15. Decentralization Market participants play a role in economic and reliability decisions Coordination among ISOs Coordination among ISO / RTO and market participants Data and controls become distributed

16. Integration Enterprise architecture incorporating Control center System planning Distribution management systems, power plant control Business processes

17. Flexibility Market participants change over time Market structures also evolve Modular design allows modules to be added, deleted or modified

18. Openness Dependence on specific vendors is not desirable Portable software to run on various hardware and software platforms

19. Enabling Technologies Communications protocols Distributed systems Object technology Component technology Middleware Agent technology

20. Distributed Control Center Separation of SCADA, EMS and BMS IP-Based distributed SCADA Standard CIM based distributed data processing Middleware based distributed EMS and BMS applications

21. Grid Computing and Grid Service Clustering of a wide variety of distributed resources to be used as a unified resource Seamless global aggregation of of resources Grid service is a convergence of grid computing and web services

22. Future Control Centers Ultra-fast data acquisition system Greatly expanded applications A partner grid of enterprise grids Dynamic sharing of computational resources of all intelligent devices Use of service oriented architecture Distributed data acquisition and processing services Distributed control center applications Use of grid services architecture

23. Future Applications Market surveillance and contract compliance Phasor measurement units (PMUs) On-line dynamic security Visualization Self-healing power grids