7. CLAY BRICK TESTS
Classification of clay bricks :
Bricks used in construction works are classified into three grades:
Grade A:Intended for use in building construction and footing
subjected to loads and exposed to sever abrasion by weathering
action.
Grade B: Intended for use in building construction subjected to
loads and not exposed to sever abrasion by weathering action, such
as exterior walls not exposed to penetration of water.
Grade C: Intended for use in building construction not subjected to
loading such as interior masonry walls and partitions, not exposed to
sever abrasion by weathering action.
9. CLAY BRICK TESTS
1. DIMENSIONS TEST
Purpose of test
To measuring the dimensions of bricks and con
forms to Iraqi Standard specification (IQS).
Required Tools
Measuring Tape (Steel Tape)
Required Materials
Clay Bricks (24 Bricks)
10. CLAY BRICK TESTS
1. DIMENSIONS TEST
Test Procedures
1.Collect randomly 24 number of clay bricks of standard size.
2.Lay the 24 of brick contact with each other in longitudinal direction
to measure the length of the test sample.
3.Lay the 24 of brick in width wise direction and measure the width.
4.Lay the 24 of brick in height wise direction and measure the
thickness.
5.Calculate the and average of the measures (length, width, and
height).
6.If cannot measure the 24 bricks, we can measure 12 bricks by two
sets or by three sets (8 bricks).
16. CLAY BRICK TESTS
2. COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH
Test Procedures
1. Take randomly 10 bricks and measure its
dimension (surface load) to the nearest 1 mm and
use the smaller surface area.
2. The bricks specimens must be immersing in
water at room temperature (25ºC to 29ºC) for 24
hours.
3. Extract the bricks from water and then
remove the excess moisture by dry cloth.
17. CLAY BRICK TESTS
2. COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH
Test Procedures
4. Each brick placed between two plywood sheets
and carefully centered between plates of the
compression testing machine.
5. The load shall be applied at a uniform rate
(14MPa/min) until failure occurs and note maximum
load at failure.
19. CLAY BRICK TESTS
3.WATER ABSORPTION
Purpose of test
To measuring percentage of water
absorption for bricks and classifying to
uses.
.
20. CLAY BRICK TESTS
3.WATER ABSORPTION
Required Tools
1. Electrical ventilated oven.
2. Basin measured appropriately enough to
submerge the specimen with water.
3. Sensitive balance accuracy 0.1% of the mass
unit.
Required Materials
Clay Bricks (10 Bricks).
21. CLAY BRICK TESTS
3.WATER ABSORPTION
Required Tools
1. Electrical ventilated oven.
2. Basin measured appropriately enough to
submerge the specimen with water.
3. Sensitive balance accuracy 0.1% of the mass
unit.
Required Materials
Clay Bricks (10 Bricks).
22. CLAY BRICK TESTS
3.WATER ABSORPTION
Test Procedures
1. Take randomly 10 bricks and then put a sign
to each brick.
2. The brick specimen is first dried in the
ventilated oven at a temperature ranging from
110 ºC to 115 ºC until the specimen attains a
constant mass (about 48 hours). The heated
specimen is then allowed to cool at room
temperature. Then each brick is weighed and its
mass is recorded as dry weight (W1).
23. CLAY BRICK TESTS
3.WATER ABSORPTION
Test Procedures
3. Then, the brick is immersed in water at a
room temperature 24 hours.
4. The brick specimen is taken out from the
water and wiped with a clean cloth to
remove the traces of water that may be
present. The specimen thus obtained is then
weighed as wet weight (W2).
24. CLAY BRICK TESTS
3.WATER ABSORPTION
Calculation
•Water absorption % =
(𝑊2−𝑊1)
𝑊1
× 100
• W1 = Dry Weight after oven drying of brick at 110-
115 ºC
• W2 = Wet Weight of brick after immersion of brick
in water for 24 hours
25. CLAY BRICK TESTS
4. EFFLORESCENCE OF BRICKS
A white crystalline
deposit will appear on
the surface. These
deposits may be
efflorescence, water-
soluble salts that
sometimes occur on the
surface of masonry.
26. CLAY BRICK TESTS
4. EFFLORESCENCE OF BRICKS
Efflorescence types
Nil: If there is no noticeable deposit of
efflorescence.
Slight: when less than 10% of exposed area of
brick is covered by a thin layer of salt.
Moderate: When there is a heavier deposit than
under ‘slight’ and covering up to 50 percent of the
exposed area of the brick surface but
unaccompanied by surface. powdering or flaking
27. CLAY BRICK TESTS
4. EFFLORESCENCE OF BRICKS
Efflorescence types
Heavy: When there is a heavy deposit of
salts covering 50 percent or more of the
exposed area of the brick surface but
unaccompanied by powdering or flaking of
the surface.
Serious: When there is heavy deposit of salt
acquired by powdering and/or flaking of
exposed surface.
28. CLAY BRICK TESTS
4. EFFLORESCENCE OF BRICKS
Purpose of test
To measuring percentage of
soluble salts of bricks
(efflorescence).
29. CLAY BRICK TESTS
4. EFFLORESCENCE OF BRICKS
Required Tools
1. Steel ruler or tape.
2. Pan measured appropriately enough
(depth not less than 5 cm) content distilled
water to a depth of 2.5 cm in room
temperature (24 ± 8).
Required Materials
Clay Bricks (10 Bricks).
30. CLAY BRICK TESTS
4. EFFLORESCENCE OF BRICKS
Test Procedures
1. Take sample of brick (10)
and measure the dimension.
2. Put a sign to the sample
that will be test.
31. CLAY BRICK TESTS
4. EFFLORESCENCE OF BRICKS
Test Procedures
3. Place them on
end in the pan
containing distilled
water to a depth of
2.5 cm for 7 days
the test.
32. CLAY BRICK TESTS
4. EFFLORESCENCE OF BRICKS
Test Procedures
4. After 7 days dry the pan
from water at least 3 days at
the same room.
5. Measure the efflorescence
area to the nearest geometric
shape.
37. TESTS OF TERRAZZO TILES
• Dimension and Shape
• Water Absorption
• Total Water Absorption
• Face Water Absorption
• Modulus of Rupture
38. TESTS OF TERRAZZO TILES
• APPLICABLE STANDARDS
• Iraqi Standard Specifications No. 1042
(IQS 1042/1984) For Terrazzo Tiles.
39. TESTS OF TERRAZZO TILES
DIMENSION AND SHAPE
• PURPOSE OF TEST
• To measuring the dimensions of tiles,
shape and conforms to Iraqi Standard
specification (IQS).
41. TESTS OF TERRAZZO TILES
DIMENSION AND SHAPE
• Required Tools
• Steel ruler or tape.
• Required Materials
• Ordinary tiles or Terrazzo tiles (6 tiles).
• Sampling, take 12 tiles from 5000 tiles or
less.
• If two or more from the 6 tiles are not
conforming to the specification the
sampling rejected.
42. TESTS OF TERRAZZO TILES
DIMENSION AND SHAPE
• Test Procedures
• 1.Measuring the length of each (6) tiles,
by steel ruler or tape and calculated the
variation.
• 2.Measuring thickness by steel ruler or
tape and calculated the variation.
43. TESTS OF TERRAZZO TILES
DIMENSION AND SHAPE
• Test Procedures
• 3.Measuring the levels of surface by but
two tiles face to face then press the
corner of two tiles, the corner of first tile
fixed and other movement finally
showed the spacing between the two
pressing corners if there is no
movement, the tiles will be surface
levels.
44. TESTS OF TERRAZZO TILES
WATER ABSORPTION (TOTAL )
• Purpose of test
• To measuring percentage of total
absorption for tiles and conforms to
Iraqi Standard specification (IQS).
45. TESTS OF TERRAZZO TILES
WATER ABSORPTION (TOTAL)
• Standard limits
Total absorption %
Terrazzo Tiles
Not more than 8 %
by weight
46. TESTS OF TERRAZZO TILES
WATER ABSORPTION (TOTAL)
• Required Tools
• 1.Electrical drying oven.
• 2.Basin measured appropriately enough to
submerge the specimen with water.
• 3.Sensitive balance accuracy 0.1% of the mass unit.
• Required Materials
• Ordinary tiles or Terrazzo tiles (6 tiles).
• -Sampling, take 12 tiles from 5000 tiles or less.
• -If two or more from the 6 tiles are not
conforming to the specification the sampling
rejected.
47. TESTS OF TERRAZZO TILES
WATER ABSORPTION (TOTAL)
• Test Procedures
• 1.Put a sign to the sample that will be test.
• 2.The specimen shall be dried to constant weight
in a drying oven at 110 ºC to 115 ºC for about 24
hours.
• 3.Left the sample until get the same room
temperature then weight the dry sample (W1).
• 4.Take a sample and immersed in clean water on
face for 24 hours.
• 5.Extract from water and drying it with a damp of
cloth then weight it (W2).
48. TESTS OF TERRAZZO TILES
WATER ABSORPTION (TOTAL)
• Calculation
• Water absorption % =
(𝑊2−𝑊1)
𝑊1
× 100
• where,
• W1: Dry Weight after oven drying of tile at 110-115
ºC
• W2: Wet Weight of tile after soaking in water for 24
hours
49. TESTS OF TERRAZZO TILES
WATER ABSORPTION (FACE)
• Purpose of test
• To measuring percentage of face water
absorption for tiles and conforms to
Iraqi Standard specification (IQS).
50. TESTS OF TERRAZZO TILES
WATER ABSORPTION (FACE)
• Standards limits
Face water absorption
Terrazzo Tiles
Not more than 0.4
gm/cm2
51. TESTS OF TERRAZZO TILES
WATER ABSORPTION (FACE)
• Required Tools
• 1.Electrical drying oven.
• 2.Basin measured appropriately enough to
submerge the specimen with water.
• 3.Sensitive balance accuracy 0.1% of the mass
unit.
• 4.Steel ruler or tape.
• Required Materials
• Ordinary tiles or Terrazzo tiles (6 tiles).
52. TESTS OF TERRAZZO TILES
WATER ABSORPTION (FACE)
• Test Procedures
• 1.Put a sign to the sample that will be
test.
• 2.The specimen shall be dried to
constant weight in the drying oven at
110 ºC to 115 ºC for about 24 hours.
• 3.Left the sample until get the same
room temperature then weight the dry
sample (W1).
53. TESTS OF TERRAZZO TILES
WATER ABSORPTION (FACE)
• Test Procedures
• 4.Mark (5 mm) in the depth direction from the
tile face, and then mark a line around the tile.
• 5.Put the tile marker in a pan for 24 hours so
that the tile face must be on the base of the
pan, then pour water in the pan till it reaches
the line marked not exceed (±2 mm) above the
line marker.
• 6.Extract from water and drying the face with a
damp of cloth then weight it (W2).
54. TESTS OF TERRAZZO TILES
WATER ABSORPTION (FACE)
• Calculation
•Face water absorption =
(𝑊2−𝑊1)
𝐴
• W1: Dry Weight (gm) after oven drying of tile at 110-
115 ºC
• W2: Wet Weight of (gm) tile after soaking the tile
face in water for 24 hours
• A: Area of tile face in cm2.
55. TESTS OF TERRAZZO TILES
MODULUS OF RUPTURE
• Purpose of test
• Determine the modulus of rupture of
tiles and compared it with the Iraqi
specification.
56. TESTS OF TERRAZZO TILES
MODULUS OF RUPTURE
• The Iraqi standard specifications limits:
• The age of tested specimens should be at
least 28 days
• -The Iraqi standard specification specifies
the modulus of rupture to be not less than
(3 N/mm2) for the terrazzo tiles
57. TESTS OF TERRAZZO TILES
MODULUS OF RUPTURE
• Required Tools
• 1.Modulus of rupture test
machine.
• 2.Basin to submerge the
specimen with water.
• 3.Steel ruler or tape.
• Required Materials
• Ordinary tiles or Terrazzo tiles
(6 tiles).
58. TESTS OF TERRAZZO TILES
MODULUS OF RUPTURE
• Test Procedures
• 1.Put a sign to the sample that will be test and
Measuring the dimension of each tile (length, width, and
thickness).
• 2.Take the specimen and immersed in basin of water
with temperature (20±2) Co for 24 hours.
• 3.Extract from water and drying it with a damp of cloth.
59. TESTS OF TERRAZZO TILES
MODULUS OF RUPTURE
• Test Procedures
• 4.Each tile is placed on top of the supports of the device
in a symmetrical manner, with the space between the
cylinder supporting 2/3 from length of tile and the face of
tile on top. As shown in Figure below.
• 5. The load is applied continuously in middle with
constant speed until the fracture occurs and the load of
the fracture is recorded.
61. TESTS OF TERRAZZO TILES
MODULUS OF RUPTURE
• Calculation
• M.O.R =
𝟑 ×𝑷 ×𝑳
𝟐 ×𝒃 × 𝒅𝟐
• Where;
• M.O.R: Modulus of rupture of tile in MPa (N/mm2)
• P: Breaking load of the tile in N
• L: space between supporting in mm (2/3 of length of tile).
• b: width of the tile in mm.
• d : thickness of the tile in mm.
63. TESTS OF GYPSUM
Gypsum plaster comprise all that class
of plastering and cementing materials
which are obtained by partial or
complete dehydration of natural
gypsum.
64. TESTS OF GYPSUM
• Pure gypsum is a hydrous lime sulfate
(CaSO4. 2H2O), the composition of
which by weight is:
65. TESTS OF GYPSUM
Theory of calcinations:
• If pure gypsum is subjected to any temperature
above 100 °C, but not exceeding 190 °C, three-fourth
of the water of combination originally present is
driven off:
66. TESTS OF GYPSUM
Theory of calcinations:
• The resultant product is called plaster of Paris (CaSO4.
1/2 H2O). Plaster of Paris readily recombines with water to
form gypsum, hardening in a very few minutes:
CaSO4. 1
/2 H2O + 11
/2 H2O CaSO4.2H2O
67. TESTS OF GYPSUM
Theory of calcinations:
• If the gypsum is calcined at temperature much above
190 °C it losses all its water of combination, becoming an
anhydrous sulfate of lime:
T >190°C
CaSO4.2H2O CaSO4 + 2 H2O
68. TESTS OF GYPSUM
Gypsum products:
Plaster of Paris:
• Produced by calcinations of a pure gypsum, no
foreign materials being added either during or after
calcinations.
• Uses:
1) It is used as a wall plaster in finish coat.
2) It is used as a mortar for masonry construction.
3) It is used for casting ornamental work.
69. TESTS OF GYPSUM
Gypsum products:
Ordinary plaster:
• It is a hemi hydrate product (CaSO4. 1/2 H2O),
produced by the calcinations of a gypsum
containing certain natural impurities
• Uses:
1) It is used as a wall plaster in first coat.
2) It is used as a mortar for masonry construction.
71. TESTS OF GYPSUM
• Applicable Standards
• Iraqi Standard specification (IQS No. 28 /
1988)
72. TESTS OF GYPSUM
Gypsum fineness test:
.
Purpose of test: -
To determine the gypsum fineness
degree and conforms to Iraqi
Standard specification (IQS).
73. TESTS OF GYPSUM
Gypsum fineness test:
.
specification limits
Gypsum product
The percentage retained on
1.18mm sieve (Not exceed %
by weight)
Pure gypsum(plaster of
Paris)
0%
Ordinary gypsum 8%
74. TESTS OF GYPSUM
Gypsum fineness test:
.
Required Tools
1. Electrical drying oven.
2. Sieve No. 16 (1.18 mm opening diameter)
3. Accurate balance (sensitive 0.1 gm).
4. Pan.
Required Materials
1. Gypsum (100 gm).
75. TESTS OF GYPSUM
Gypsum fineness test:
.
Test Procedures
1- The amount of gypsum shall be dried to
constant weight in a ventilated oven at 110
ºC to 115 ºC.
2- Weight an amount of gypsum (100 gm)
using the accurate balance.
76. TESTS OF GYPSUM
Gypsum fineness test:
.
Test Procedures
3- After putting the sample of gypsum on
the sieve, continue sieving until the particles
of gypsum passes cross through the sieve
opening.
4- Then compress the retained particles on
the sieve by fingers so they could pass
through the opening
5- Then weight the gypsum after sieving by
using the accurate balance.
77. TESTS OF GYPSUM
Gypsum fineness test:
.
Calculation
Fineness degree % =
(𝑊1−𝑊2)
𝑊1
× 100
Where;
W1: weight of sample before sieving (100gm)
W2: weight of the sieved sample (in the pan)
78. TESTS OF GYPSUM
Standard Consistency :
.
Purpose of test: -
This test method is used to determine
the volume of water required for mixing
gypsum plaster when performing the
setting time and compressive strength
tests.
79. TESTS OF GYPSUM
Standard Consistency :
.
Required Tools
1. A cylindrical mold made of non-corroding nonabsorbent
materials, and with an inside diameter of (35mm) and (51mm)
height.
2. Glass plate (250mm for each rib) to support the ring mold.
3. Knife.
4. Clean dry mixing bowl.
5. Timer.
6. Accurate balance (sensitive to 0.1 gm.).
Required Materials
1. (75 gm.) of gypsum & (50 ml as a first attempt) of water.
80. TESTS OF GYPSUM
Standard Consistency :
.
Test Procedures
1. Put the mold on the base plate, then spray
(75 gm) of gypsum to a known volume of
water (50 ml as a first attempt).
2. Mixing bowl within 15 seconds, after that
leave it for 30 seconds and vibrate to drive off
bubbles.
3. Then mix it by a knife for 30 seconds, after
that pour the mixture into the ring mold
settle by a knife.
81. TESTS OF GYPSUM
Standard Consistency :
.
Test Procedures
4. Raise the cylindrical mold after 2 minutes
from the time of adding the gypsum sample
to water, the mixture will spread on the base
plate.
5. Measure the maximum and minimum
diameter after spreading, repeat this
procedure until you have an average
diameters equal to (100+ 3 mm).
average diffusing diameters= (maximum
diameter + minimum diameter)/2
82. TESTS OF GYPSUM
Standard Consistency :
•
Calculations:
•
Standard consistency=
𝐰𝐚𝐭𝐞𝐫 𝐯𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐦𝐞 𝐮𝐬𝐞𝐝 𝐭𝐨 𝐠𝐞𝐭 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐬𝐭𝐚𝐧𝐝𝐚𝐫𝐝 𝐝𝐢𝐟𝐟𝐮𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐜𝐦𝟑
𝟕𝟓 𝐠𝐦𝐨𝐟 𝐠𝐲𝐩𝐬𝐮𝐦
×100
83. TESTS OF GYPSUM
Setting time:
•
Purpose of test:
•
to measure the setting time of
gypsum plaster and compare it
with the ( IQS No 28).
•
84. TESTS OF GYPSUM
Setting time:
• Iraqi standard specifications No. 28 limits;
• 1.Pure gypsum (plaster of Pairs): the
gypsum setting time not less than 8
minutes and not more than 25 minutes.
• 2.Ordinary gypsum: the gypsum setting
time not less than 8 minutes and not
more than 25 minutes
85. TESTS OF GYPSUM
Setting time:
• Required Tools
• 1- Vicate apparatus with
needle of (1 mm) diameter.
• 2- Base plate and mixing
plate.
• 3- A conical ring mold
which has a (70 mm) diameter
for lower base, (60 mm)
diameter for upper base and
(40 mm) height.
• 4- Timer and knife.
• 5- Accurate balance.
86. TESTS OF GYPSUM
Setting time:
• Required Tools
• 1-Vicate apparatus with needle of (1
mm) diameter.
• 2- Base plate and mixing plate.
• 3- A conical ring mold which has a
(70 mm) diameter for lower base,
(60 mm) diameter for upper base
and (40 mm) height.
• 4- Timer and knife.
• 5- Accurate balance.
• Required Materials
• 1- (200 gm) of gypsum and water.
87. TESTS OF GYPSUM
Setting time:
• Test Procedures
• 1. Place Viccate apparatus, then applying thin coat
of suitable oil to the mold and base plate it into
Vicate apparatus
• 2. Weight (200) gm of gypsum sample
• 3. Prepare quantity of water which is calculated from
normal consistency depending on the weight of
sample
• 4. Adding the gypsum to required water and mix it
together on the mixing plate
88. TESTS OF GYPSUM
Setting time:
• Test Procedures
• 5. Operate the time from the moment of adding the
gypsum to the water
• 6. Pour the mixture into the mold and flat the
surface with knife
• 7. Lower the Vicate needle until contact the surface
of gypsum paste and penetrate through it
• 8. Repeat the operation from time to time
89. TESTS OF GYPSUM
Setting time:
• Test Procedures
• 9. The distance between each attempt and between
the edge of mold not less than 12 mm
• 10.The setting time will be considered when the
needle no longer penetrates to the bottom of base
plate
• 11.The final setting time in minutes is considered
from the time of adding the gypsum to the water
until the time of complete setting of gypsum paste.
90. TESTS OF GYPSUM
Compressive strength :
•Purpose of test:
• Specify the compression strength
of gypsum specimens and
compare it with the (IQS No 28).
91. TESTS OF GYPSUM
Compressive strength :
•Specification Minimum Limits :
Gypsum product
compressive strength not less
than (N/mm2)
Pure gypsum(plaster of
Paris)
5
Ordinary gypsum 3
92. TESTS OF GYPSUM
Compressive strength :
• Required Tools
• 1- Specimen molds (50x50x50 mm).
• 2- Compressive testing device.
• 3- Accurate balance.
• 4- Clean dry mixing bowl and knife.
• 5-Drying oven.
• Required Materials
• 1- (1000 gm) of gypsum and water.
93. TESTS OF GYPSUM
Compressive strength :
• Test Procedures
• 1. Applying a thin layer of suitable oil to the cast mold
• 2. Prepare a gypsum paste by Sprinkling (1000 gm) of gypsum to
a known volume of water (calculated from equation below) in the
mixing bowl within 60 seconds, after that leave it for 30 seconds,
then mix it by a knife for 60 seconds
• 3. Add the gypsum paste into the cubic mold in two layers, each
layer (25mm) in height
• 4. drive off bubbles by lifting the edge (1cm) up and down for five
times, after filling the molds for period not more than (10 min.)
and then level the surface with knife.
94. TESTS OF GYPSUM
Compressive strength :
• Test Procedures
• 5. After the gypsum specimens were hardened, it will remove from the
mold.
• 6. Place the gypsum specimens for (7) days in humidity processor (20
ºC and 65 humidity), then place it in a drying oven at temperature of
(40±5ºC) until the weight of the gypsum cubes will constant with
tolerance of (0.1 gm during 24 hours).
• 7. remove gypsum cubes from the drying oven and leave it to cool in
room temperature conditions
• 8. Put the gypsum each cube in compressive machine and apply a
constant load on the face perpendicular to the cast face until it fails
get the failure load to calculate the compressive strength (average of
three cubes)
95. TESTS OF GYPSUM
Compressive strength :
•Calculation: -
•-Calculate the compressive strength in
(N/mm2) from the following equation:
Compressive strength (N/mm2) = (failure
load (N) /cross section area (50x50 mm2)
