The Constitution of India is the supreme law of India that lays down the framework for the government. It establishes India as a sovereign, socialist, secular, democratic republic and defines the relationship between the federal government and state governments. The Constitution is the longest in the world with 395 articles and 12 schedules at the time of framing. It was drafted by the Constituent Assembly over two years and came into effect on January 26, 1950. Key architects include B.R. Ambedkar who chaired the Drafting Committee.
A constitution is the rule book for a state. It sets out the fundamental principles by which the state is governed. It describes the main institutions of the state, and defines the relationship between these institutions (for example, between the executive, legislature and judiciary).
A constitution is a body of fundamental principles according to which a state is constituted or governed.
A constitution is a body of fundamental principles according to which a state is constituted or governed.
pls dont copy as it is, took a lot of effort in making :[
Sections Included:
1. Introduction
2. Constitution of India
3. Need for Constitution in a Democracy
4. History
5. Structure
6. Framing
7. Interesting Facts
8. Conclusion
A constitution is the rule book for a state. It sets out the fundamental principles by which the state is governed. It describes the main institutions of the state, and defines the relationship between these institutions (for example, between the executive, legislature and judiciary).
A constitution is a body of fundamental principles according to which a state is constituted or governed.
A constitution is a body of fundamental principles according to which a state is constituted or governed.
pls dont copy as it is, took a lot of effort in making :[
Sections Included:
1. Introduction
2. Constitution of India
3. Need for Constitution in a Democracy
4. History
5. Structure
6. Framing
7. Interesting Facts
8. Conclusion
Introduction of constitution, Need of a constitution, Characteristics of Indian Constitution, Indian constitution borrowed features from which countries brief description about it.
OBJECTIVE
The scope of this webinar shall be confined to the historical backdrop of the Constitution of India and the events that led to the enactment of the Constitution with specific focus on the contributions by the Constituent Assembly and Drafting Committee. The Webinar shall further discuss on the Preamble of the Constitution of India with elaborate explanations on the key terms in the Preamble with their significance. The outline of the entire Indian Constitution is additionally touched upon to provide an insight about various articles and schedules forming part of the Constitution
Introduction of constitution, Need of a constitution, Characteristics of Indian Constitution, Indian constitution borrowed features from which countries brief description about it.
OBJECTIVE
The scope of this webinar shall be confined to the historical backdrop of the Constitution of India and the events that led to the enactment of the Constitution with specific focus on the contributions by the Constituent Assembly and Drafting Committee. The Webinar shall further discuss on the Preamble of the Constitution of India with elaborate explanations on the key terms in the Preamble with their significance. The outline of the entire Indian Constitution is additionally touched upon to provide an insight about various articles and schedules forming part of the Constitution
Courier management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
It is now-a-days very important for the people to send or receive articles like imported furniture, electronic items, gifts, business goods and the like. People depend vastly on different transport systems which mostly use the manual way of receiving and delivering the articles. There is no way to track the articles till they are received and there is no way to let the customer know what happened in transit, once he booked some articles. In such a situation, we need a system which completely computerizes the cargo activities including time to time tracking of the articles sent. This need is fulfilled by Courier Management System software which is online software for the cargo management people that enables them to receive the goods from a source and send them to a required destination and track their status from time to time.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
Democratizing Fuzzing at Scale by Abhishek Aryaabh.arya
Presented at NUS: Fuzzing and Software Security Summer School 2024
This keynote talks about the democratization of fuzzing at scale, highlighting the collaboration between open source communities, academia, and industry to advance the field of fuzzing. It delves into the history of fuzzing, the development of scalable fuzzing platforms, and the empowerment of community-driven research. The talk will further discuss recent advancements leveraging AI/ML and offer insights into the future evolution of the fuzzing landscape.
Forklift Classes Overview by Intella PartsIntella Parts
Discover the different forklift classes and their specific applications. Learn how to choose the right forklift for your needs to ensure safety, efficiency, and compliance in your operations.
For more technical information, visit our website https://intellaparts.com
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
Vaccine management system project report documentation..pdfKamal Acharya
The Division of Vaccine and Immunization is facing increasing difficulty monitoring vaccines and other commodities distribution once they have been distributed from the national stores. With the introduction of new vaccines, more challenges have been anticipated with this additions posing serious threat to the already over strained vaccine supply chain system in Kenya.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
7. What is the Constitution?
These inscriptions in Hindi and English at the Central Hall of Parliament
House refer to the meeting of the Constituent Assembly of India in this Hall
from Dec. 9, 1946 to January 24, 1950.
1. What is the Constitution?
i. Need for a Constitution in a democracy
ii. The Constitution of India
iii. Organs of the Constitution
8. In a democracy, the Constitution is a sacred text for the
Government- It lays a strong foundation for a parliamentary
democracy to function.
The Constitution is the supreme law of a Nation
India is the largest democracy in the world, and its Constitution
serves as a guiding light for it to function smoothly and vibrantly.
Ever evolving, the Constitution of India is dynamic and adapts itself to
changing times, to address the changing needs and requirements of a
developing nation.
11
Need for Constitution in a Democracy
What does the Constitution provide to its citizens?
9. 1. The Indian
Constitution’s name is
borrowed from the
US
2. Its positions &
functions is borrowed
from the British
Constitution
Did
you
know?
The Australian
Constitution
The
Constitution
of Germany
The Constitution of
the People’s
Republic of China
The American
Constitution-
The oldest
Constitution in
the world
Cover page of the
calligraphic copy
of the
Constitution of
India in English
10. The Constitution of India is the foundational law laying down the
basic political structure of India – i.e. a Parliamentary Democracy
and a Republic with a Federal Structure
It defines the 3 organs of the Republic of India – the Executive, the
Legislature and the Judiciary and clearly defines their power as
well as demarcates their responsibilities
World’s
Longest Contents
The original copy of the
Indian Constitution is
251 pages long- it is the
most detailed in the
world
It contains 395
Articles, 22 Parts and
12 Schedules
It has undergone
103 amendments
till date
Amendments
Constitution of India
Definition, Structure & Key Features
11. The Indian Constitution is completely hand-written and designed
Sh. Nand Lal Bose, a pioneer of
modern Indian Art, designed
the borders of every page of
the Constitution and adorned it
with art pieces.
Sh. Prem Behari Narain Raizada, a
master of calligraphic art, single-
handedly handwrote the
Constitution.
Although it took him 6 months to
complete the task, yet he
charged no money for his work.
Did
you
know?
The original manuscript
of the Constitution was
written on parchment
sheets measuring
16X22 inches having a
lifespan of a thousand
years! It weighed 3.75
kgs.
Expert Translation Committee meeting held at Council House, New
Delhi on 22 January 1950 under the Chairmanship of Shri G.S.
Gupta for signing the Hindi translation of the Constitution of India.
14
12. Making of the Constitution
Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru addressing the inaugural session of the Constituent
Assembly on 13.12.46.
1. Making of our Constitution
i. Founding Fathers of our Constitution
ii. The Constituent Assembly
13. The Constituent Assembly (CA) was set up in 1946
under the leadership of Dr Rajendra Prasad to draft the
Constitution
The CA took 3 years (1946-49) to complete the drafting
The CA had 299 elected members from Provincial
Legislative Assemblies
The CA had 13 committees including the drafting
committee
The Constitution was adopted in 1949 when 284
members signed it, marking the completion of the
Constitution making process
The President of the Constituent Committee- Dr Rajendra
Prasad with other members
The Constituent Assembly
Set up to draft the Constitution of India
14. Dr B.R. Ambedkar
• Referred to as the ‘Father of the
Constitution’, Dr Ambedkar played
a leading role in the Constitution’s
framing process
• He was the Chairman of the
Assembly’s most crucial
committee
– the Drafting Committee.
• He was directly responsible for
preparing the draft Constitution for
Independent India.
• Appointed as the first Law
Minister of independent India in
1947.
Dr. Rajendra Prasad
• President of the Constituent
Assembly.
• Elected as the first President of
independent India On 24th Jan
1950, at the last session of the
Constituent Assembly
• Distinction of being the only
President to have been re-elected
for a second term (1950-1962).
Sardar Vallabh Bhai Patel
• Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel was a key member of
the Constituent Assembly
• He was instrumental in the integration of
over 500 princely states into the Indian
Union.
Founding Fathers of our Constitution
Key figures in India’s constitution-making process
15. Essential Features of the Constitution
D. Essential Features of the Constitution
1. The Preamble
2. The Fundamentals Rights, Duties & Principles
of State Policy
3. Federal Structure & Institutions
i. Executive
ii. Legislature
iii. Judiciary
iv. Constitutional Bodies: UPSC, ECI CAG
4. The States
i. State Executive
ii. State Legislature
iii. State Judiciary
5. Relation between the Union & States
16. The preamble assures the dignity of every Indian citizen
The Preamble
• A brief introductory statement setting out guidelines for the
people of the nation as well as presenting principles of the
Constitution
• Preamble is the preface which highlights the entire Constitution
and embodies fundamental values, philosophy & ethos on
which our Constitution is based and built.
• It includes Fundamental Rights (Liberty of thought, expression,
belief, faith & worship) and Fundamental Duties (Justice, social,
economic & political).
• The whole edifice of the Constitution and structure of the
political system protect and promote constitutional values
embodied in the Preamble
17. Points to remember-Constitution
The Constitution of India is the supreme law of India.
The document lays down the framework demarcating
fundamental political code, structure, procedures,
powers, and duties of government institutions and sets
out fundamental rights, directive principles, and the
duties of citizens. B. R. Ambedkar, chairman of the
drafting committee, is widely considered to be its chief
architect.
18. ● Constitution is a set of rules and regulations for guiding the administration of a
country.
● Our Indian Constitution is the longest constitution in the world.
● Before there were 395 articles and 12 schedules.
● According to 2019, there are 448 articles 12 schedules and 25 parts.
● It was enacted by Constituent Assembly on 26Th November, 1949.
● It came into effect on January 26, 1950.
Contd ….
19. Constitutional Law
Constitutional law - the body of rules and practices that govern the
operation of political communities
It describes the
➔ Roles
➔ Powers
➔ Structures
Of the states, the parliament or legislature
21. SEPARATION OF POWERS
Three powers of state
1. Legislature
2. Executive
3. Judiciary
All these powers are interact in an equitable and balanced way
22. THE LEGISLATURE POWER
The first of the three powers has the task of passing laws and
supervising their implementation. It is exercised by Parliament
The implementation of laws is the task of the executive and judicial
branches
23. THE EXECUTIVE POWER
The executive branch has the task of implementing laws.
It comprises the Federal Government, the Federal President and all
federal authorities including the police and the armed forces.
24. THE JUDICIAL POWER
Judges administer justice, viz. they decide disputes independently and
impartially.
It is their task to ensure that laws are complied with.
Judges cannot be deposed and cannot be assigned other positions
against their will.
25. TASK OF THE NATIONAL AND THE STATE
* Print money
* Regulate interstate (between states) and
international trade
* Make treaties and conduct foreign
policy
* Declare war
* Provide an army and navy
* Establish post offices
* Make laws necessary and proper to carry
out the these powers
* Issue licenses
* Regulate intrastate (within the state)
businesses
* Conduct elections
* Establish local governments
* Ratify amendments to the Constitution
* Take measures for public health and
safety
* May exert powers the Constitution does
not delegate to the national government
or prohibit the states from using
27. Right to Equality
● The Right to Equality prohibits
inequality on the basis of caste,
religion, place of birth, race, or
gender.
28. Right to Freedom
● Freedom of speech
● Freedom of expression, Freedom
of assembly without arms
● Freedom of movement
throughout the territory of our
country
● Freedom of association
● Freedom to practice any
profession
● Freedom to reside in any part of
the country.
29. Right against
Exploitation
● Right against Exploitation
condemns human trafficking,
child labor, forced labor making it
an offense punishable by law, and
also prohibit any act of compelling
a person to work without wages.
30. Right to Freedom of
Religion
● Right to Freedom of Religion
guarantees religious freedom and
ensures secular states in India.
31. Cultural and
Educational Rights
● Cultural Rights protects the rights
of cultural, religious and linguistic
minorities by enabling them to
conserve their heritage and
protecting them against
discrimination.
● Educational rights ensure
education for everyone
irrespective of their caste, gender,
religion, etc
32. Right to
Constitutional
Remedies
● Right to Constitutional Remedies
ensures citizens to go to the
Supreme court of India to ask for
enforcement or protection against
violation of their fundamental
rights.
34. CONSTITUTIONALISM
● Constitutionalism - A political philosophy based on the idea that
government authority is derived from the people and should be limited by a
constitution that clearly expresses what the government can and can't do.
Two Traditions of Constitutionalism
1. Political Constitutionalism - The theory of mixed government originated
with ancient thought and the classification of political systems on the basis
of whether one, a few, or many ruled.
2. Legal Constitutionalism - Any society in which the guarantee of rights is
not assured, nor the separation of powers determined, has no constitution.
35. Quiz
1 . Total No. of Schedule in Constitution of India is :
A. 22
B. 17
C. 97
D. 12
Ans: D
2 . Constitution of India was enacted by the Constituent Assembly on:
A. 26 January 1950
B. 26 Nov. 1949
C. 20 Nov. 1950
D. 20 January 1949
Ans: B
36. 3 . Constitution of India came into effect on:
A. 26 January 1950
B. 26 Nov. 1949
C. 20 Nov. 1950
D. 20 January 1949
Ans: A
4 . Total No. of fundamental rights in Constitution of India is:
A. 12
B. 5
C. 6
D. 8
Ans: C (1.Right to equality 2.Right to freedom 3.Cultural and education rights 4.Constitutional remedies
5.Right for protection 6.Right to vote )
5 . How many articles are in Constitution of India now?
A. 440
B. 441
C. 448
D 443
Ans: C
37. 6. The constitution is the supreme law of the land. It is protected by
A. The Supreme Court
B. The Constituent Assembly
C. The Parliament
D. The President
Ans: A
7. The Constitution of India provides a
A. Presidential form Govt
B. Cabinet System of Government
C. Parliamentary System
D. Bicameral System of government
Ans: B
8. Who was the chairman of Drafting Committee?
A. N Gopalaswamy
B. K.M Munshi
C. N Madhava Rao
D. Dr. B.R. Ambedkar
Ans: D
38. 9. Which of the following exercised the most profound influence in framing the Indian Constitution ?
A. British Constitution
B. U.S. Constitution
C. Irish Constitution
D. The Government of India Act, 1935
Ans: The Government of India Act, 1935
10. The idea of constitution of India was first given by:
A. Mahatma Gandhi
B. Dr. B. R. Ambedkar
C. Jawaharlal Nehru
D. M N Roy
Ans: MN Roy
