This is an introduction to the Constitutional Court of South Africa, built on the site of a former prison to remind the justices that it is their responsibility that such human rights violations are permitted to occur "Never Again"!
Complete List of Labour laws of Pakistan as at June 2015Anthony Williams
This document lists 34 key labour laws in Pakistan as of June 2015, including laws covering apprenticeships, boilers and pressure vessels, bonded labour, employment of children, employee participation in company profits, employment control, cost of living relief for employees, dock labourers, employment of disabled persons, emigration, essential services maintenance, export processing zones, factories and factory canteens, protection against harassment of women at work, industrial relations, maternity benefits, merchant shipping, mines, newspaper employees' conditions of service, employees' old age benefits, provident funds, railways, road transport workers, record of employment service, shops and establishments, social security, industrial employment standing orders, industrial statistics, minimum wages, payment of
Tri-County Hospital Home Health Care has the following goals and objectives: to provide quality nursing care according to nursing standards for geriatric and home health care; to offer home care as a reasonable alternative to ill clients; and to promote continuity of care, rehabilitation, and independence through a team approach and home visits.
1
Personnel & Administrative Reforms Department to conduct a work study
on the organizational set up and functioning of village offices in Kerala
with a view to streamline the procedures followed in the village offices so
as to reduce the work burden and to put forward suggestions to transform
the village offices into model government offices.
17
3.1.4. Accordingly, Administrative Reforms Team-5 of P&AR Department was
entrusted with the task of conducting a comprehensive work study on the
organizational set up and functioning of village offices in Kerala. The
project directive issued by the Principal Secretary, P&AR Department
dated 20/07/2010 formed the basis for conducting the study.
3.1
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive function. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms.
Agrarian land reform program (roxas aquino)Marvin Morales
The document summarizes the history of agrarian land reform programs in the Philippines from the administrations of Manuel Roxas to Corazon Aquino. It discusses the key legislations and initiatives passed during each presidency to address land ownership and promote social justice. While progress was made, many administrations struggled with lack of funding, opposition from landowners, and slow implementation. Under Aquino, the Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Program was established as the centerpiece of her administration but still faced challenges of budget shortfalls, legal issues, and inter-agency coordination.
The document summarizes several key labor laws in India, including the Industrial Disputes Act, Trade Unions Act, Minimum Wages Act, Payment of Wages Act, Payment of Bonus Act, Employees' Provident Funds and Miscellaneous Provisions Act, and Employees' State Insurance Act. It provides details on the scope and requirements of each law, such as definitions of employees and wages, minimum wage rates, timely payment of wages, bonus eligibility and calculation, provident fund contributions and transfers, and medical benefits for employees.
The document discusses several key aspects of the American judicial system, including the importance of judicial independence, the common law tradition, and sources of American law such as statutes, administrative law, and case law. It also provides an overview of the federal court system, describing the different types of federal courts and their roles. The Supreme Court's process for deciding cases and issuing opinions is outlined. The selection of federal judges and debates around judicial activism vs. restraint are also summarized.
This document discusses problems with the current model of court governance and administration. It notes that the executive model of court administration creates structural deficiencies that make it difficult to strategically plan activities and leads to organizational "atrophy". Specifically, it finds that the separation of judicial and administrative operations isolates governance structures and prevents adequate involvement of judges in operational planning. This bifurcated system results in misalignment between authority and responsibility. As a conclusion, the document states that there are fundamental obstacles to strategic long-term planning of court activities under the current model.
Complete List of Labour laws of Pakistan as at June 2015Anthony Williams
This document lists 34 key labour laws in Pakistan as of June 2015, including laws covering apprenticeships, boilers and pressure vessels, bonded labour, employment of children, employee participation in company profits, employment control, cost of living relief for employees, dock labourers, employment of disabled persons, emigration, essential services maintenance, export processing zones, factories and factory canteens, protection against harassment of women at work, industrial relations, maternity benefits, merchant shipping, mines, newspaper employees' conditions of service, employees' old age benefits, provident funds, railways, road transport workers, record of employment service, shops and establishments, social security, industrial employment standing orders, industrial statistics, minimum wages, payment of
Tri-County Hospital Home Health Care has the following goals and objectives: to provide quality nursing care according to nursing standards for geriatric and home health care; to offer home care as a reasonable alternative to ill clients; and to promote continuity of care, rehabilitation, and independence through a team approach and home visits.
1
Personnel & Administrative Reforms Department to conduct a work study
on the organizational set up and functioning of village offices in Kerala
with a view to streamline the procedures followed in the village offices so
as to reduce the work burden and to put forward suggestions to transform
the village offices into model government offices.
17
3.1.4. Accordingly, Administrative Reforms Team-5 of P&AR Department was
entrusted with the task of conducting a comprehensive work study on the
organizational set up and functioning of village offices in Kerala. The
project directive issued by the Principal Secretary, P&AR Department
dated 20/07/2010 formed the basis for conducting the study.
3.1
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive function. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms.
Agrarian land reform program (roxas aquino)Marvin Morales
The document summarizes the history of agrarian land reform programs in the Philippines from the administrations of Manuel Roxas to Corazon Aquino. It discusses the key legislations and initiatives passed during each presidency to address land ownership and promote social justice. While progress was made, many administrations struggled with lack of funding, opposition from landowners, and slow implementation. Under Aquino, the Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Program was established as the centerpiece of her administration but still faced challenges of budget shortfalls, legal issues, and inter-agency coordination.
The document summarizes several key labor laws in India, including the Industrial Disputes Act, Trade Unions Act, Minimum Wages Act, Payment of Wages Act, Payment of Bonus Act, Employees' Provident Funds and Miscellaneous Provisions Act, and Employees' State Insurance Act. It provides details on the scope and requirements of each law, such as definitions of employees and wages, minimum wage rates, timely payment of wages, bonus eligibility and calculation, provident fund contributions and transfers, and medical benefits for employees.
The document discusses several key aspects of the American judicial system, including the importance of judicial independence, the common law tradition, and sources of American law such as statutes, administrative law, and case law. It also provides an overview of the federal court system, describing the different types of federal courts and their roles. The Supreme Court's process for deciding cases and issuing opinions is outlined. The selection of federal judges and debates around judicial activism vs. restraint are also summarized.
This document discusses problems with the current model of court governance and administration. It notes that the executive model of court administration creates structural deficiencies that make it difficult to strategically plan activities and leads to organizational "atrophy". Specifically, it finds that the separation of judicial and administrative operations isolates governance structures and prevents adequate involvement of judges in operational planning. This bifurcated system results in misalignment between authority and responsibility. As a conclusion, the document states that there are fundamental obstacles to strategic long-term planning of court activities under the current model.
The document provides a history of Soweto, South Africa from its early years under apartheid to the post-apartheid era. It details key events such as the establishment of Soweto in the 1940s, the imposition of apartheid laws in the 1950s, and the 1976 Soweto uprising where police opened fire on peaceful protesting students, killing over 500 people including Hector Pieterson whose photo came to symbolize the struggle against apartheid. While violence escalated in the aftermath, the student protests marked the beginning of widespread opposition that ultimately led to the end of apartheid and establishment of democratic elections in 1994.
This document provides an overview of apartheid in South Africa. It defines apartheid as a system of racial segregation and discrimination enforced by the National Party government beginning in 1948. It describes how the population was classified into racial groups and laws were enacted to restrict where people could live, work, attend school, and participate in politics based on their race. The system led to the forced removal and resettlement of millions of black South Africans. Key figures like Hendrik Verwoerd implemented apartheid policies while Nelson Mandela opposed them through non-violent resistance. International pressure and economic sanctions contributed to the end of apartheid in 1994.
This document provides an overview of key events and figures in the history of the Civil Rights Movement in the United States. It discusses the Black Codes passed after the Civil War to restrict the rights of black people, the 1896 Plessy v. Ferguson Supreme Court decision that upheld racial segregation under the "separate but equal" doctrine, and various methods used to disenfranchise black voters like poll taxes and literacy tests. Important events covered include the 1952 Brown v. Board of Education Supreme Court ruling that declared racial segregation in public schools unconstitutional, the Montgomery Bus Boycott sparked by Rosa Parks' arrest, and Martin Luther King Jr.'s iconic "I Have a Dream" speech during the 1963 March on Washington.
The document summarizes the key events and issues during the Antebellum period in the United States leading up to the Civil War. It describes the different economic bases of the Northern and Southern states and their reliance on one another. It discusses the institution of slavery, slave codes, and resistance efforts including the Underground Railroad. Abolitionist movements spread and influential books like Uncle Tom's Cabin helped sway public opinion against slavery, while the government failed to take action to end the growing divide over the issue of expanding slavery into new territories.
The Fugitive Slave Chapel Preservation project was formed to save the Fugitive Slave Chapel built in 1848 in London Ontario Canada. More information at www.fscpp.ca
Nelson Mandela was the first black President of South Africa who fought against apartheid. The chapter describes his inauguration ceremony in 1994, the first democratic election after the end of apartheid. It discusses Mandela's early life and involvement in fighting against apartheid, for which he was imprisoned for 27 years. The chapter pays tribute to other leaders of the anti-apartheid movement and remembers the sacrifices made by thousands of people to establish democracy in South Africa.
Nelson Mandela was the first black President of South Africa who fought against apartheid. The chapter describes his inauguration ceremony in 1994, the first democratic election after the end of apartheid. It discusses Mandela's early life and involvement in fighting against apartheid, for which he was imprisoned for 27 years. The chapter pays tribute to other leaders of the anti-apartheid movement and remembers the sacrifices made by thousands of people to establish democracy in South Africa.
The document discusses apartheid and prejudice in South Africa. During the 16th century, the Dutch settled in South Africa and became the first settlers, calling themselves Boers. In the 20th century, South Africa was ruled by Boers and the natives were treated as servants or slaves with few freedoms. The apartheid laws were created by the government to ensure blacks had no power while whites had power. Over time, activists like Nelson Mandela, Steve Biko and Desmond Tutu protested apartheid, though protests sometimes led to violence and deaths. After many years of struggle and resistance, Nelson Mandela became president in 1994 and apartheid was ended, bringing freedom at last.
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>MUST READ!<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<
This is a slide show, lasting around 20-25 minutes if gone through continuously. Contains things about Nelson Mandela and his part in the South African Apartheid, Carter G. Woodson (founder of Black History Month) and Martin Luther King Jr. and how he helped the USA earn equality in the country. The clip for the I have a Dream speech will be at the bottom of this description.
Best for RE lessons, but can also be helpful in History Lessons. Furthermore, it can be used as a basis of biography writing in English. But can be used freely!
To play the speech, you'll have to go to the very start of the presentation, turn up the volume and press the play button at the bar where the left and right controls are. Listen, keep listening. And I'm sorry about this whole thing. I'll remove it soon and put in a hyperlink leading to another presentation, I promise this one will have the words. But for now, you'll have to stick with this. Sorry!
Thanks anyway!
Nadine Gordimer's short story "Africa Emergent" explores the theme of defying oppression through the characterization of Elias Nkomo. Elias was a sculptor in Africa who faced oppression under racist laws. He moved to America in hopes of getting an education and escaping oppression, but still faced it from both African and American oppressors. The story shows that true freedom requires not just escaping one's oppressors, but overcoming the effects of oppression itself.
Nelson Mandela-A Long Walk to Freedom.pptSaksham784716
Nelson Mandela gave a speech at his 1994 inauguration as South Africa's first democratically elected president. In the speech, he discussed the suffering caused by apartheid and the courage of those who fought for equality. Mandela said freedom is indivisible, and both the oppressed and oppressor are robbed of their humanity under discrimination and oppression. He had struggled his entire life for the freedom of all South Africans to live with dignity and respect.
The document summarizes the history of apartheid in South Africa and its eventual end. It describes how apartheid was instituted in 1948, establishing racial segregation and oppression of non-white populations. Anti-apartheid movements like the ANC organized protests but faced harsh crackdowns. Leaders like Nelson Mandela and Steve Biko were imprisoned. International sanctions and domestic unrest increased pressure until F.W. de Klerk legalized the ANC and released Mandela in 1990, paving the way for multi-racial elections in 1994 that elected Mandela as South Africa's first black president, marking the official end of apartheid.
1) Various Australian states passed legislation from the late 1800s to control and segregate Aboriginal people, granting police powers as protectors and enforcers. This included removing children from families and restricting movement.
2) Police played dual roles as regular law enforcement and as protectors, with broad powers to control Aboriginal people's daily lives and place children in missions.
3) The criminalization of aspects of Indigenous life through protection acts led to high rates of incarceration for offenses like alcohol use or not complying with rations. Separate Indigenous courts further punished people.
A History of the Cambodian Genocide.pdfLinda Garcia
The document provides a detailed overview of the brutal Khmer Rouge regime in Cambodia from 1975-1979 led by Pol Pot. It describes how Pol Pot rose to power and sought to transform Cambodia into an agrarian utopian society, declaring "year zero" and purging the country of influences from the past. The Khmer Rouge forcibly evacuated cities, established labor camps, and systematically killed millions perceived as enemies of the state through starvation, overwork, and execution. While the exact death toll is uncertain, most estimates range from 1.5-2 million killed through genocide and its aftermath. The international community largely ignored or disregarded the atrocities as they occurred. Pol Pot and other Khmer Rouge leaders evaded prosecution and maintained
The document describes the experiences of a young Jewish girl in 1941 who was denied entrance to her first day of school because of new Nazi laws prohibiting Jewish children from attending. It goes on to explain the progression of Nazi anti-Semitic laws and policies in the 1930s that restricted and persecuted Jews, culminating in the establishment of ghettos and concentration camps where Jews were imprisoned and killed. The camps had horrific living conditions and were difficult to escape, with the goal of the "Final Solution" being the systematic murder of Jewish people.
This document summarizes key facts and personal stories about the HIV/AIDS pandemic from 1981 to 2011. It notes that HIV causes AIDS, which weakens the immune system. Over 33 million people are currently living with HIV/AIDS, and over 25 million have died from it. The developing world has been most heavily impacted, with over 96% of cases. Anti-retroviral drugs have helped many live longer, but access remains limited. The document shares perspectives from those infected and affected in their struggle to survive and prevent further transmission.
The Sunny Cove Manor is an oceanfront guesthouse near Cape Town, South Africa with stunning views of False Bay from its wrap-around veranda, turret sitting rooms, and dining room. The property includes a main house, granny cottage with secret garden, tiered indigenous gardens, and pathways leading to a beach promenade. It offers secure parking and is near attractions like Kalk Bay while being a 20 minute drive from Cape Town. The guesthouse is for sale or can be operated as a bed and breakfast.
1) Townships around Cape Town are informal settlements that are home to 8-10 million people, with Khayelitsha being the largest at 1 million residents.
2) Life in the townships is difficult, as most homes lack running water, bathrooms, and are vulnerable to flooding. However, residents work hard to earn a living and create communities through friendships and local businesses.
3) While conditions are challenging, there is a strong sense of community as residents support each other through sharing what little they have.
The document provides a floor plan listing of rooms and areas at Fish Hoek Primary School in South Africa, including front doors, reception area, hallways, classrooms for grades 2 through kindergarten, an after school care room, library, music hallway, practice rooms, stage, balconies, courtyards, playgrounds, and playfields as well as a pool.
This document provides a photographic tour of Bay Primary School in Fish Hoek, South Africa, including photos of the west and east sides of the school, the front doors, part of the playground, grade 3 hallway and desks, chalkboards, grade 4 lockers and hallway, views of the playfields and from grade 4 classroom, the library entrance and grades 3 and 4 library, computer lab, kindergarten play area and outside play area and sand box, the bus stop, and a view of the school from Beacon Ridge.
There are 7 main forms of transportation used in South Africa: personal cars, walking, bicycles, horse-drawn carts, buses, taxi vans, and trains. Public transportation is important because unemployment is high at 40% and many cannot afford personal vehicles. The most common forms of public transportation are minibus taxis, which provide flexible routes but can be unsafe, and trains, which 15% of commuters use daily. Buses account for 22% of public transportation use. New BRT systems are being implemented to provide safer alternatives to minibus taxis.
The document provides a history of Soweto, South Africa from its early years under apartheid to the post-apartheid era. It details key events such as the establishment of Soweto in the 1940s, the imposition of apartheid laws in the 1950s, and the 1976 Soweto uprising where police opened fire on peaceful protesting students, killing over 500 people including Hector Pieterson whose photo came to symbolize the struggle against apartheid. While violence escalated in the aftermath, the student protests marked the beginning of widespread opposition that ultimately led to the end of apartheid and establishment of democratic elections in 1994.
This document provides an overview of apartheid in South Africa. It defines apartheid as a system of racial segregation and discrimination enforced by the National Party government beginning in 1948. It describes how the population was classified into racial groups and laws were enacted to restrict where people could live, work, attend school, and participate in politics based on their race. The system led to the forced removal and resettlement of millions of black South Africans. Key figures like Hendrik Verwoerd implemented apartheid policies while Nelson Mandela opposed them through non-violent resistance. International pressure and economic sanctions contributed to the end of apartheid in 1994.
This document provides an overview of key events and figures in the history of the Civil Rights Movement in the United States. It discusses the Black Codes passed after the Civil War to restrict the rights of black people, the 1896 Plessy v. Ferguson Supreme Court decision that upheld racial segregation under the "separate but equal" doctrine, and various methods used to disenfranchise black voters like poll taxes and literacy tests. Important events covered include the 1952 Brown v. Board of Education Supreme Court ruling that declared racial segregation in public schools unconstitutional, the Montgomery Bus Boycott sparked by Rosa Parks' arrest, and Martin Luther King Jr.'s iconic "I Have a Dream" speech during the 1963 March on Washington.
The document summarizes the key events and issues during the Antebellum period in the United States leading up to the Civil War. It describes the different economic bases of the Northern and Southern states and their reliance on one another. It discusses the institution of slavery, slave codes, and resistance efforts including the Underground Railroad. Abolitionist movements spread and influential books like Uncle Tom's Cabin helped sway public opinion against slavery, while the government failed to take action to end the growing divide over the issue of expanding slavery into new territories.
The Fugitive Slave Chapel Preservation project was formed to save the Fugitive Slave Chapel built in 1848 in London Ontario Canada. More information at www.fscpp.ca
Nelson Mandela was the first black President of South Africa who fought against apartheid. The chapter describes his inauguration ceremony in 1994, the first democratic election after the end of apartheid. It discusses Mandela's early life and involvement in fighting against apartheid, for which he was imprisoned for 27 years. The chapter pays tribute to other leaders of the anti-apartheid movement and remembers the sacrifices made by thousands of people to establish democracy in South Africa.
Nelson Mandela was the first black President of South Africa who fought against apartheid. The chapter describes his inauguration ceremony in 1994, the first democratic election after the end of apartheid. It discusses Mandela's early life and involvement in fighting against apartheid, for which he was imprisoned for 27 years. The chapter pays tribute to other leaders of the anti-apartheid movement and remembers the sacrifices made by thousands of people to establish democracy in South Africa.
The document discusses apartheid and prejudice in South Africa. During the 16th century, the Dutch settled in South Africa and became the first settlers, calling themselves Boers. In the 20th century, South Africa was ruled by Boers and the natives were treated as servants or slaves with few freedoms. The apartheid laws were created by the government to ensure blacks had no power while whites had power. Over time, activists like Nelson Mandela, Steve Biko and Desmond Tutu protested apartheid, though protests sometimes led to violence and deaths. After many years of struggle and resistance, Nelson Mandela became president in 1994 and apartheid was ended, bringing freedom at last.
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>MUST READ!<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<
This is a slide show, lasting around 20-25 minutes if gone through continuously. Contains things about Nelson Mandela and his part in the South African Apartheid, Carter G. Woodson (founder of Black History Month) and Martin Luther King Jr. and how he helped the USA earn equality in the country. The clip for the I have a Dream speech will be at the bottom of this description.
Best for RE lessons, but can also be helpful in History Lessons. Furthermore, it can be used as a basis of biography writing in English. But can be used freely!
To play the speech, you'll have to go to the very start of the presentation, turn up the volume and press the play button at the bar where the left and right controls are. Listen, keep listening. And I'm sorry about this whole thing. I'll remove it soon and put in a hyperlink leading to another presentation, I promise this one will have the words. But for now, you'll have to stick with this. Sorry!
Thanks anyway!
Nadine Gordimer's short story "Africa Emergent" explores the theme of defying oppression through the characterization of Elias Nkomo. Elias was a sculptor in Africa who faced oppression under racist laws. He moved to America in hopes of getting an education and escaping oppression, but still faced it from both African and American oppressors. The story shows that true freedom requires not just escaping one's oppressors, but overcoming the effects of oppression itself.
Nelson Mandela-A Long Walk to Freedom.pptSaksham784716
Nelson Mandela gave a speech at his 1994 inauguration as South Africa's first democratically elected president. In the speech, he discussed the suffering caused by apartheid and the courage of those who fought for equality. Mandela said freedom is indivisible, and both the oppressed and oppressor are robbed of their humanity under discrimination and oppression. He had struggled his entire life for the freedom of all South Africans to live with dignity and respect.
The document summarizes the history of apartheid in South Africa and its eventual end. It describes how apartheid was instituted in 1948, establishing racial segregation and oppression of non-white populations. Anti-apartheid movements like the ANC organized protests but faced harsh crackdowns. Leaders like Nelson Mandela and Steve Biko were imprisoned. International sanctions and domestic unrest increased pressure until F.W. de Klerk legalized the ANC and released Mandela in 1990, paving the way for multi-racial elections in 1994 that elected Mandela as South Africa's first black president, marking the official end of apartheid.
1) Various Australian states passed legislation from the late 1800s to control and segregate Aboriginal people, granting police powers as protectors and enforcers. This included removing children from families and restricting movement.
2) Police played dual roles as regular law enforcement and as protectors, with broad powers to control Aboriginal people's daily lives and place children in missions.
3) The criminalization of aspects of Indigenous life through protection acts led to high rates of incarceration for offenses like alcohol use or not complying with rations. Separate Indigenous courts further punished people.
A History of the Cambodian Genocide.pdfLinda Garcia
The document provides a detailed overview of the brutal Khmer Rouge regime in Cambodia from 1975-1979 led by Pol Pot. It describes how Pol Pot rose to power and sought to transform Cambodia into an agrarian utopian society, declaring "year zero" and purging the country of influences from the past. The Khmer Rouge forcibly evacuated cities, established labor camps, and systematically killed millions perceived as enemies of the state through starvation, overwork, and execution. While the exact death toll is uncertain, most estimates range from 1.5-2 million killed through genocide and its aftermath. The international community largely ignored or disregarded the atrocities as they occurred. Pol Pot and other Khmer Rouge leaders evaded prosecution and maintained
The document describes the experiences of a young Jewish girl in 1941 who was denied entrance to her first day of school because of new Nazi laws prohibiting Jewish children from attending. It goes on to explain the progression of Nazi anti-Semitic laws and policies in the 1930s that restricted and persecuted Jews, culminating in the establishment of ghettos and concentration camps where Jews were imprisoned and killed. The camps had horrific living conditions and were difficult to escape, with the goal of the "Final Solution" being the systematic murder of Jewish people.
Similar to Constitutional Court, South Africa (16)
This document summarizes key facts and personal stories about the HIV/AIDS pandemic from 1981 to 2011. It notes that HIV causes AIDS, which weakens the immune system. Over 33 million people are currently living with HIV/AIDS, and over 25 million have died from it. The developing world has been most heavily impacted, with over 96% of cases. Anti-retroviral drugs have helped many live longer, but access remains limited. The document shares perspectives from those infected and affected in their struggle to survive and prevent further transmission.
The Sunny Cove Manor is an oceanfront guesthouse near Cape Town, South Africa with stunning views of False Bay from its wrap-around veranda, turret sitting rooms, and dining room. The property includes a main house, granny cottage with secret garden, tiered indigenous gardens, and pathways leading to a beach promenade. It offers secure parking and is near attractions like Kalk Bay while being a 20 minute drive from Cape Town. The guesthouse is for sale or can be operated as a bed and breakfast.
1) Townships around Cape Town are informal settlements that are home to 8-10 million people, with Khayelitsha being the largest at 1 million residents.
2) Life in the townships is difficult, as most homes lack running water, bathrooms, and are vulnerable to flooding. However, residents work hard to earn a living and create communities through friendships and local businesses.
3) While conditions are challenging, there is a strong sense of community as residents support each other through sharing what little they have.
The document provides a floor plan listing of rooms and areas at Fish Hoek Primary School in South Africa, including front doors, reception area, hallways, classrooms for grades 2 through kindergarten, an after school care room, library, music hallway, practice rooms, stage, balconies, courtyards, playgrounds, and playfields as well as a pool.
This document provides a photographic tour of Bay Primary School in Fish Hoek, South Africa, including photos of the west and east sides of the school, the front doors, part of the playground, grade 3 hallway and desks, chalkboards, grade 4 lockers and hallway, views of the playfields and from grade 4 classroom, the library entrance and grades 3 and 4 library, computer lab, kindergarten play area and outside play area and sand box, the bus stop, and a view of the school from Beacon Ridge.
There are 7 main forms of transportation used in South Africa: personal cars, walking, bicycles, horse-drawn carts, buses, taxi vans, and trains. Public transportation is important because unemployment is high at 40% and many cannot afford personal vehicles. The most common forms of public transportation are minibus taxis, which provide flexible routes but can be unsafe, and trains, which 15% of commuters use daily. Buses account for 22% of public transportation use. New BRT systems are being implemented to provide safer alternatives to minibus taxis.
The document contains profiles from students in South Africa ranging from grades 2 through 10. Each profile provides the student's name, grade, school details like class size and subject preferences. They describe their home life, including parents' employment and languages spoken. Students also share their future goals and questions for American students. Common themes are traveling long distances to school, unsafe neighborhoods, parental unemployment, and dreams of helping their families through education.
The document provides vocabulary words commonly used in South Africa and presents their South African definitions through examples of usage. It presents each vocabulary word individually with multiple choice definitions, reveals the correct South African definition, and provides an example sentence using the word. Some of the words presented include zebra hump, boot, trolley, stop sign, okayfine, geyser, robot, transport, just now, now now, porridge, cheers, cubby hole, pigeon hole, bonnet, nice, izzit, pleasure, shame, and chips.
The document discusses the life of African penguins, including their colony location in Boulder National Park, their mating habits of forming lifelong pairs through courtship displays, how they care for offspring by building nests and feeding chicks until they molt from blue to adult feathers, and their need to survive through molting, foraging for food while vulnerable, and hiding from threats in brush along the coast.
The document is a letter from Mr. Vrudny responding to questions from 4th grade students in Greenwood, Minnesota about South Africa. It answers questions about toilets flushing differently, houses being made of clay, education and technology access, differences between white and black incomes and experiences, and other cultural and lifestyle aspects in South Africa.
Xenophobia refers to an unreasonable fear or hatred of foreigners or people perceived as foreign. It is experienced in South Africa, where high unemployment rates, especially in non-white areas, have led some South Africans to believe foreigners are taking jobs. This has resulted in violence against foreigners. To combat xenophobia, education is key - providing opportunities for positive interaction between people of different backgrounds, learning others' stories, and supporting organizations like the Scalabrini Center and Lawrence House that help immigrants and refugees. The document discusses these organizations, which the Vrudny family volunteers with.
Apartheid was a system of government and segregation in South Africa between 1948 and 1994 that divided the population into four racial groups: Black, White, Coloured, and Asian. The white minority population controlled the country and determined where each racial group could live, go to school, and work. Nelson Mandela led the African National Congress party to victory in South Africa's first free elections in 1994, ending apartheid and white minority rule in the country.
South Africa has a long history of migration and settlement by various groups starting 3000 BC. Major kingdoms were established by the Zulu and Xhosa tribes in the 1400-1600 period. The Dutch established Cape Town in 1652 and were the first Europeans to settle in South Africa. Apartheid was introduced in 1948, legally separating racial groups. Nelson Mandela was imprisoned for 27 years for opposing apartheid before being released in 1990. South Africa's first democratic elections open to all races were held in 1994, where Mandela was elected president, marking the end of apartheid.
The Rand is the currency of South Africa. It trades at around 8 Rands to 1 US Dollar, but the exchange rate fluctuates daily. Common Rand denominations and their equivalent dollar values are provided. Food, drink, and other item prices in Rand are listed and converted to dollars to compare costs between South Africa and Minnesota. Knowing and tracking the exchange rate is important for understanding purchasing power when visiting or living in South Africa.
South Africa is located on the continent of Africa. It has a population of 48 million people and its capital and largest city is Pretoria. South Africa has a diverse landscape and is home to many species of wildlife.
The Freedom Charter was drafted and adopted at the Congress of the People in Kliptown, South Africa on June 26, 1955. Over 3,000 delegates from anti-apartheid organizations gathered to establish a vision for South Africa alternative to the repressive apartheid policies. The Charter outlined democratic rights and freedoms that would apply equally regardless of race, including rights to land, housing, education, and more. However, the conference was ended prematurely when police arrived and confiscated documents, accusing organizers of treason.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
Main Java[All of the Base Concepts}.docxadhitya5119
This is part 1 of my Java Learning Journey. This Contains Custom methods, classes, constructors, packages, multithreading , try- catch block, finally block and more.
Thinking of getting a dog? Be aware that breeds like Pit Bulls, Rottweilers, and German Shepherds can be loyal and dangerous. Proper training and socialization are crucial to preventing aggressive behaviors. Ensure safety by understanding their needs and always supervising interactions. Stay safe, and enjoy your furry friends!
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An import error occurs when a program fails to import a module or library, disrupting its execution. In languages like Python, this issue arises when the specified module cannot be found or accessed, hindering the program's functionality. Resolving import errors is crucial for maintaining smooth software operation and uninterrupted development processes.
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Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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2. Introduction Constitution Hill is the site of the new South Africa’s Constitutional Court— the highest court in the land, where even the decisions of the young nation’s High Court can be overturned. The Constitutional Court is situated on land where South Africa’s brutal apartheid government once operated a prison. Among murderers and rapists were many political prisoners (people arrested for resisting apartheid).
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4. “It is said that no one truly knows a nation until one has been inside its jails.”
5. History In 1893 a high-security prison was built on the Braamfontein ridge in Johannesburg. A few years later, the building of a series of forts around it strengthened the establishment and gave it military capacity. That site became a landmark. It was known in some circles as the Johannesburg Fort and in others as Number Four, the name given to the frightening section in which black men were jailed. The complex housed three notorious prisons: the Fort, where white inmates were kept; Section Four and Section Five, the "natives' jail", built in 1902; and the women's jail, added in 1909. Hundreds of thousands of people were jailed there—including famous figures such as Mahatma Gandhi and Albert Luthuli. Nelson Mandela paid the Fort a visit first as a young lawyer, then as a prisoner and finally as the president of South Africa. The prison was closed in 1983.
8. Prison Plans The Johannesburg Prison was always intended to be temporary. From 1902, the Johannesburg City Council had urged the government to relocate the prison because it did not want a jail in the middle of the city. The 1904 Commission of Inquiry reported that the prison was very poorly constructed with totally inadequate facilities. In 1909, the government allocated 27,500 pounds for improved 'services' and the construction of a 'female section.' The tender to build the Women's Jail was awarded in 1910. The central oval hall with individual cells fanning out from it is referred to as a panoptican or round-house design, which was the innovation of 18th-century British penal reformer Jeremy Bentham. Rather than confine prisoners in medieval dungeons, he said they should be under constant surveillance by the all-seeing eye of prison authorities.
9. Audrey Brown, Director of Research, 2004 "Unlike the men's section, which does not conceal its primary purposes, this space beguiles the eye and misleads the mind. The light-filled atrium and the cells radiating off it conceal the very essence of a jail—punishment and subjugation. The architecture of the Women's Jail might be more subtle than that of a male prison in terms of power and control, but it is just as violent."
10. The Prison Register The wardresses entered the name of every woman brought to this Jail in these large prison registers. Black women were entered in blue ink and white women were entered in red, clearly emphasizing the racial segregation that dominated life in the Jail. In the 1950s, the Jail could accommodate between 355 and 375 prisoners, most of whom were serving sentences of less than six months. In November 1965, the average daily number of prisoners in the Women's Jail was 300 blacks, 30 "coloureds" (born of mixed race), and 9 whites. Prisoners remember the registration process as frightening and violent with wardresses shouting commands and sometimes beating prisoners to keep order. After being entered into the register, prisoners were herded into a courtyard where they were showered, stripped, searched, and then taken to the cells. Black and white women were taken to separate sections of the Jail.
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12. Sarah Sematlane, pass offender, 1981 “When you arrived here you knew you were in prison. If you didn’t talk when the white lady asked you something, she would shout, “Praatjong, praat’ (speak man, speak). Then she would take a bunch of keys and hit you with it. You couldn’t say anything. You would cry and shiver. She didn’t care. She would just kick you. She just didn’t care.”
13. Section Two (Cell Two) Section Two (Cell Two) was a large cell that held up to seventy sentenced prisoners. Most women were held for criminal offenses, but some sentenced political prisoners (people who resisted the apartheid regime) were also kept in these cells. The wardresses would use long-term sentenced prisoners to keep order in the cell. These cell bosses would use their power to extract favors from other prisoners.
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15. Bella Dlamini, prisoner, 1973 “I am crying now because I am sad and sorry and angry when I think about the suffering inside these cells. There were bullies who wanted to force you to become angry and do something that increased your sentence, especially if you were about to be released. We used to hide our prison cards so that others didn’t know the duration of our sentence.”
16. Maggie Resha, prisoner, 1959 “The only time we had peace of mind was during the night and between one and two o’clock in the afternoon when we were always locked up in our cells as the warders went for lunch. This hour seemed like a week away from the swearing and the insults one heard each hour of the day from the warders and from the long-term prisoners. The daily language was so foul that I felt sick of the place.”
17. MmagautaMolefe, prisoner, 1976 “It was important that you didn’t give up. I was thirty days pregnant when they started interrogating me. At two months I miscarried but I was never taken for treatment. You had to be strong. I became violent to them because I knew they could do whatever. I was not going to go down begging on my knees because they wanted you to incriminate yourself and other people.”
18. The Pass Book Even before the era of apartheid, pass laws controlled where black people could live and work in South Africa. Between 1930 and 1940, the number of arrests for pass offences tripled. After 1948, the apartheid government extended the pass laws. The Native Laws Amendment Act and the misleadingly named Natives Abolition of Passes Act of 1952 stated that ‘disqualified’ people could not remain in an urban area for more than 72 hours without a pass and that ‘idle or undesirable natives’ could be expelled at any time. The government replaced the old passes with a new ninety-six page brown or green reference book. This book contained extensive information relating to employment, taxes and permits to work in the city and had to be carried by black people at all times. The new laws also forced black women to carry passes.
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20. The Shopping Bag Black workers employed in Johannesburg were accommodated in sprawling townships built on the outskirts of the city. Although the townships had very few facilities and conditions were bleak, black people created vibrant social worlds. Economic development, however, was severely constrained by apartheid laws and the small spaza shops in the townships were forced to charge higher prices than the large supermarkets in town. Black women went to the 'white city' to trade or shop. The city was a dangerous place if you were black. Women going about their business shopping or trying to make a living by selling fruit or other food were vulnerable to arbitrary arrest. They were randomly accosted by the police, herded into kwela-kwela vans or marched on foot to the women's jail for transgressing petty apartheid laws. With babies on their backs, shopping bags in their hands and dreams in their hearts, their daily lives were regularly disrupted.
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22. NolundiNtamo, pass offender, 1980 “My grandmother had taught us to say goodbye every time we left home, because we never knew if we would come back or not. We used to say, ‘If you don’t see me, check for me at Number Four.’”
23. Panties As resistance against apartheid intensified from the 1950s onwards, increasing numbers of political prisoners came to the Jail. When thirteen political prisoners were held here together after the Soweto uprising of 1976, they were able to use their collective strength to effect important changes. Because prisoners would not even be given panties, "Winnie confronted the lieutenant herself, saying that these people were not animals, they were human beings, and even if they were in jail, they still needed their dignity" (Sally Motlana, political prisoner, 1976). "Eventually, they gave them panties and shoes" (Nikiwe Deborah Matshoba, political prisoner, 1976).
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25. Joyce PilisoSeroke, prisoner, 1976 “As the prisoners were polishing the floor, we saw that they didn’t have panties. Somebody would be kneeling down to polish and the sanitary pad would just drop.”
26. Vesta Smith, prisoner, 1976 “We were outraged. It was so undignified. These women were also very uncomfortable. They kept putting their hands between their legs and walking funny.”
27. Sanitary Pad Prison regulations demeaned prisoners in every aspect of their lives. This was particularly so for black women. Until 1976, all black prisoners were forced to remove their shoes and their panties on admission to the Jail. Sentenced black prisoners were presented with formal uniforms and headscarves. They were instructed to look respectable and neat at all times. To humiliate prisoners, wardresses did not issue prison shoes or panties. Long-term black prisoners were issued three pads with loops. When the pads perished, they were issued with a further three. Short-term black prisoners were given two pads without loops. These had to be handed in after use each month.
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29. Bella Dlamini, prisoner, 1973 “We were not allowed panties and we had to hold this pad between our legs. If it fell down, we’d get a klap(hit). But then we got advice from those who had been here for long to hold it with shoelaces that were stolen from the storerooms. Pads used to have loops and that’s where you inserted the shoelaces and tied them around your waist.”
30. The Brushes Unlike sentenced mail prisoners, sentenced women did not do work outside the Jail. They were locked up in communal cells all day and spent endless hours with nothing to do. Prisoners describe this as the most difficult part of their imprisonment. Some longer-term prisoners worked in the laundry. But mostly, the wardresses forced the women to do mindless, repetitive and physically damaging tasks as a way of keeping them busy. The women were given brushes and expected to scrub and shine the floors, working long hours on their unprotected knees.
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32. Seipati More, prisoner, 1976 "I lifted my head and the woman guarding us shouted at me, 'You were not supposed to move your head while cleaning.' And she started to swear in Afrikaans and I told her my neck was tired. She said, 'I don't care about your neck. And you are cheeky, you even talk back.' She made me stand against the wall for three hours. You weren't allowed to move."
33. The Red Buckets While prisoners won some rights over time, senseless violence and extreme forms of punishment continued to be part of everyday life at the Women's Jail. For minor misdemeanors, prisoners were deprived of their meals and made to stand next to the three red buckets in the large courtyard. From there, they could see and smell the meals that the other prisoners received. An even more cruel form of punishment was to confine prisoners to the isolation cells for three days with a diet of only rice water. Wardresses would also kick, slap, swear at and insult prisoners. They had access to batons if the situation demanded. At night, they carried these batons while they patrolled the Jail. Wardresses who were regularly outnumbered by frustrated and hostile prisoners often felt threatened. When they were confronted with extreme violence, male warders were called in to control the situation.
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35. Isolation Cells Isolation was the most extreme form of punishment in the Women’s Jail. Sentenced prisoners were isolated in four cells dedicated for this purpose. They were often kept here for longer than the three days stipulated by the law. In some cases, prisoners requested to be kept in the isolation cells to escape the unwelcome sexual attention from the cell bosses. The last two cells in the row of six, which were larger, held up to four prisoners. There was a shower and toilet at the back of the isolation section.
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37. Terrorism Act In the aftermath of the student uprising of 1976, political prisoners who were considered especially dangerous were arrested under the Terrorism Act and held in the isolation cells. These political prisoners were regularly taken to John Vorster Square for torture and interrogation by the security police.
38. The Birthday Card The women prisoners created an enduring sense of solidarity that sustained them through the prison experience. Organizations like the Black Sash, the South African Council of Churches and the Federation of South African Women provided craft materials for the awaiting-trial prisoners. The prisoners made cards and bookmarks in support of one another and for their families outside.
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40. Fatima Meer, prisoner, 1976 "Tomorrow we celebrate Jeannie's birthday. I have worked on a birthday card for days, trying to get the likeness of her sons, copied from a photograph, in a miniature portrait. I ordered a Pondo skirt and cake for her and these will be her gifts from us. The lieutenant has reluctantly agreed to allow the detainees from Winnie's Yard to join us briefly. We are all very excited."
41. Jeannie Noel, prisoner, 1976 "On my birthday I woke up early, lying on that filthy mattress. I was missing home. Next thing, all the doors opened and the ladies came dancing in with presents, wearing nighties. I was so surprised. I don't know how they got that skirt or how they managed to get the card around for everybody to sign. It was very emotional. I was so grateful that they made the day happy. . . . We were all buoyed up for several days but then the depression set in again."
42. The Beret Black and white wardresses worked together to maintain the prison system, but black wardresses were themselves subjected to racist and discriminatory prison regulations. Black wardresses were usually recruited from rural areas because rural women were perceived to be more compliant towards authority and brought with them a similar conservatism and fear of the city. This assured the authorities that any sense of solidarity that may be created between wardresses and prisoners would be limited. Black wardresses rarely challenged the discrimination they faced because they feared losing their jobs. Until 1979, white and black wardresses wore different uniforms. Black wardresses were required to wear berets at all times. White wardresses wore hats only when they were in uniform outside of the Jail.
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44. Linda Xamisi, black wardress, 1974 "We were made to wear berets because of the nature of our hair. They believed that because our hair is curly and short, it's falling hair. I felt bad but had to tolerate all of that because of the poverty back home and oppression because of apartheid. You knew that if you protested you were going to be dismissed."
45. The Chair Even in a system designed to dehumanize, both jailers and prisoners found moments of connection and compassion. Black wardresses say they were often treated like prisoners themselves and were pitied by the inmates over whom they were supposed to exert their authority. Prisoners saw how black wardresses walked with their hands behind their backs and curtsied to their white colleagues. They saw that white juniors resisted taking instructions from black sergeants. They saw the way in which white wardresses sat on chairs and called out instructions to black wardresses. They saw black wardresses standing all day.
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47. Linda Xamesi, black wardress, 1974 "You were not allowed to sit down as a black wardress. You had to stand all the time. We would stand from 7am to 7pm. We would get some assistance from political prisoners who were locked in isolation—people like Sis Debs, Winnie and others. They gave us chairs to sit on because they felt sympathy for us."
50. Number Four The original "Native Jail" was built on this site between 1902 and 1904 to house black male prisoners. Because of its location in the inner city, the Johannesburg City Council planned to move it to a more suitable location. However, it was only closed in 1983. From the beginning, the prison was overcrowded. At times, tents were erected in the yards to accommodate new prisoners. In 1953, Number Four had a capacity of 979 but it held 2207 prisoners. Cells designed to hold 30 prisoners often held up to 60. In contrast, white prisoners in the Old Fort were kept in smaller cells, usually on their own.
51. Communal Cells Overcrowding was a constant problem in Number Four. Communal cells often housed twice the number of prisoners they were designed for. While the cells may have appears chaotic, they were highly organized spaces run by cell bosses. Strict hierarchies divided the prisoners, whose social power and status determined where and how they slept as well as what they could and could not do in the cells.
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53. Solitary Confinement Number Four was designed to punish, not rehabilitate. For the prison to function, it relied on violence. Warders used violent to maintain control. Prisoners used violence to gain power. In prisons today there is often similar brutality. But people are no longer imprisoned, and exposed to such violence, simply because they are black.
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55. Prisoners Mahatma Gandhi was detained for leading the Passive Resistance Movement against pass laws for Asians and refusing to carry a pass. He was imprisoned at Number Four for seven months and ten days between 1908 and 1913.
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57. Mohatma Gandhi, prisoner, 1908-1913 "I have a call I must answer. I must deliver my message to my people. This humiliation has sunk too deep in me to remain without an outlet. I, at least, must act up to the light that has dawned on me."
58. Prisoners Jack Mabaso was detained for hand-bag snatching, robbery and murder. He was imprisoned at Number Four in August 1967 and repeatedly until 1983.
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60. Jack Mabaso, prisoner, 1967…1983 "When I first came in here I was just a petty thief stealing because I'm hungry. But then I found myself in prison, and everything was corrupt, violent, so if you're going to be a survivor you become corrupt, violent yourself."
61. Bedding "White prisoners have: a divan (or two sleeping mats if floor space is limited) a mattress and pillow three blankets four sheets two pillow cases and a bedspread. Non-whites have: two sleeping mats and three blankets." —Minister of Prisons, 1970
62. Food "The whites ate as if they were at a restaurant where you look at the menu and choose what you want. Their menu was not the same every day. They ate better food than the owners of the country. For black people, there was nothing like that. They ate rubbish.” —Martin "Panyaza" Shabangu, prison warder, 1973-1980 "The tin plates . . . were unwashed and encrusted with layers of dried food accumulated over months, well mixed with rust." —Alex La Guma, political prisoner, 1956
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64. Health The prison was a health hazard. Over the years, there were outbreaks of diseases like Enteric Fever and Typhoid. Hospital facilities were inadequate and doctors were present for only part of the day.
65. Alex La Guma, prisoner, 1956 "One of the reasons for my disease (Typhoid) is found in this jail. Filth. The mats are filthy, the blankets are filthy, the latrines are filthy, the food is filthy, the utensils are filthy, the convicts' clothes are filthy. The latrines overflowed and made a stench."—Alex La Guma, political prisoner, 1956
66. PremaNaidoo, prisoner, 1982 "After we arrived in Number Four we did not have a shower for three or four months. Because of interaction of our lawyers, tackling the authorities, threatening them with an interdict, they allowed us out to shower. It was cold water, but at least it was a shower. It was quite a relief. Then we were allowed to shower about once a week."
67. Resistance and Resilience Prisoners found overt and subtle ways to resist the power of prison authorities and cell bosses. Political prisoners were usually arrested in groups and already had a strong sense of solidarity. Criminal prisoners mostly arrived as vulnerable individuals and to avoid being isolated or victimized by gangs, many resorted to joining them. Others found personal ways of coping. Every Sunday, prison officials carried out inspections of the communal cells in Number Four. The blanket sculpture depicted here was typical of the kind of objects that prisoners made for these Sunday parades. Prisoners with the most creatively decorated cell would win privileges for a week, such as cake or an extra slice of bread each day.
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69. Isaac Luphindo, for the exhibition "These things remind us of the world outside the prison walls, the life we left behind and the things we long for."
71. Never Again! It is unusual for a court to be built on the site of a prison, yet the Constitutional Court's judges deliberately chose the Old Fort—for the very reason of its history. The location of the complex is intended to remind the justices of the court of the enormity of their responsibility—that the atrocities committed under the rule of law under the previous regime shall be permitted to happen “Never Again.”
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74. Justice Under the Trees The foyer of the Court is a spacious, light-filled area punctuated by slanting columns, an architectural metaphor for trees under which African villagers traditionally resolved their legal disputes. On the columns are mosaics: blue, green, orange and red. In keeping with this metaphor, the concrete roof has slots designed to create moving areas akin to dappled sunlight filtering through leaves. The roof's concrete beams are inscribed with the words ''human dignity, equality and freedom'' in samples of the handwriting of each of the judges incumbent during the building of the court.
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77. “A nation should not be judged by how it treats its highest citizens, but its lowest ones.”
78. Credits All text is derived from the placards accompanying the exhibits at the Constitutional Court in Johannesburg, as well as from the Court’s website: http://www.constitutionalcourt.org.za. Photography is by Kimberly Vrudny.