The document discusses the usage of the const keyword in C++. It explains that const can be used with reference parameters in functions to prevent the function from modifying the passed parameter. Const can also be used with member functions to make them read-only and prevent them from modifying class member variables. Finally, const can be used when returning references from functions to make sure the returned reference cannot be used to modify the original object.
This document discusses different JavaScript design patterns for structuring code, including the prototype pattern, module pattern, and revealing module pattern. It provides examples of how each pattern works by rewriting sample code to follow the given pattern. The patterns aim to make the code more modular, reusable, and testable by avoiding global variables and namespaces. Following these patterns can improve code organization, readability, and maintenance.
e computer notes - Enhancements to the group by clauseecomputernotes
This document discusses enhancements to the SQL GROUP BY clause, including the ROLLUP, CUBE, GROUPING, and GROUPING SETS functions. ROLLUP produces subtotals, CUBE produces cross-tabulation values, and GROUPING differentiates between stored NULL values and those created by ROLLUP/CUBE. GROUPING SETS allows defining multiple groupings in a single query for improved efficiency. Examples are provided to demonstrate the usage of each enhancement.
General agreement on tariffs and trade (gatt)Jean Tralala
The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) was a multilateral agreement signed in 1947 that aimed to reduce international trade barriers like tariffs and establish common rules for trade between member nations. It served as an interim arrangement until the World Trade Organization (WTO) was established in 1995. While initially intended to be temporary, GATT endured and facilitated several rounds of negotiations that progressively reduced trade barriers over nearly 50 years through pragmatic leadership and incremental negotiations.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms.
This document discusses different types of joins in SQL, including inner joins, outer joins, self joins, and joining multiple tables. It provides examples of joining two tables on a common column using various SQL syntax like WHERE, ON, NATURAL JOIN, and USING. Specific types of joins covered include equijoins to retrieve matching records, outer joins to also return non-matching records, and self joins to join a table to itself.
How to build a react native app with the help of react native hooksKaty Slemon
How to build React Native application using React Hooks. Hire React Native developer to extract component logic into reusable functions without writing a class.
This document discusses different JavaScript design patterns for structuring code, including the prototype pattern, module pattern, and revealing module pattern. It provides examples of how each pattern works by rewriting sample code to follow the given pattern. The patterns aim to make the code more modular, reusable, and testable by avoiding global variables and namespaces. Following these patterns can improve code organization, readability, and maintenance.
e computer notes - Enhancements to the group by clauseecomputernotes
This document discusses enhancements to the SQL GROUP BY clause, including the ROLLUP, CUBE, GROUPING, and GROUPING SETS functions. ROLLUP produces subtotals, CUBE produces cross-tabulation values, and GROUPING differentiates between stored NULL values and those created by ROLLUP/CUBE. GROUPING SETS allows defining multiple groupings in a single query for improved efficiency. Examples are provided to demonstrate the usage of each enhancement.
General agreement on tariffs and trade (gatt)Jean Tralala
The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) was a multilateral agreement signed in 1947 that aimed to reduce international trade barriers like tariffs and establish common rules for trade between member nations. It served as an interim arrangement until the World Trade Organization (WTO) was established in 1995. While initially intended to be temporary, GATT endured and facilitated several rounds of negotiations that progressively reduced trade barriers over nearly 50 years through pragmatic leadership and incremental negotiations.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms.
This document discusses different types of joins in SQL, including inner joins, outer joins, self joins, and joining multiple tables. It provides examples of joining two tables on a common column using various SQL syntax like WHERE, ON, NATURAL JOIN, and USING. Specific types of joins covered include equijoins to retrieve matching records, outer joins to also return non-matching records, and self joins to join a table to itself.
How to build a react native app with the help of react native hooksKaty Slemon
How to build React Native application using React Hooks. Hire React Native developer to extract component logic into reusable functions without writing a class.
Crack your Java interview by knowing all the questions that your interviewer may ask. Brush up your knowledge with this superb set of Java interview questions & answers prepared by BestOnlineTrainers
React ES5 to ES6 | React ES5 vs ES6 | React Tutorial for Beginners | React on...Edureka!
( ReactJS Training - https://www.edureka.co/reactjs-redux-... )
This Edureka React tutorial on ES5 to ES6 Refactoring will help you in understanding the current syntax being used in React and what new features you can use in the upgraded version. This video helps you to learn following topics:
1. Introduction to React Components
2. Component structure in ES5
3. ES5 with pros, cons and code example
4. Benefits to ES6
5. ES6 restructuring of code example
6. Building Tic tac Toe game in React using ES6
Rails uses a multi-step process to render templates:
1. It creates an ActionView::Base rendering context instance to provide an isolated environment for the template.
2. It collects information needed for finding the template, like the locale, format, and view paths.
3. It searches the view paths by iterating through the resolvers and using a "query" built from the template name, prefixes, and other details to find a matching template file.
PVS-Studio team is about to produce a technical breakthrough, but for now let...PVS-Studio
Static analysis is most useful when it is done on a regular basis. Especially when the project is rapidly developing, like the Blender project, for example. Now it's time to check it once more, and see what suspicious fragments we'll find this time.
GUI Programming in JAVA (Using Netbeans) - A ReviewFernando Torres
The powerpoint provides the user with a review of various concepts of GUI programming in JAVA. It covers various concepts like :
1. What is IDE ?
2. Various Methods and Properties of Components
3. Variable declaration
4. Data types
Etc
View Inheritance can be defined as the process of modifying an existing view. This may be adding a new field to an existing view, adding button, adding attribute to an existing field etc.
STC 2016 Programming Language StorytimeSarah Kiniry
This document provides an overview of how to interpret code to understand what a program is doing without running it. It discusses using code comments, function names, variable names, file locations, print functions, file names and other variables to understand the program's purpose. Specific programming languages are also discussed including examples of "Hello World" programs in Java, JavaScript, C, C#, PHP, Perl, Ruby and Python.
Alternative ways of developing web sites using EPiServer CMS. An introduction to three open source frameworks that allow us to better tackle complexity, have a more enjoyable development experience and deliver better, well tested sites using EPiServer CMS.
Repository Pattern in MVC3 Application with Entity FrameworkAkhil Mittal
The document discusses implementing a repository pattern in an MVC application using Entity Framework. It begins with an introduction and roadmap of previous articles. It then discusses the benefits of a repository pattern in abstracting the data access layer from business logic. Steps are provided to create a sample repository interface and class to implement basic CRUD operations on a User entity, abstracting the data access code from the controller. The repository class uses the Entity Framework context to perform operations while resolving tight coupling issues between layers. It concludes that while this implementation works for a single entity, a generic repository will be needed to cleanly support multiple entities without duplication.
Dive into Python Functions Fundamental Concepts.pdfSudhanshiBakre1
This document discusses Python functions, including how to define functions with parameters, return values, and docstrings. It covers calling functions and passing arguments, including positional and keyword arguments. The document also discusses built-in functions, user-defined functions, and when to use functions to improve code modularity, reusability, and simplify complex tasks. Tips are provided such as keeping functions short, using descriptive names, testing functions, and taking advantage of features like default arguments.
This document provides an overview of a book containing 50 C language interview questions and their answers.
The book comprises frequently asked C programming interview questions for freshers and experienced programmers. It covers topics like variables, control flow, operators, constants, structures, functions, pointers and programs. The questions are answered with explanations and code examples.
The goal is to help readers quickly brush up on basic C concepts needed for job interviews. A variety of common questions are included from areas like variables, loops, operators, structures, functions and pointers. Sample programs are also provided as questions.
Resolve dependency of dependencies using Inversion of Control and dependency ...Akhil Mittal
In my last two articles I explained how to create a RESTful service using ASP.NET Web API working with Entity Framework and resolving dependencies using Unity Container. In this article I’ll explain how to create a loosely coupled system with Unity Container and MEF(Managed Extensibility Framework) using Inversion of Control. I’ll not be explaining much theory but rather focus more on practical implementations. For the readers who are following this series, they can use their existing solution that they have created till time. For my new readers of this article, I have provided the download link for the previous source code and current source code as well.
For theory and understanding of DI and IOC you can follow the following links: Unity and Inversion of Control(IOC).
React – Structure Container Component In MeteorDesignveloper
Over the past two months, I have been working on an interesting project at my company which is supposed to be a very big one. So at first, as a team leader and core maker, I spent quite a lot of time to find a good starting point, I meant stuff like how to structure the project, which frontend stack to use, how that stack connects to server, how to set up and bring all those things together, etc, to satisfy all the project’s requirements.....
The document discusses object-oriented programming concepts in Python including classes, objects, methods, and class definitions. Some key points:
- Python supports object-oriented programming with classes that define new data types and objects that are instances of those classes.
- A class defines attributes and methods that are common to all objects of that class. Methods are functions defined inside classes that operate on object instances.
- Objects are instantiated from classes and can have instance-specific attribute values. Dot notation accesses attributes and methods of an object.
- Initialization methods like __init__() set up new object instances. Special methods starting with double underscores have predefined meanings.
- Methods allow passing the object instance as the first
This document describes how to build a simple todo application with React and Material UI. It discusses setting up the project structure with components, contexts, reducers and custom hooks to manage application state. Key aspects covered include using contexts to pass data between components, a reducer to manage todo data in local storage, and custom hooks for form inputs, toggling and local storage. The main components built are TodoApp, TodoList, TodoForm and Todo. This provides a fully functional todo app implementing modern React practices.
The Composite pattern allows hierarchical tree structures to be composed of objects. It allows clients to treat individual objects and compositions of objects uniformly. In the given document, the Composite pattern is described for representing graphical objects in a drawing editor. Graphic is an abstract component class that represents both individual graphical primitives like lines and text as well as container graphics like pictures. This allows clients to treat both types of graphics uniformly. The pattern provides structure for composing objects into tree structures and defines roles like component, leaf, and composite. It offers benefits like simplifying client code and making it easy to add new component types.
With the introduction of React 16.8 in 2018, React team came up with a new concept of “Hooks”. In this blog we are going to tell the reason behind creating hooks and also how to use them in a React application.
How to build to do app using vue composition api and vuex 4 with typescriptKaty Slemon
In this tutorial, we will build a to-do app using Vue Composition API & Vuex 4 with Typescript. We will learn and explore Composition API & Options API as well
React Hooks were introduced in React 16.8 to add state and side effects to function components by replacing class components. Common hooks include useState for managing component state, useEffect for handling side effects like data fetching, useCallback for creating memoized functions, and useRef for creating references that don't trigger re-renders when mutated. Hooks allow extracting logic into custom reusable hooks and following a few simple rules helps avoid bugs.
- The document discusses Android app development lessons including app lifecycles, bundles, and event handling. It describes how to save app state using bundles during configuration changes and restarts. It also explains how to add click and text change listeners to buttons, text views and edit texts to handle user interaction events.
The document discusses different techniques for improving the efficiency of union-find algorithms, including union-by-size, path compression, and union-by-height. Union-by-size works by making the root of the smaller tree the child of the larger tree during a union operation, keeping tree heights small. Path compression further optimizes find operations by updating the parent pointers along the search path. Together these optimizations allow union-find algorithms to run in almost linear time for practical purposes.
The document discusses divide and conquer algorithms for sorting, specifically mergesort and quicksort. It explains that mergesort works by recursively splitting a list in half, sorting the halves, and then merging the sorted halves together. Quicksort works by picking a pivot value and partitioning the list into elements less than and greater than the pivot, before recursively sorting the sublists. Both algorithms run in O(n log n) time.
Crack your Java interview by knowing all the questions that your interviewer may ask. Brush up your knowledge with this superb set of Java interview questions & answers prepared by BestOnlineTrainers
React ES5 to ES6 | React ES5 vs ES6 | React Tutorial for Beginners | React on...Edureka!
( ReactJS Training - https://www.edureka.co/reactjs-redux-... )
This Edureka React tutorial on ES5 to ES6 Refactoring will help you in understanding the current syntax being used in React and what new features you can use in the upgraded version. This video helps you to learn following topics:
1. Introduction to React Components
2. Component structure in ES5
3. ES5 with pros, cons and code example
4. Benefits to ES6
5. ES6 restructuring of code example
6. Building Tic tac Toe game in React using ES6
Rails uses a multi-step process to render templates:
1. It creates an ActionView::Base rendering context instance to provide an isolated environment for the template.
2. It collects information needed for finding the template, like the locale, format, and view paths.
3. It searches the view paths by iterating through the resolvers and using a "query" built from the template name, prefixes, and other details to find a matching template file.
PVS-Studio team is about to produce a technical breakthrough, but for now let...PVS-Studio
Static analysis is most useful when it is done on a regular basis. Especially when the project is rapidly developing, like the Blender project, for example. Now it's time to check it once more, and see what suspicious fragments we'll find this time.
GUI Programming in JAVA (Using Netbeans) - A ReviewFernando Torres
The powerpoint provides the user with a review of various concepts of GUI programming in JAVA. It covers various concepts like :
1. What is IDE ?
2. Various Methods and Properties of Components
3. Variable declaration
4. Data types
Etc
View Inheritance can be defined as the process of modifying an existing view. This may be adding a new field to an existing view, adding button, adding attribute to an existing field etc.
STC 2016 Programming Language StorytimeSarah Kiniry
This document provides an overview of how to interpret code to understand what a program is doing without running it. It discusses using code comments, function names, variable names, file locations, print functions, file names and other variables to understand the program's purpose. Specific programming languages are also discussed including examples of "Hello World" programs in Java, JavaScript, C, C#, PHP, Perl, Ruby and Python.
Alternative ways of developing web sites using EPiServer CMS. An introduction to three open source frameworks that allow us to better tackle complexity, have a more enjoyable development experience and deliver better, well tested sites using EPiServer CMS.
Repository Pattern in MVC3 Application with Entity FrameworkAkhil Mittal
The document discusses implementing a repository pattern in an MVC application using Entity Framework. It begins with an introduction and roadmap of previous articles. It then discusses the benefits of a repository pattern in abstracting the data access layer from business logic. Steps are provided to create a sample repository interface and class to implement basic CRUD operations on a User entity, abstracting the data access code from the controller. The repository class uses the Entity Framework context to perform operations while resolving tight coupling issues between layers. It concludes that while this implementation works for a single entity, a generic repository will be needed to cleanly support multiple entities without duplication.
Dive into Python Functions Fundamental Concepts.pdfSudhanshiBakre1
This document discusses Python functions, including how to define functions with parameters, return values, and docstrings. It covers calling functions and passing arguments, including positional and keyword arguments. The document also discusses built-in functions, user-defined functions, and when to use functions to improve code modularity, reusability, and simplify complex tasks. Tips are provided such as keeping functions short, using descriptive names, testing functions, and taking advantage of features like default arguments.
This document provides an overview of a book containing 50 C language interview questions and their answers.
The book comprises frequently asked C programming interview questions for freshers and experienced programmers. It covers topics like variables, control flow, operators, constants, structures, functions, pointers and programs. The questions are answered with explanations and code examples.
The goal is to help readers quickly brush up on basic C concepts needed for job interviews. A variety of common questions are included from areas like variables, loops, operators, structures, functions and pointers. Sample programs are also provided as questions.
Resolve dependency of dependencies using Inversion of Control and dependency ...Akhil Mittal
In my last two articles I explained how to create a RESTful service using ASP.NET Web API working with Entity Framework and resolving dependencies using Unity Container. In this article I’ll explain how to create a loosely coupled system with Unity Container and MEF(Managed Extensibility Framework) using Inversion of Control. I’ll not be explaining much theory but rather focus more on practical implementations. For the readers who are following this series, they can use their existing solution that they have created till time. For my new readers of this article, I have provided the download link for the previous source code and current source code as well.
For theory and understanding of DI and IOC you can follow the following links: Unity and Inversion of Control(IOC).
React – Structure Container Component In MeteorDesignveloper
Over the past two months, I have been working on an interesting project at my company which is supposed to be a very big one. So at first, as a team leader and core maker, I spent quite a lot of time to find a good starting point, I meant stuff like how to structure the project, which frontend stack to use, how that stack connects to server, how to set up and bring all those things together, etc, to satisfy all the project’s requirements.....
The document discusses object-oriented programming concepts in Python including classes, objects, methods, and class definitions. Some key points:
- Python supports object-oriented programming with classes that define new data types and objects that are instances of those classes.
- A class defines attributes and methods that are common to all objects of that class. Methods are functions defined inside classes that operate on object instances.
- Objects are instantiated from classes and can have instance-specific attribute values. Dot notation accesses attributes and methods of an object.
- Initialization methods like __init__() set up new object instances. Special methods starting with double underscores have predefined meanings.
- Methods allow passing the object instance as the first
This document describes how to build a simple todo application with React and Material UI. It discusses setting up the project structure with components, contexts, reducers and custom hooks to manage application state. Key aspects covered include using contexts to pass data between components, a reducer to manage todo data in local storage, and custom hooks for form inputs, toggling and local storage. The main components built are TodoApp, TodoList, TodoForm and Todo. This provides a fully functional todo app implementing modern React practices.
The Composite pattern allows hierarchical tree structures to be composed of objects. It allows clients to treat individual objects and compositions of objects uniformly. In the given document, the Composite pattern is described for representing graphical objects in a drawing editor. Graphic is an abstract component class that represents both individual graphical primitives like lines and text as well as container graphics like pictures. This allows clients to treat both types of graphics uniformly. The pattern provides structure for composing objects into tree structures and defines roles like component, leaf, and composite. It offers benefits like simplifying client code and making it easy to add new component types.
With the introduction of React 16.8 in 2018, React team came up with a new concept of “Hooks”. In this blog we are going to tell the reason behind creating hooks and also how to use them in a React application.
How to build to do app using vue composition api and vuex 4 with typescriptKaty Slemon
In this tutorial, we will build a to-do app using Vue Composition API & Vuex 4 with Typescript. We will learn and explore Composition API & Options API as well
React Hooks were introduced in React 16.8 to add state and side effects to function components by replacing class components. Common hooks include useState for managing component state, useEffect for handling side effects like data fetching, useCallback for creating memoized functions, and useRef for creating references that don't trigger re-renders when mutated. Hooks allow extracting logic into custom reusable hooks and following a few simple rules helps avoid bugs.
- The document discusses Android app development lessons including app lifecycles, bundles, and event handling. It describes how to save app state using bundles during configuration changes and restarts. It also explains how to add click and text change listeners to buttons, text views and edit texts to handle user interaction events.
The document discusses different techniques for improving the efficiency of union-find algorithms, including union-by-size, path compression, and union-by-height. Union-by-size works by making the root of the smaller tree the child of the larger tree during a union operation, keeping tree heights small. Path compression further optimizes find operations by updating the parent pointers along the search path. Together these optimizations allow union-find algorithms to run in almost linear time for practical purposes.
The document discusses divide and conquer algorithms for sorting, specifically mergesort and quicksort. It explains that mergesort works by recursively splitting a list in half, sorting the halves, and then merging the sorted halves together. Quicksort works by picking a pivot value and partitioning the list into elements less than and greater than the pivot, before recursively sorting the sublists. Both algorithms run in O(n log n) time.
The document discusses different types of tree data structures, focusing on binary trees. It defines a binary tree recursively as a finite set of elements that is either empty or partitioned into three disjoint subsets containing a single root element and left and right subtrees. The document outlines common binary tree terminology like nodes, parents, descendants, and levels. It also describes complete binary trees where all levels are fully filled except the lowest, which has nodes filled from left to right.
The document discusses AVL trees and balanced binary search trees. It provides the following key points:
1) An AVL tree is a self-balancing binary search tree where the height of the two child subtrees of every node differ by at most one.
2) A balanced binary search tree is one where the height of the left and right subtrees of each node differ by no more than one.
3) Inserting new nodes can cause the tree to become unbalanced if the insertion breaks the height balance property. Rotations may be needed to rebalance the tree.
The document discusses level-order traversal of binary trees. Level-order traversal visits all nodes at each level from left to right before moving to the next level. This can be implemented by using a queue, where the left and right children of each dequeued node are enqueued. The code provided traverses a binary tree using this level-order technique.
The document discusses equivalence relations and the union-find algorithm. It defines what makes a binary relation an equivalence relation by having the properties of reflexivity, symmetry, and transitivity. It gives examples like electrical connectivity being an equivalence relation. The union-find algorithm can be used to dynamically determine if elements are in the same equivalence class based on the given relations, by performing find and union operations in time proportional to m+n for m finds and n-1 unions.
The document discusses various aspects of balanced binary search trees, including:
1) Const keyword can be used to mark parameters and return values as constant to prevent unintended modification.
2) AVL trees are binary search trees where the heights of left and right subtrees differ by at most 1.
3) For a binary search tree to be balanced, the heights of left and right subtrees should be close to equal to avoid a skewed or degenerate tree structure.
Union-find data structures can be used to efficiently generate random mazes. A maze can be represented as a grid of cells where each cell is initially isolated by walls. Removing walls corresponds to union operations, joining the cells' sets. A maze is generated by randomly performing unions until the entrance and exit cells are in the same set, connected by a path through the maze.
The document discusses different types of linked lists, including singly linked lists, doubly linked lists, and circularly linked lists. It provides code examples for implementing linked lists in C++ and compares the time complexity of different linked list operations. It also describes how a circularly linked list can be used to solve the Josephus problem of eliminating people seated in a circle.
The document discusses binary search trees and different ways to traverse them. It explains that traversing a binary search tree can be done in preorder, inorder, or postorder fashion by recursively visiting the left child, then the node, then the right child in different orders. Searching for a value in a balanced binary search tree takes O(log n) time, while searching an unsorted linked list takes O(n) time.
The document discusses deleting nodes from a binary search tree (BST). There are three cases to consider when deleting a node: 1) if the node is a leaf, it can be deleted immediately, 2) if the node has one child, its parent pointer is redirected to the child node, 3) if the node has two children, it is replaced with its inorder successor. The algorithm and C++ code for deleting nodes from a BST is presented.
The document discusses deletion in AVL trees and outlines 5 cases to consider when deleting nodes from an AVL tree. It also discusses expression trees and parse trees, providing examples of an expression tree for a mathematical expression and a parse tree for an SQL query. Other uses of binary trees mentioned include their use in compilers for expression trees, parse trees, and abstract syntax trees.
The document discusses various data structures including skip lists, AVL trees, and hashing. It explains that skip lists allow for logarithmic-time operations and are simple to implement. Hashing provides constant-time operations by mapping keys to array indices via a hash function, but collisions must be handled. Common hash functions discussed include summing character codes or converting to a number in a prime base.
The document discusses different methods for handling collisions in hash tables, which occur when two keys hash to the same slot. It describes linear probing, where the next empty slot is used to store the colliding key; quadratic probing which uses a quadratic function to determine subsequent slots; and chaining, where each slot contains a linked list of colliding keys. It notes the advantages and disadvantages of each approach.
Cosa hanno in comune un mattoncino Lego e la backdoor XZ?Speck&Tech
ABSTRACT: A prima vista, un mattoncino Lego e la backdoor XZ potrebbero avere in comune il fatto di essere entrambi blocchi di costruzione, o dipendenze di progetti creativi e software. La realtà è che un mattoncino Lego e il caso della backdoor XZ hanno molto di più di tutto ciò in comune.
Partecipate alla presentazione per immergervi in una storia di interoperabilità, standard e formati aperti, per poi discutere del ruolo importante che i contributori hanno in una comunità open source sostenibile.
BIO: Sostenitrice del software libero e dei formati standard e aperti. È stata un membro attivo dei progetti Fedora e openSUSE e ha co-fondato l'Associazione LibreItalia dove è stata coinvolta in diversi eventi, migrazioni e formazione relativi a LibreOffice. In precedenza ha lavorato a migrazioni e corsi di formazione su LibreOffice per diverse amministrazioni pubbliche e privati. Da gennaio 2020 lavora in SUSE come Software Release Engineer per Uyuni e SUSE Manager e quando non segue la sua passione per i computer e per Geeko coltiva la sua curiosità per l'astronomia (da cui deriva il suo nickname deneb_alpha).
Unlock the Future of Search with MongoDB Atlas_ Vector Search Unleashed.pdfMalak Abu Hammad
Discover how MongoDB Atlas and vector search technology can revolutionize your application's search capabilities. This comprehensive presentation covers:
* What is Vector Search?
* Importance and benefits of vector search
* Practical use cases across various industries
* Step-by-step implementation guide
* Live demos with code snippets
* Enhancing LLM capabilities with vector search
* Best practices and optimization strategies
Perfect for developers, AI enthusiasts, and tech leaders. Learn how to leverage MongoDB Atlas to deliver highly relevant, context-aware search results, transforming your data retrieval process. Stay ahead in tech innovation and maximize the potential of your applications.
#MongoDB #VectorSearch #AI #SemanticSearch #TechInnovation #DataScience #LLM #MachineLearning #SearchTechnology
Securing your Kubernetes cluster_ a step-by-step guide to success !KatiaHIMEUR1
Today, after several years of existence, an extremely active community and an ultra-dynamic ecosystem, Kubernetes has established itself as the de facto standard in container orchestration. Thanks to a wide range of managed services, it has never been so easy to set up a ready-to-use Kubernetes cluster.
However, this ease of use means that the subject of security in Kubernetes is often left for later, or even neglected. This exposes companies to significant risks.
In this talk, I'll show you step-by-step how to secure your Kubernetes cluster for greater peace of mind and reliability.
20 Comprehensive Checklist of Designing and Developing a WebsitePixlogix Infotech
Dive into the world of Website Designing and Developing with Pixlogix! Looking to create a stunning online presence? Look no further! Our comprehensive checklist covers everything you need to know to craft a website that stands out. From user-friendly design to seamless functionality, we've got you covered. Don't miss out on this invaluable resource! Check out our checklist now at Pixlogix and start your journey towards a captivating online presence today.
Climate Impact of Software Testing at Nordic Testing DaysKari Kakkonen
My slides at Nordic Testing Days 6.6.2024
Climate impact / sustainability of software testing discussed on the talk. ICT and testing must carry their part of global responsibility to help with the climat warming. We can minimize the carbon footprint but we can also have a carbon handprint, a positive impact on the climate. Quality characteristics can be added with sustainability, and then measured continuously. Test environments can be used less, and in smaller scale and on demand. Test techniques can be used in optimizing or minimizing number of tests. Test automation can be used to speed up testing.
Goodbye Windows 11: Make Way for Nitrux Linux 3.5.0!SOFTTECHHUB
As the digital landscape continually evolves, operating systems play a critical role in shaping user experiences and productivity. The launch of Nitrux Linux 3.5.0 marks a significant milestone, offering a robust alternative to traditional systems such as Windows 11. This article delves into the essence of Nitrux Linux 3.5.0, exploring its unique features, advantages, and how it stands as a compelling choice for both casual users and tech enthusiasts.
In the rapidly evolving landscape of technologies, XML continues to play a vital role in structuring, storing, and transporting data across diverse systems. The recent advancements in artificial intelligence (AI) present new methodologies for enhancing XML development workflows, introducing efficiency, automation, and intelligent capabilities. This presentation will outline the scope and perspective of utilizing AI in XML development. The potential benefits and the possible pitfalls will be highlighted, providing a balanced view of the subject.
We will explore the capabilities of AI in understanding XML markup languages and autonomously creating structured XML content. Additionally, we will examine the capacity of AI to enrich plain text with appropriate XML markup. Practical examples and methodological guidelines will be provided to elucidate how AI can be effectively prompted to interpret and generate accurate XML markup.
Further emphasis will be placed on the role of AI in developing XSLT, or schemas such as XSD and Schematron. We will address the techniques and strategies adopted to create prompts for generating code, explaining code, or refactoring the code, and the results achieved.
The discussion will extend to how AI can be used to transform XML content. In particular, the focus will be on the use of AI XPath extension functions in XSLT, Schematron, Schematron Quick Fixes, or for XML content refactoring.
The presentation aims to deliver a comprehensive overview of AI usage in XML development, providing attendees with the necessary knowledge to make informed decisions. Whether you’re at the early stages of adopting AI or considering integrating it in advanced XML development, this presentation will cover all levels of expertise.
By highlighting the potential advantages and challenges of integrating AI with XML development tools and languages, the presentation seeks to inspire thoughtful conversation around the future of XML development. We’ll not only delve into the technical aspects of AI-powered XML development but also discuss practical implications and possible future directions.
Communications Mining Series - Zero to Hero - Session 1DianaGray10
This session provides introduction to UiPath Communication Mining, importance and platform overview. You will acquire a good understand of the phases in Communication Mining as we go over the platform with you. Topics covered:
• Communication Mining Overview
• Why is it important?
• How can it help today’s business and the benefits
• Phases in Communication Mining
• Demo on Platform overview
• Q/A
Enchancing adoption of Open Source Libraries. A case study on Albumentations.AIVladimir Iglovikov, Ph.D.
Presented by Vladimir Iglovikov:
- https://www.linkedin.com/in/iglovikov/
- https://x.com/viglovikov
- https://www.instagram.com/ternaus/
This presentation delves into the journey of Albumentations.ai, a highly successful open-source library for data augmentation.
Created out of a necessity for superior performance in Kaggle competitions, Albumentations has grown to become a widely used tool among data scientists and machine learning practitioners.
This case study covers various aspects, including:
People: The contributors and community that have supported Albumentations.
Metrics: The success indicators such as downloads, daily active users, GitHub stars, and financial contributions.
Challenges: The hurdles in monetizing open-source projects and measuring user engagement.
Development Practices: Best practices for creating, maintaining, and scaling open-source libraries, including code hygiene, CI/CD, and fast iteration.
Community Building: Strategies for making adoption easy, iterating quickly, and fostering a vibrant, engaged community.
Marketing: Both online and offline marketing tactics, focusing on real, impactful interactions and collaborations.
Mental Health: Maintaining balance and not feeling pressured by user demands.
Key insights include the importance of automation, making the adoption process seamless, and leveraging offline interactions for marketing. The presentation also emphasizes the need for continuous small improvements and building a friendly, inclusive community that contributes to the project's growth.
Vladimir Iglovikov brings his extensive experience as a Kaggle Grandmaster, ex-Staff ML Engineer at Lyft, sharing valuable lessons and practical advice for anyone looking to enhance the adoption of their open-source projects.
Explore more about Albumentations and join the community at:
GitHub: https://github.com/albumentations-team/albumentations
Website: https://albumentations.ai/
LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/company/100504475
Twitter: https://x.com/albumentations
Removing Uninteresting Bytes in Software FuzzingAftab Hussain
Imagine a world where software fuzzing, the process of mutating bytes in test seeds to uncover hidden and erroneous program behaviors, becomes faster and more effective. A lot depends on the initial seeds, which can significantly dictate the trajectory of a fuzzing campaign, particularly in terms of how long it takes to uncover interesting behaviour in your code. We introduce DIAR, a technique designed to speedup fuzzing campaigns by pinpointing and eliminating those uninteresting bytes in the seeds. Picture this: instead of wasting valuable resources on meaningless mutations in large, bloated seeds, DIAR removes the unnecessary bytes, streamlining the entire process.
In this work, we equipped AFL, a popular fuzzer, with DIAR and examined two critical Linux libraries -- Libxml's xmllint, a tool for parsing xml documents, and Binutil's readelf, an essential debugging and security analysis command-line tool used to display detailed information about ELF (Executable and Linkable Format). Our preliminary results show that AFL+DIAR does not only discover new paths more quickly but also achieves higher coverage overall. This work thus showcases how starting with lean and optimized seeds can lead to faster, more comprehensive fuzzing campaigns -- and DIAR helps you find such seeds.
- These are slides of the talk given at IEEE International Conference on Software Testing Verification and Validation Workshop, ICSTW 2022.
Unlocking Productivity: Leveraging the Potential of Copilot in Microsoft 365, a presentation by Christoforos Vlachos, Senior Solutions Manager – Modern Workplace, Uni Systems
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 6DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 6. In this session, we will cover Test Automation with generative AI and Open AI.
UiPath Test Automation with generative AI and Open AI webinar offers an in-depth exploration of leveraging cutting-edge technologies for test automation within the UiPath platform. Attendees will delve into the integration of generative AI, a test automation solution, with Open AI advanced natural language processing capabilities.
Throughout the session, participants will discover how this synergy empowers testers to automate repetitive tasks, enhance testing accuracy, and expedite the software testing life cycle. Topics covered include the seamless integration process, practical use cases, and the benefits of harnessing AI-driven automation for UiPath testing initiatives. By attending this webinar, testers, and automation professionals can gain valuable insights into harnessing the power of AI to optimize their test automation workflows within the UiPath ecosystem, ultimately driving efficiency and quality in software development processes.
What will you get from this session?
1. Insights into integrating generative AI.
2. Understanding how this integration enhances test automation within the UiPath platform
3. Practical demonstrations
4. Exploration of real-world use cases illustrating the benefits of AI-driven test automation for UiPath
Topics covered:
What is generative AI
Test Automation with generative AI and Open AI.
UiPath integration with generative AI
Speaker:
Deepak Rai, Automation Practice Lead, Boundaryless Group and UiPath MVP
Encryption in Microsoft 365 - ExpertsLive Netherlands 2024Albert Hoitingh
In this session I delve into the encryption technology used in Microsoft 365 and Microsoft Purview. Including the concepts of Customer Key and Double Key Encryption.
In his public lecture, Christian Timmerer provides insights into the fascinating history of video streaming, starting from its humble beginnings before YouTube to the groundbreaking technologies that now dominate platforms like Netflix and ORF ON. Timmerer also presents provocative contributions of his own that have significantly influenced the industry. He concludes by looking at future challenges and invites the audience to join in a discussion.
Threats to mobile devices are more prevalent and increasing in scope and complexity. Users of mobile devices desire to take full advantage of the features
available on those devices, but many of the features provide convenience and capability but sacrifice security. This best practices guide outlines steps the users can take to better protect personal devices and information.
National Security Agency - NSA mobile device best practices
computer notes - Const keyword
1. ecomputernotes.com Data Structures Lecture No. 19
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Data Structures
Lecture No. 19
Usage of const keyword
In the previous lecture, we dealt with a puzzle of constant keyword. We send a
parameter to a function by using call by reference and put const with it. With the help
of the reference variable, a function can change the value of the variable. But at the
same time, we have used the const keyword so that it does not effect this change.
With the reference parameter, we need not to make the copy of the object to send it to
the calling function. In case of call by value, a copy of object is made and placed at
the time of function calling in the activation record. Here the copy constructor is used
to make a copy of the object. If we don t want the function to change the parameter
without going for the use of time, memory creating and storing an entire copy of, it is
advisable to use the reference parameter as const. By using the references, we are not
making the copy. Moreover, with the const keyword, the function cannot change the
object. The calling function has read only access to this object. It can use this object in
the computation but can not change it. As we have marked it as constant, the function
cannot alter it, even by mistake. The language is supportive in averting the mistakes.
There is another use of keyword const. The const keyword appears at the end of class
member s function signature as:
EType& findMin( ) const;
This method is used to find the minimum data value in the binary tree. As you have
noted in the method signature, we had written const at the end. Such a function cannot
change or write to member variables of that class. Member variables are those which
appear in the public or private part of the class. For example in the BinaryTree, we
have root as a member variable. Also the item variable in the node class is the
member variable. These are also called state variables of the class. When we create an
object from the factory, it has these member variables and the methods of this class
which manipulate the member variables. You will also use set and get methods,
generally employed to set and get the values of the member variables. The member
function can access and change the public and private member variables of a class.
Suppose, we want that a member function can access the member variable but cannot
change it. It means that we want to make the variables read only for that member
function. To impose that constraint on the member function, a programmer can put
the keyword const in the end of the function. This is the way in the C++ language. In
other languages, there may be alternative methods to carry out it. These features are
also available in other object oriented languages. This type of usage often appears in
functions that are supposed to read and return member variables. In the Customer
example, we have used a method getName that returns the name of the customer. This
member function just returns the value of member variable name which is a private
2. ecomputernotes.com Data Structures Lecture No. 19
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data member. This function does not need to change the value of the variable. Now
we have written a class and its functions. Why we are imposing such restrictions on
it? This is the question of discipline. As a programmer when we write programs,
sometimes there are unintentional mistakes. On viewing the code, it seems
unbelievable that we have written like this. If these codes contain mistakes, the user
will get errors. At that time, it was thought that we have imposed restrictions on the
function and can avoid such mistakes at compile time or runtime. The discipline in
programming is a must practice in the software engineering. We should not think that
our programs are error-free. Therefore, the programming languages help in averting
the common errors. One of the examples of such support is the use of const keyword.
There is another use of const. The const keyword appears at the beginning of the
return type in function signature:
const EType& findMin( ) const;
The return type of the findMin() function is ETyper& that means a reference is
returned. At the start of the return type, we have const keyword. How is this
implemented internally? There are two ways to achieve this. Firstly, the function puts
the value in a register that is taken by the caller. Secondly, the function puts the value
in the stack that is a part of activation record and the caller functions gets the value at
that point from the stack and use it. In the above example, we have return value as a
reference as EType&. Can a function return a reference of its local variable? When the
function ends, the local variables are destroyed. So returning the reference of local
variable is a programming mistake. Therefore, a function returns the reference of
some member variable of the class. By not writing the & with the return type, we are
actually returning the value of the variable. In this case, a copy of the returning
variable is made and returned. The copy constructor is also used here to create the
copy of the object. When we are returning by value, a copy is created to ascertain
whether it is a local variable or member variable. To avoid this, we use return by
reference. Now we want that the variable being returned, does not get changed by the
calling function especially if it is the member variable.
When we create an object from the factory, the member variable has some values. We
do not want that the user of this object has direct access to these member variables. So
get and set methods are used to obtain and change the value of these member
variables. This is a programming practice that the values of the object should be
changed while using these methods. This way, we have a clean interface. These
methods are in a way sending messages to the object like give me the name of the
customer or change the name of the customer. The presence of a queue object can
help us send a message to it that gets an object and returns it. In these function-calling
mechanisms, there are chances that we start copying the objects that is a time
consuming process. If you want that the function returns the reference of the member
variable without changing the value of the member variable using this reference, a
construct is put at the start of the function. It makes the reference as a const reference.
Now the value of this member variable cannot be changed while using this reference.
The compiler will give error or at the runtime, you will get the error. When we return
an object from some function, a copy is created and returned. If the object is very big,
it will take time. To avoid this, we return this through the reference. At this point, a
programmer has to be very careful. If you do not use the const with the reference,
3. ecomputernotes.com Data Structures Lecture No. 19
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your object is not safe and the caller can change the values in it.
These are the common usage of const. It is mostly used with the member function. It
is just due to the fact that we avoid creating copy of the object and secondly we get
our programming disciplined. When we send a reference to some function or get a
reference from some function, in both cases while using the const, we guard our
objects. Now these objects cannot be changed. If the user of these objects needs to
change the object, he should use the set methods of the object.
We have used such methods in the BinarySearchTree.h file. However, the
implementation of this class has not been discussed so far. We advise you to try to
write its code yourself and experiment with it.
Degenerate Binary Search Tree
Consider the tree as shown below:
BST for 14, 15, 4, 9, 7, 18, 3, 5, 16, 20, 17
14
4 15
3 9 18
7 16 20
5 17
The above tree contains nodes with values as 14, 15, 4, 9, 7, 18, 3, 5, 16, 20, 17
respectively. The root node is 14. The right subtree contains the numbers greater than
14 and the left subtree contains the numbers smaller than 14. This is the property of
the binary search tree that at any node, the left subtree contains the numbers smaller
than this node and the right subtree contains the numbers greater than this node.
Now suppose that we are given data as 3, 4, 5, 7, 9, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 20 to create a
tree containing these numbers. Now if our insert method takes the data in the order as
given above, what will be the shape of our tree? Try to draw a sketch of the tree with
some initial numbers in your mind. The tree will look like:
4. ecomputernotes.com Data Structures Lecture No. 19
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BST for 3, 4, 5, 7, 9, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 20
3
4
5
7
9
14
15
16
17
18
20
It does not seem to be a binary tree. Rather, it gives a look of a linked list, as there is a
link from 3 to 4, a link from 4 to 5, a link from 5 to 7. Similarly while traversing the
right link of the nodes, we reached at the node 20. There is no left child of any node.
That s why, it looks like a link list. What is the characteristic of the link list? In link
list, every node has a pointer that points to the next node. While following this
pointer, we can go to the next node. The root of this tree is 3. Now we have to find the
node with value 20 in this tree. Remember that it is a tree, not a link list. We will use
find method to search the number 20 in this tree. Now we will start from the root. As
20 is greater than 3, the recursive call to the method find will be made and we come to
the next node i.e. 4. As 20 is greater than 4, so again a recursive call is generated.
Similarly we will come to 5, then 7, 9 and so on. In the end, we will reach at 20 and
the recursion will stop here.
Now if we search the above tree through the method in which we started from 3, then
4, 5 and so on, this will be the same technique as adopted in the link list. How much
time it will take to find the number? We have seen in the link list that if the number to
be searched is at the last node, a programmer will have to traverse all the nodes. This
means that in case of nodes having strength of n, the loop will execute n times.
Similarly as shown in the above tree, our find method will be called recursively equal
to number of nodes in the tree. We have designed binary search tree in such a fashion
that the search process is very short. You must be remembering the example of
previous lecture that if we have one lakh numbers, it is possible to find the desired
number in 20 iterations. If we have link list for one lakh elements, the required results
can be obtained only after executing the loop for one lakh times if the element to be
searched is the last element. However, in case of BST, there are only 20 steps. The
5. ecomputernotes.com Data Structures Lecture No. 19
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BST technique, as witnessed earlier, is quite different as compared to this tree. They
have both left and right subtrees. What happened with this tree? The benefit we have
due to BST is not applicable here. It seems that it is a link list. This is only due to the
fact that the data of the tree was given in the sorted order.
If you want to create a tree out of a sorted data with the insert method, it will look like
the above tree. It means that you do not want to have sorted data. But it is not easy, as
you might not have control over this process. Consider the example of polling. It is
not possible that all the voters come to the polling station in some specific order. But
in another example, if you are given a list of sorted data and asked to create a BST
with this data. If you create a BST with data that is in an ascending order, it will look
like a link list. In the link list, the search takes a lot of time. You have created a BST
but the operations on it are working as it is a singly link list. How can we avoid that?
We know that the BST is very beneficial. One way to avoid this is that some how we
get the sorted data unsorted. How this can be done. It is not possible, as data is not
always provided as a complete set. Data is provided in chunks most of the times. Now
what should we do? We will apply a technique here so that we can get the benefits of
the BST. We should keep the tree balanced. In the above tree, nodes have left child
and no right child. So this tree is not balanced. One way to achieve it is that both the
left and right subtrees have the same height. While talking about the binary search
tree, we discussed the height, depth and level of BST. Every node has some level. As
we go down to the tree from the root, the levels of the tree increased and also the
number of nodes, if all the left and right subtrees are present. You have earlier seen
different examples of tree. The complete binary tree is such a tree that has all the left
and right subtrees and all the leaf nodes in the end. In the complete binary tree, we
can say that the number of nodes in the left subtree and right subtree are equal. If we
weigh that tree on the balance, from the root, both of its sides will be equal as the
number of nodes in the right subtree and left subtree are equal. If you have such a
balanced binary search tree with one lakh nodes, there will need of only 20
comparisons to find a number. The levels of this tree are 20. We have also used the
formula log2 (100,000). The property of such a tree is that the search comparison can
be computed with the help of log because subtrees are switched at every comparison.
Now let s see the above tree which is like a singly link list. We will try to convert it
into a balanced tree. Have a look on the following figure.
14
9 15
7 16
5 17
4 18
3 20
This tree seems to be a balanced tree. We have made 14 as the root. The nodes at the
6. ecomputernotes.com Data Structures Lecture No. 19
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left side occur at the left of all the nodes i.e. left subtree of 14 is 9, the left subtree of 9
is 7, the left subtree of 7 is 5 and so on. Similarly the right subtree contains the nodes
15, 16, 17, 18, 20. This tree seems to be a balanced tree. Let s see its level. The node
14 i.e. the root is at level zero. Then at level one, we have 9 and 15. At level two,
there are 7 and 16. Then 5 and 17, followed by 4 and 18. In the end, we have 3 and
20. It seems that we have twisted the tree in the middle, taking 14 as a root node. If
we take other nodes like 9 or 7, these have only left subtree. Similarly if we take 15 or
16, these have right subtrees only. These nodes do not have both right and left subtree.
In the earlier example, we have seen that the nodes have right and left subtrees. In that
example, the data was not sorted. Here the tree is not shallow. Still we can not get the
required BST. What should we do? With the sorted data, the tree can not become
complete binary search tree and the search is not optimized. We want the data in
unsorted form that may not be available.
We want to make a balanced tree, keeping in mind that it should not be shallow one.
We could insist that every node must have left and right subtrees of same height. But
this requires that the tree be a complete binary tree. To achieve it, there must be (2d+1
1) data items, where d is the depth of the tree. Here we are not pleading to have
unsorted data. Rather, we need as much data which could help make a balanced
binary tree. If we have a tree of depth d, there will be need of (2d+1 1) data items i.e.
we will have left and right subtrees of every node with the same height. Now think
yourself that is it possible that whenever you build a tree or someone uses your BST
class can fulfill this condition. This is not possible that whenever we are going to
create a tree, there will be (2d+1 1) data items for a tree of depth d. The reason is
that most of the time you do not have control over the data. Therefore this is too rigid
condition. So this is also not a practical solution.
AVL Tree
AVL tree has been named after two persons Adelson-Velskii and Landis. These two
had devised a technique to make the tree balanced. According to them, an AVL tree is
identical to a BST, barring the following possible differences:
Height of the left and right subtrees may differ by at most 1.
Height of an empty tree is defined to be ( 1).
We can calculate the height of a subtree by counting its levels from the bottom. At
some node, we calculate the height of its left subtree and right subtree and get the
difference between them. Let s understand this with the help of following fig.
7. ecomputernotes.com Data Structures Lecture No. 19
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An AVL Tree
Level
5 0
2 8 1
1 4 7 2
3 3
This is an AVL tree. The root of the tree is 5. At next level, we have 2 and 8, followed
by 1, 4 and 7 at next level where 1, 4 are left and right subtrees of node 2 and 7 is the
left subtree of node 8. At the level three, we have 3. We have shown the levels in the
figure at the right side. The root is at level 0, followed by the levels 1, 2 and 3. Now
see the height of the left subtree of 5. It is 3. Similarly the height of the right subtree is
2. Now we have to calculate the difference of the height of left subtree and right
subtree of 5. The height of left subtree of 5 is 3 and height of right subtree of 5 is 2.
So the difference is 1. Similarly, we can have a tree in which right subtree is deeper
than left subtree. The condition in the AVL tree is that at any node the height of left
subtree can be one more or one less than the height of right subtree. These heights, of
course, can be equal. The difference of heights can not be more than 1. This
difference can be -1 if we subtract the height of left subtree from right subtree where
the height of left subtree is one less than the height of right subtree. Remember that
this condition is not at the root. It should satisfy at any level at any node. Let s
analyze the height of left subtree and right subtree of node 2. This should be -1, 0 or
1. The height of left subtree of node 2 is 1 while that of right subtree of the node 2 is
2. Therefore the absolute difference between them is 1. Similarly at node 8, the height
of left subtree is 1 and right subtree does not exist so its height is zero. Therefore the
difference is 1. At leaves, the height is zero, as there is no left or right subtree. In the
above figure, the balanced condition is satisfactory at every level and node. Such trees
have a special structure.
Let s see another example. Here is the diagram of the tree.
8. ecomputernotes.com Data Structures Lecture No. 19
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Not an AVL
tree Level
6 0
1 8 1
1 4
2
3 5
3
The height of the left subtree of node 6 is three whereas the height of the right subtree
is one. Therefore the difference is 2. The balanced condition is not satisfactory.
Therefore, it is not an AVL tree.
Let s give this condition a formal shape that will become a guiding principle for us
while creating a tree. We will try to satisfy this condition during the insertion of a
node in the tree or a deletion of a node from the tree. We will also see later how we
can enforce this condition satisfactorily on our tree. As a result, we will get a tree
whose structure will not be like a singly linked list.
The definition of height of a tree is:
The height of a binary tree is the maximum level of its leaves (also called the
depth).
The height of a tree is the longest path from the root to the leaf. This can also be
calculated as the maximum level of the tree. If we have to calculate the height of
some node, we should start counting the levels from that node.
The balance of a node is defined as:
The balance of a node in a binary tree is defined as the height of its left subtree
minus height of its right subtree.
Here, for example, is a balanced tree whose each node has an indicated balance of 1,
0, or 1.
9. ecomputernotes.com Data Structures Lecture No. 19
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-1
1 0
0 0 1 -1
0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0
In this example, we have shown the balance of each node instead of the data item. In
the root node, there is the value -1. With this information, you know that the height of
the right subtree at this node is one greater than that of the left subtree. In the left
subtree of the root, we have node with value 1. You can understand from this example
that the height of the right subtree at this node is one less than the height of the left
subtree. In this tree, some nodes have balance -1, 0 or 1. You have been thinking that
we have to calculate the balance of each node. How can we do that? When we create a
tree, there will be a need of some information on the balance factor of each node.
With the help of this information, we will try to balance the tree. So after getting this
balance factor for each node, we will be able to create a balance tree even with the
sorted data. There are other cases, which we will discuss, in the next lecture. In short,
a balance tree with any kind of data facilitates the search process.