Consider the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster, a common model organ.pdf

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Consider the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster, a common model organism used in genetics. Drosophila, like peas, have many visible phenotypic traits that can easily be studied in the laboratory. In this organism, gray body color is dominant over ebony body color and long wings are dominant over vestigial (stunted)wings. The following crosses are the P1 generation. All P1 organisms are true-breeding (homozygous). Choose symbols for your genes. Remember that the same gene must have the same letter -use the capital for a dominant allele and lowercase for a recessive allele. Indicate the genotype and phenotype for the F1 organisms for each cross. Then indicate the genotypic and phenotypic ratio for the F2 generations (F1 crossed with F1) or the next generation as noted.. 1- gray body long wings Xebony body vestigial wings 2- gray body vestigial wings X ebony body long wings 3- gray body long wings X gray body vestigial wings.

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5. If an organism were heterozygous for 10 loci, how many different combinations could the organism produce in its gametes? Show all your work to receive full credit. 6. In tomato plants, the production of red fruit color is under the control of an allele R. Yellow. tomatoes are rr. The dominant phenotype for fruit shape is under the control of an allele T. which produces two lobes. Multilobed fruit, the recessive phenotype, have the phenotype tt. Two different crosses are made between parental plants of unknown genotype and phenotype. Use the progeny phenotype ratios to determine the genotypes and phenotypes of each parent. (a) Cross 1 progeny: 3/8 two-lobed, red 3/8 two-lobed, yellow 1/8 multilobed, red 1/8 multilobed, yellow What are the genotypes and phenotypes of the parents in this cross?3. A tropicat fish fancier produced an albino zebra fish. it lacked blue stripes characteristic of the normal zebra fish. When she crossed a normal zebra fish to the albino, all the offspring were narmat. When she crossed two of the normal F1 offspring, y were abbino and % were normal. When an albino was crossed to the normal offspring, half were albino and half were normal. What is the genotype and phenotype of each fish mentioned in this problem? 4. In pea plants, the appearance of flowers along the main stem is a dominant phenotype called "axial" and is controlled by an allele T. The recessive phenotype, produced by an allele t, has flowers only at the end of the stem called "terminal". Pod form displays a dominant phenotype "inflated", controlled by allele F, and a recessive "constricted" form produced by allele f . A pure-breeding axial, constricted plant is crossed to one that is purebreeding terminal, inflated. A. The F1 progeny of this cross are allowed to self-fertilize. What is the expected phenotypic distribution of the F2 progeny? List the genotypes and phenotypes of the f1 generation and the phenotypes of the F2 progeny. B. If an F1 plant from the initial cross described above, is crossed to a plant that is terminal, constricted, what is the expected phenotypic distribution among the resulting progeny?.

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Figare 11.1. When these F 1 offspring self-pollinated, the next generation ( F 2 ) showed both traits in a 3.1 ratio. The trait shown in the F 1 was always the more commen trait in the F 2 , with 3 out of every 4 offspring expressing it. See Figure 11.2 . Figure 11.2. Essentially, Mendel's explanation for what he saw was: 1. Traits are controlled by what he called "factors" and which we now call genes. 2. An organism has a pair of genes for each trait. We now know that cach gene is located on one of two similar (homologous) chromosomes. 3. An organism mandomly inherits one gene from each of its parents' pair of genes. Thus, its own pair consists of one gene that is puternal and one gene that is maternal. 4. The pairs of genes can be identical, or they can be different. If they are the same, the organism is said to be homoxygous; if different, the organism is said to be heterozygous. Different versions of genes are called alleles. Thus, an organism with two different alleles is heterozygous and one with identical alleles is homozygous. 5. Contrasting alleles can vary in their effect. Since his F 1 generation resembled only one of the parents, while both of the traits present in the parents reappeared in the F 2 generation, he concluded that the factons do not blend or disappear. He defined a rule of dominance to explain this: The allele that determines the appearance of a heterozygote is called the dominant allele. The one that is hidden is the recessive allele. The visible outcome of the genes is the phenotype, while the actual genetic outcome is the genotype. The 3 : 1 ratio in the F 2 generation refers specifically to 3 dominant traits being expressed for every one recessive. Today you will examine several traits that illustrate Mendel's basic explanations for patterns of inheritance. You will also see some ways in which these basic explanations can be used to study human genetics and to understand how to do pedigree analysis. EXERCISE 1. REVIEW OF BASIC GENETICS TERMS PROCEDURE Using your lecture materials and textbook as a reference, review the following genetic situation and answer the questions that follow. When a true-breeding brown mink is crossed with a true-breeding silver-blue mink they produce offspring all with the same phenotype: brown. When these F 1 mink were crossed amongst themselves, they produced 47 brown animals and 15 silver-blue animals ( F 2 generation). 1. What does the gene being discussed code for? 2. What allelles for this gene are being discussed? 3. Which one of these alleles is dominant and how do you know it is dominant? 4. Which one of the alleles is recessive and how do you know it is recessive? 5. What does F 1 stand for? Explain what the F 1 generation is. F = childien 1 = Grotaeneration 6. What is the meaning of the word phenotype? In this particular case, what was the phenotype of the F 1 ? 7. If you were studying genotypes, what would you be looking at? In general, what different genotypes can you find i.

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