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The document argues that current U.S. drug laws are having more negative effects on society than drugs themselves. It notes that drug use has dropped in the past decade, especially among teens, but non-violent drug offenders make up over 20% of the federal prison population. First time drug offenders also serve longer sentences on average than those convicted of kidnapping, burglary or sex abuse. Keeping prisoners is also very expensive, with the U.S. having the highest incarceration rate in the world. The argument is that reconsidering attitudes toward drug users could cost society less than the current approach.
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.Identifying Misleading Information in an Argument Please respond .docx
.Identifying Misleading Information in an Argument" Please respond to the following:
Consider the following argument: There are many arguments for the elimination or modification of current U. S. drug laws, but one of the most persuasive involves what negative effects drug laws are having on society in comparison with the effects of the drugs themselves. In the past ten years, most forms of drug use have dropped significantly, especially among teens. Despite this, non-violent drug offenders accounted for 21.1 percent of the federal prison population. First time drug offenders serve, on average, a sentence three months longer than kidnappers, nine months longer than burglars, and thirty-three months longer than sex abusers. In 1992, the average cost of keeping an inmate in either state or federal prison was about $20,000 per prisoner per year. The United States has the highest incarceration rate in the world, with 455 prisoners per 100,000 population. It is maintaining these prisoners at great expense in an environment where they are unlikely to develop a socially constructive attitude. Perhaps it is time that we reconsider our attitudes toward those who choose to use drugs; failure to do so may cost society even more than it already has.
Determine whether or not the argument uses any deceptive statistics. Give your opinion on whether or not the argument has persuaded you. Explain why or why not.
Determine the primary ways in which statistics or authority are used in your current position in developing persuasive arguments, and provide examples of such use.
...
Tim Minotas Federal Drug Mandatory Minimum Sentences Final Paper
This document discusses federal mandatory minimum sentences for drug offenses. It begins by explaining that in the 1980s, Congress passed laws requiring minimum prison terms for drug crimes to deter drug trafficking. However, these laws have led to overcrowded prisons filled with nonviolent, low-level drug offenders, costing taxpayers billions annually. The document then evaluates alternatives to reform these laws, including repealing mandatory minimums, expanding the safety valve exception, and applying sentencing reforms retroactively. It analyzes evidence on the impacts of these policy changes in various states, finding reductions in incarceration rates and costs without increases in crime.
Running Header CRITICAL ISSUES TO CORRECTIONAL INSTITUTIONS I.docx
Running Header: CRITICAL ISSUES TO CORRECTIONAL INSTITUTIONS IN THE U.S. 1
Critical Issues To Correctional Institutions in the U.S.
Name
CRJ 465
Instructor’s Name
Date
CRITICAL ISSUES TO CORRECTIONAL INSTITUTIONS IN THE U.S. 2
There are many contemporary issues that are found within the American penal system.
Perhaps we are not fully aware of these issues and just how much they affect the American penal
system. Though we are aware that there are issues, we may not be completely aware of just how
much they affect the everyday functioning of the correctional systems. We are not fully aware of
the funding problems, or the overcrowding problems, or just how much violence takes place in
prisons. These three issues seem to be the worst of all the issues that these facilities face.
Funding
Correctional facilities, just like any other business, do not operate for free. Total state
expenditures on prisons and related activities were about $9.6 billion in the mid-1980’s, where
about 40 percent of all state prison construction was financed by a pay-as-you-go method, and 50
percent was paid by general obligation bonds, and the remaining 10 percent was financed using
lease revenue bonds and other revenue streams. By 1996, total state expenditures for prisons
were estimated to be $22 billion, and more than half of all the debt issued to finance prisons was
carried out through a specific variant of lease-revenue bonds which were called certificates of
participation (Public Bonds, 2004). According to the staff at Vera’s Center on Sentencing and
Corrections and Cost-Benefit Analysis Unit, after surveying 40 states in an effort to calculate the
taxpayer’s cost of prisons, the cost of prisons was $39 billion in 2010, which was $5.4 billion
more than what their corrections budgets reflected (VERA Institute of Justice, 2013). Over the
past 40 years, the U.S. has seen a dramatic increase in prison population, and as a result, the
country’s state prison population has grown by more than 700 percent since the 1970’s. This has
come at great cost to taxpayers (VERA Institute of Justice, 2013). At the end of 2012, the United
States prison population was 1,571,013, which is actually a decline for the third straight
CRITICAL ISSUES TO CORRECTIONAL INSTITUTIONS IN THE U.S. 3
consecutive year. More plans are under way in an effort to lower the number of people who are
incarcerated in the U.S., which will help lower the cost of running these facilities as well.
America exceeds every other country in prison inmate population. Attorney General Eric Holder
announced sweeping plans that will be designed to address the issue through drug sentencing
reform and this means that low level drug offenders could be subjected to some type of treatment
or community service programs rather than prison time. There are also plans of implementing
and expanding prison programs that would a.
Paskash Research Paper
The document discusses drug courts as an alternative approach to dealing with nonviolent drug offenders compared to the traditional war on drugs approach. It provides an overview of drug courts, noting they began in 1989 and aim to treat substance abuse issues through judicial monitoring while reducing recidivism. The effectiveness of drug courts is debated, as studies show mixed results on reducing recidivism rates compared to traditional probation. While drug courts have grown significantly, concerns remain around their methodology and the types of offenders they target for treatment versus punishment.
Take a Stand
The document discusses the negative impacts of the war on drugs in the United States. It argues that the war on drugs has failed to reduce drug use and instead disproportionately impacts minorities and the poor. The war on drugs generates billions of dollars for the criminal justice system and private prisons but treats a small fraction of drug addicts while drug-related deaths have doubled. Some naturally occurring plants with therapeutic benefits have been made illegal due to the war on drugs despite evidence that legalizing and regulating certain drugs could generate tax revenue for treatment programs and have fewer negative consequences than current policies.
The war on drugs
The War on Drugs declared by President Nixon in 1971 has led to racial disparities and mass incarceration in the US. Minority groups, especially African Americans, are incarcerated at much higher rates for drug offenses despite similar usage rates among races. Mandatory minimum sentencing and harsh drug laws have flooded the prison system and disproportionately impacted minority communities. While public opinion has shifted to support treating drug use as a health issue rather than criminal, the War on Drugs continues to criminalize drug users and devastate minority families and communities through over-policing and unjust punishments.
The field of corrections, which will be the topic in this next set.docx
The field of corrections, which will be the topic in this next set of three chapters, encompasses county and state jails, prisons, community corrections, including probation and parole, and various correctional programs. Correctional professionals, like law enforcement and legal professionals, have a great deal of discretion and power over the lives of offenders.
As you may know, the United States has about 2.1 million people in jails and prisons. We incarcerate many more people per capita than other western, industrialized countries. At a rate of about 700 per 100,000, the United States incarcerates about seven times more people than Norway (72), France (98), or Canada (118) and a little less than five times more people than the United Kingdom (147) (Wagner and Walsh, 2016).
The reason our imprisonment rate is so much higher is not because of higher crime, but, because of our inclination to punish with incarceration rather than any other sentencing alternative (Raphael and Stoll, 2008). A careful analysis of sentencing patterns by Pfaff (2011) shows that the dramatic increase in
incarceration rates that began in the 1980s was largely due to the decision of prosecutors to seek prison terms for convicted individuals, and, to a lesser extent, increased sentence length and changes in parole release and revocation.
Further, we were roughly comparable to other countries in our punishment practices until the 1980s, at which time the incarceration rates increased dramatically every year. Recently, the rate and numbers in prison have plateaued, and many states, have even showed decreases in the number incarcerated (Kaeble and Glaze, 2016; Pollock, 2016). The number incarcerated in jail or prison decreased by 2.3 percent from 2014 and was its lowest level since 2004 (Kaeble and Glaze, 2016). Some states have created double-digit declines since 1999, including New Jersey, New York, Rhode Island, and California. Interestingly, states’ decrease or increase in the number of people imprisoned does not seem to show any correlation with whether the state’s crime rate has increased or decreased (Pew Research Center, 2016).
While the incarceration rate per 100,000 is 466 for white men, it is 1,130 for Hispanic men and an amazing 2,791 for black men. Women are incarcerated at a much lower rate: 51 per 100,000 white women are incarcerated, compared to 65 for Hispanic women and 113 per 100,000 for black women (Bureau of Justice Statistics, 2015). At year-end 2015 an estimated 6,741,400 persons were supervised by U.S. adult correctional systems (prison, jail, probation, or parole). This is a decrease of about 115,600 persons from year-end 2014 and represents almost 3 percent of the total adult population. The interested reader can go to the Bureau of Justice Statistics (https://bjs.gov/) to see how imprisonment patterns have changed over the years.
It is important to emphasize that the imprisonment patterns we see are a function of individual discretion on the par.
Sandra Ka Hon Chu - Panel - Alternatives to the War on Drugs
This document discusses alternatives to criminalizing drug possession, specifically decriminalizing possession for personal use in Canada. It provides context on the global war on drugs and the UN drug control treaties. It summarizes evidence that criminalizing drug possession has failed to reduce drug use or availability while increasing incarceration, overdoses, and disease. The document explores what decriminalization means, including different country approaches, and how public health, human rights, and political support for decriminalization are growing in Canada.
Recommended
.Identifying Misleading Information in an Argument Please respond .docx
.Identifying Misleading Information in an Argument" Please respond to the following:
Consider the following argument: There are many arguments for the elimination or modification of current U. S. drug laws, but one of the most persuasive involves what negative effects drug laws are having on society in comparison with the effects of the drugs themselves. In the past ten years, most forms of drug use have dropped significantly, especially among teens. Despite this, non-violent drug offenders accounted for 21.1 percent of the federal prison population. First time drug offenders serve, on average, a sentence three months longer than kidnappers, nine months longer than burglars, and thirty-three months longer than sex abusers. In 1992, the average cost of keeping an inmate in either state or federal prison was about $20,000 per prisoner per year. The United States has the highest incarceration rate in the world, with 455 prisoners per 100,000 population. It is maintaining these prisoners at great expense in an environment where they are unlikely to develop a socially constructive attitude. Perhaps it is time that we reconsider our attitudes toward those who choose to use drugs; failure to do so may cost society even more than it already has.
Determine whether or not the argument uses any deceptive statistics. Give your opinion on whether or not the argument has persuaded you. Explain why or why not.
Determine the primary ways in which statistics or authority are used in your current position in developing persuasive arguments, and provide examples of such use.
...
Tim Minotas Federal Drug Mandatory Minimum Sentences Final Paper
This document discusses federal mandatory minimum sentences for drug offenses. It begins by explaining that in the 1980s, Congress passed laws requiring minimum prison terms for drug crimes to deter drug trafficking. However, these laws have led to overcrowded prisons filled with nonviolent, low-level drug offenders, costing taxpayers billions annually. The document then evaluates alternatives to reform these laws, including repealing mandatory minimums, expanding the safety valve exception, and applying sentencing reforms retroactively. It analyzes evidence on the impacts of these policy changes in various states, finding reductions in incarceration rates and costs without increases in crime.
Running Header CRITICAL ISSUES TO CORRECTIONAL INSTITUTIONS I.docx
Running Header: CRITICAL ISSUES TO CORRECTIONAL INSTITUTIONS IN THE U.S. 1
Critical Issues To Correctional Institutions in the U.S.
Name
CRJ 465
Instructor’s Name
Date
CRITICAL ISSUES TO CORRECTIONAL INSTITUTIONS IN THE U.S. 2
There are many contemporary issues that are found within the American penal system.
Perhaps we are not fully aware of these issues and just how much they affect the American penal
system. Though we are aware that there are issues, we may not be completely aware of just how
much they affect the everyday functioning of the correctional systems. We are not fully aware of
the funding problems, or the overcrowding problems, or just how much violence takes place in
prisons. These three issues seem to be the worst of all the issues that these facilities face.
Funding
Correctional facilities, just like any other business, do not operate for free. Total state
expenditures on prisons and related activities were about $9.6 billion in the mid-1980’s, where
about 40 percent of all state prison construction was financed by a pay-as-you-go method, and 50
percent was paid by general obligation bonds, and the remaining 10 percent was financed using
lease revenue bonds and other revenue streams. By 1996, total state expenditures for prisons
were estimated to be $22 billion, and more than half of all the debt issued to finance prisons was
carried out through a specific variant of lease-revenue bonds which were called certificates of
participation (Public Bonds, 2004). According to the staff at Vera’s Center on Sentencing and
Corrections and Cost-Benefit Analysis Unit, after surveying 40 states in an effort to calculate the
taxpayer’s cost of prisons, the cost of prisons was $39 billion in 2010, which was $5.4 billion
more than what their corrections budgets reflected (VERA Institute of Justice, 2013). Over the
past 40 years, the U.S. has seen a dramatic increase in prison population, and as a result, the
country’s state prison population has grown by more than 700 percent since the 1970’s. This has
come at great cost to taxpayers (VERA Institute of Justice, 2013). At the end of 2012, the United
States prison population was 1,571,013, which is actually a decline for the third straight
CRITICAL ISSUES TO CORRECTIONAL INSTITUTIONS IN THE U.S. 3
consecutive year. More plans are under way in an effort to lower the number of people who are
incarcerated in the U.S., which will help lower the cost of running these facilities as well.
America exceeds every other country in prison inmate population. Attorney General Eric Holder
announced sweeping plans that will be designed to address the issue through drug sentencing
reform and this means that low level drug offenders could be subjected to some type of treatment
or community service programs rather than prison time. There are also plans of implementing
and expanding prison programs that would a.
Paskash Research Paper
The document discusses drug courts as an alternative approach to dealing with nonviolent drug offenders compared to the traditional war on drugs approach. It provides an overview of drug courts, noting they began in 1989 and aim to treat substance abuse issues through judicial monitoring while reducing recidivism. The effectiveness of drug courts is debated, as studies show mixed results on reducing recidivism rates compared to traditional probation. While drug courts have grown significantly, concerns remain around their methodology and the types of offenders they target for treatment versus punishment.
Take a Stand
The document discusses the negative impacts of the war on drugs in the United States. It argues that the war on drugs has failed to reduce drug use and instead disproportionately impacts minorities and the poor. The war on drugs generates billions of dollars for the criminal justice system and private prisons but treats a small fraction of drug addicts while drug-related deaths have doubled. Some naturally occurring plants with therapeutic benefits have been made illegal due to the war on drugs despite evidence that legalizing and regulating certain drugs could generate tax revenue for treatment programs and have fewer negative consequences than current policies.
The war on drugs
The War on Drugs declared by President Nixon in 1971 has led to racial disparities and mass incarceration in the US. Minority groups, especially African Americans, are incarcerated at much higher rates for drug offenses despite similar usage rates among races. Mandatory minimum sentencing and harsh drug laws have flooded the prison system and disproportionately impacted minority communities. While public opinion has shifted to support treating drug use as a health issue rather than criminal, the War on Drugs continues to criminalize drug users and devastate minority families and communities through over-policing and unjust punishments.
The field of corrections, which will be the topic in this next set.docx
The field of corrections, which will be the topic in this next set of three chapters, encompasses county and state jails, prisons, community corrections, including probation and parole, and various correctional programs. Correctional professionals, like law enforcement and legal professionals, have a great deal of discretion and power over the lives of offenders.
As you may know, the United States has about 2.1 million people in jails and prisons. We incarcerate many more people per capita than other western, industrialized countries. At a rate of about 700 per 100,000, the United States incarcerates about seven times more people than Norway (72), France (98), or Canada (118) and a little less than five times more people than the United Kingdom (147) (Wagner and Walsh, 2016).
The reason our imprisonment rate is so much higher is not because of higher crime, but, because of our inclination to punish with incarceration rather than any other sentencing alternative (Raphael and Stoll, 2008). A careful analysis of sentencing patterns by Pfaff (2011) shows that the dramatic increase in
incarceration rates that began in the 1980s was largely due to the decision of prosecutors to seek prison terms for convicted individuals, and, to a lesser extent, increased sentence length and changes in parole release and revocation.
Further, we were roughly comparable to other countries in our punishment practices until the 1980s, at which time the incarceration rates increased dramatically every year. Recently, the rate and numbers in prison have plateaued, and many states, have even showed decreases in the number incarcerated (Kaeble and Glaze, 2016; Pollock, 2016). The number incarcerated in jail or prison decreased by 2.3 percent from 2014 and was its lowest level since 2004 (Kaeble and Glaze, 2016). Some states have created double-digit declines since 1999, including New Jersey, New York, Rhode Island, and California. Interestingly, states’ decrease or increase in the number of people imprisoned does not seem to show any correlation with whether the state’s crime rate has increased or decreased (Pew Research Center, 2016).
While the incarceration rate per 100,000 is 466 for white men, it is 1,130 for Hispanic men and an amazing 2,791 for black men. Women are incarcerated at a much lower rate: 51 per 100,000 white women are incarcerated, compared to 65 for Hispanic women and 113 per 100,000 for black women (Bureau of Justice Statistics, 2015). At year-end 2015 an estimated 6,741,400 persons were supervised by U.S. adult correctional systems (prison, jail, probation, or parole). This is a decrease of about 115,600 persons from year-end 2014 and represents almost 3 percent of the total adult population. The interested reader can go to the Bureau of Justice Statistics (https://bjs.gov/) to see how imprisonment patterns have changed over the years.
It is important to emphasize that the imprisonment patterns we see are a function of individual discretion on the par.
Sandra Ka Hon Chu - Panel - Alternatives to the War on Drugs
This document discusses alternatives to criminalizing drug possession, specifically decriminalizing possession for personal use in Canada. It provides context on the global war on drugs and the UN drug control treaties. It summarizes evidence that criminalizing drug possession has failed to reduce drug use or availability while increasing incarceration, overdoses, and disease. The document explores what decriminalization means, including different country approaches, and how public health, human rights, and political support for decriminalization are growing in Canada.
POLICY ISSUE Mandatory minimum sentencing is a judicial po.docx
POLICY ISSUE
Mandatory minimum sentencing is a judicial policy in the United States that requires
judges to punish certain crimes with an absolute minimum period of time in prison, regardless of
circumstance (USSC, 1991). The 1980s and 1990s have been classified as the ‘tough on crime’
era in regards to US criminal justice legislation and then-criminal justice reform. Anti-drug
sentiment was pervasive throughout the country, with highly visible and expensive advertising
campaigns directed for anti-drug causes. The campaigns were one aspect of a multi-faceted
blitzkrieg on the increasing incidence of drug trafficking throughout the United States,
particularly crack cocaine. In addition, mandatory minimum sentencing was instated during the
Reagan administration, primarily to address the perceived crack and greater drug epidemic,
expanding throughout the next decade. It was a popular issue that crossed party lines, being
embraced by the Republican Reagan and Bush administrations, and continuing with the
Democratic Clinton administration in the 1990s; by 1994 mandatory minimums were enforced in
31 states and Washington, DC (Baker, 2018).
PUBLIC POLICY
Mandatory minimum sentencing is covered under the Regulatory public policy as this
type of policy limits the actions of people in order to protect the general public. In order to
protect the general public - the people of the United States, mandatory minimums were
introduced as a means to control or stymie ‘dangerous criminals’.
POLICY MODIFICATION
One revision to this policy I would introduce would be the elimination of mandatory
minimum sentencing for non-violent drug offenses. I believe this would positively impact this
policy because currently the state and federal prisons are overcrowded, partly due to those
incarcerated for lengthy prison sentences for drug charges. Individuals sentenced to prison time
for drug offenses should have their cases re-evaluated and determined on a case-by-case basis
versus on a standard nationwide scale. When the Fair Sentencing Act of 2010 was initiated, the
new polices were not said to be retroactive and only applied to new cases. Many of those who
are currently incarcerated would not receive the same sentences if their cases were tried in court
today. I do not believe a one size fits all policy is conducive to fixing the overall drug problems
in the U.S.
A second modification to this policy I would introduce would be the re-instatement of
judicial power and discretion. Mandatory minimum sentencing essentially removes the
discretion of judges from the equation when it comes to sentencing. Judges should have the
power to veto certain sentencing standards, but with mandatory minimums their hands are tied.
Again, each case should be judged and evaluated individually and not on a national standardized
scale.
If the U.S. were to issue commutations to all prisoners incarcerate ...
Respond as to why you agree or disagree with the discussion respon
Respond as to why you agree or disagree with the discussion response from the 3 students below. Your response should be at least 100 words for each of the 3 discussion responses.Bottom of Form
Discussion replies:
1.
Module 6 discussion- Reply to M
The four reasons for sentencing are Retribution, Deterrence, Incapacitation, and Rehabilitation. Retribution is the punishment for knowingly breaking society’s rules. Deterrence is like retribution, but instead of just punishment for the crime, the idea is preventing the crime from happening again in the future with the sentencing chosen. Incapacitation is defined as harsher sentencing for crimes that in hopes will deter others from committing the same crime in society. Rehabilitation is using programs within the prisons to help the inmates make a change within themselves so that when they are released they will no longer be a threat to themselves or their community. In the case from the text I saw that the deterrence philosophy was in use. They got such long sentences to be used as an example and to try and deter others from committing the same crime. When it comes to non-violent crimes I think that if more rehabilitation is put into action and the programs are actually worked with non-violent offenders, they should not receive such lengthy sentences. I understand the point of deterrence but at the same time the extreme long sentences should be there for violent offenders, there are already overcrowded prisons as it is.
The federal sentencing guidelines were put into place to “remove judicial bias from the sentencing process” (Gaines & Miller, 2017, Cengage Learning). These guidelines have become harsher than they were before by far. The average Federal sentence in 2004 was fifty months which was more than doubled since 1984 (Gaines & Miller, 2017, Cengage Learning).
The trend from our text that applies to the case is inmates serving more time. They were given quite the lengthy sentence for a non-violent crime. Decarceration is the attempt to lower the incarceration rates. There are three different ways to go about doing this and they are: decreasing the chances that nonviolent offenders will return to prison, increasing the number of nonviolent offenders released from prison, and decreasing prison sentences for probation and parole violations. I agree with the Decarceration trends, as they are helping to alleviate the numbers of people in prisons for nonviolent crimes so that we have the room to keep the violent offenders out of our communities.
2.
DISCUSSION 6 Reply to A
In Chapter 11 you learned about the four basic philosophical reasons for sentencing criminals. Briefly discuss these four reasons in your own words.
The 4 basic philosophical reasons are:
Retribution: justice and punishments are done to who commits a crime- Just Deserts: meaning a punishment should be done on the severity of the crime.
Deterrence: preventing future crimes through th ...
American Prohibition Secondary Analysis & Unit Of Analysis[1]
This research aims to examine the hypothesis that American prohibition policies, including the "War on Drugs", and subsequent incarceration rates have significantly reduced the educational attainment of American students. The independent variable is American prohibition and incarceration, while the dependent variable is levels of educational attainment. Secondary sources of data will be analyzed using methods like frequency distribution and cross-tabulation to measure changes in educational attainment rates before and after prohibition policies. The research argues that ending prohibition and reducing incarceration could help improve educational outcomes for American students.
Wiley and Springer are collaborating with JSTOR to digitize,.docx
Wiley and Springer are collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to Sociological Forum.
http://www.jstor.org
Not Just a Matter of Criminal Justice: States, Institutions, and North American Drug Policy
Author(s): Ellen Benoit
Source: Sociological Forum, Vol. 18, No. 2 (Jun., 2003), pp. 269-294
Published by: Springer
Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/3648902
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is mainly concerned with policy effects rather than origins. Yet, like other
social policies, drug policy is a product of the legislative process, and its
variations, too, are shaped by the ways in which political institutions me-
diate the fortunes of policy agendas. Drug policy is also, like welfare poli-
cies, a way in which the state manages the socioeconomic risks faced by its
constituents.
This article presents a rationale for an analytical approach to drug pol-
icy grounded in politics and institutions. I propose a polity-centered analysis
that emphasizes the role of the state-its configuration and capacities, its
relationships with other institutional sectors and with its citizens-and the
legacies of previous policies, not only in drug control but in other, related pol-
icy areas as well. Such a perspective provides a more complete explanation
of drug-policy variations cross-nationally and over time than do approaches
that conceive of drug policy narrowly as a matter of criminal justice. Exam-
ining the evolution of drug-control strategies in this way also demonstrates
the potential for a new theoretical argument regarding policy development
more broadly: that institutional interests can cross policy domains, creating
potential administrative capacity for new policies and fostering linkages by
which one policy influences another.
Drug policy everywhere must manage the tension between the state's
interests in protec ...
FINDING DIRECTIONEXPANDING CRIMINAL JUSTICE OPTIONS BY CONSIDER
FINDING DIRECTION:
EXPANDING CRIMINAL JUSTICE OPTIONS BY CONSIDERING POLICIES OF OTHER NATIONS
J U S T I C E
P O L I C Y I N S T I T U T E
| A P R I L 2 0 11
Justice Policy Institute is a national nonprofit organization that changes the conversation around justice reform and advances policies that promote well-being and justice for all people and communities.
1012 14th Street, NW, Suite 400 Washington, DC 20005 TEL (202) 558-7974 FAX (202) 558-7978WWW.JUSTICEPOLICY.ORG
CONTENTS3 INTRODUCTION4 What this report does and does not do5 SIMILARITIES BETwEEN NATIONS MAkE POLICYOPPORTUNITIES POSSIBLE.5 Fundamental similarities provide the groundwork for comparison.10 THE U.S. LEADS THE wORLD IN INCARCERATION, BUT THIS IS NOTMAkING THE U.S. SAFER.14 THE U.S. JUSTICE SYSTEM OPERATES TO CREATE MOREINCARCERATION.
14 Policing and arrests 16 Pretrial detention and remand to custody 20 Sentencing 23 Punitive response to drug use 33 Parole and reentry 45 Juvenile justice50 DIFFERENCES ACROSS NATIONS PRESENT SOME CHALLENGES TOIMPLEMENTING POLICY.
50 Politics and government structure 52 Media defines crime and policy in many comparison nations 53 Economics and spending57 CERTAIN COMMUNITIES BEAR A DISPROPORTIONATE BURDEN OFINCARCERATION IN ALL COMPARISON NATIONS.58 Policy implications59 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
61 GLOSSARY OF TERMS 62 APPENDIX: Additional Reading 64 FACTSHEET: International Policies in the United States
a letter from the
executive director
Dear Reader,
Two years ago, JPI was approached with an academic paper entitled, “The Use of Incarceration in the United States and other Western Democracies,” by Douglas B. Weiss, M.A. and Doris MacKenzie, Ph.D. At that time and amidst a growing economic crisis, U.S. Senator Jim Webb was rallying people behind the formation of a criminal justice commission that would examine current policies and practices, with an eye toward creating recommendations for ways the U.S. could safely reduce its incarceration rate. We believed the work of Dr. MacKenzie and Mr. Weiss was important to this effort, in that it placed the U.S. criminal justice system in a larger context, giving the proposed commission a broader range of possibilities to contemplate. While people in the United States might feel that “there’s no place like home,” in many ways it is not so different from other nations and it’s possible that policies that minimize the incarceration rate in other countries might also work in the U.S. With this belief as our guidepost, we undertook the creation of a policy report that uses many of the initial comparisons made by MacKenzie and Weiss, adding other comparisons of specific phases in the criminal justice system to uncover the kinds of policies that might work in the U.S. The result is a compelling rationale for a number of recommendations for policymakers to consider when seeking to change criminal justice policies in the U.S.
Regardless of what direction U.S. federal policymakers choose to follow, th ...
Drugs and Crime5chapter After you have com-pleted this chapt.docx
Drugs and Crime
5chapter After you have com-pleted this chapter,
you should have an
understanding of
● The relationship between
drug use and crime
● The structure of the illicit drug
trade
● Production and trafficking of
heroin
● Production and trafficking of
cocaine
● Production and trafficking of
marijuana
● Production and trafficking of
methamphetamine
● Production and trafficking of
hallucinogens
● Drug-related crime and
gangs
● Common methods of money
laundering
In the last couple of years we have found a large number
of marijuana plots in the Chattahoochee National Forest.
Growers are planting their marijuana in this area to escape
forfeiture laws. So I came up with this idea that I never
thought would work but I figured was worth a try. I typed a
letter and left it at one of the larger plots we found in the
national forest. The letter said, “You have been caught by
the Lumpkin County Sheriff’s Office. We have had you
under constant surveillance. If you do not turn yourself in
by calling the following number, your penalties for growing
marijuana will be doubled.”
I couldn’t believe it, but it actually worked. I had one
grower call me and turn himself in. He claimed that he was
only growing marijuana for personal use. I didn’t even
have to pick him up. He drove to the sheriff’s office and
turned himself in. Incredible but true!
—A sheriff’s deputy from Lumpkin County, Georgia
M05_LEVI0484_03_SE_C05.qxd 11/24/10 3:46 PM Page 87
Drugs, Society and Criminal Justice, 3E by Ken Charles F. Levinthal.
Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education.
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drug-defined offense: Violation of laws that prohibit
the possession, use, distribution, and manufacture of
illegal drugs.
88 ■ Part One Drugs and Society: The Criminal Justice Perspective
For law-enforcement officers and other criminal
justice professionals who contend with drugs and crime
on a daily basis, the drug–crime connection is all too
real and an inarguable fact of contemporary society. As
stated in a training manual sponsored by the Interna-
tional Association of Chiefs of Police, “If there is a
reduction in the number of people who abuse drugs in
your community, there will be a reduction in the com-
mission of certain types of crime in your community.”
For the general public, the news headlines reporting
acts of social violence linked to the world of illicit drugs
are relentless. Wherever we look, illicit drugs and crime
are seen as being bound together in a web of greed and
callous disregard for human life.
Currently, research on drugs and crime is supported
primarily by two federal agencies, the National Institute
of Justice (NIJ) and the National Institute on Drug
Abuse (NIDA). There is an increasingly close collabora-
tion between NIJ and NIDA as they tackle the complex
issues surrounding a major social problem in the United
States today. This chapter will concern itself w ...
Continually in our changing society we are learning how to interact .docx
Continually in our changing society we are learning how to interact with people who have different beliefs, values, and attitudes. In 1-2 pages, describe a time when you had to learn about a new culture or way of life. (This could be another country, a different part of the USA, a new business, or a different school or family, and so on.) Using one theory from Module 02's reading and study, explain how the experience helped sharpen your communication skills. Explain how you were enriched by the experience.
If you quote an outside resource, please follow APA citation format.
.
Context There are four main categories of computer crimeComput.docx
Context:
There are four main categories of computer crime:
Computer as the target of criminals,
criminals using computers to commit crimes,
computers being incidental to a crime, and
crime being facilitated due to the vast numbers of computers and digital devices in use today.
It is important to distinguish between these categories of computer crime in order to realize the different ways that digital devices can be involved in criminal activity.
Task Description:
Search the Internet or the library and find a real-world example of each of the four types of computer crime. Write a 5 page (1800 words) paper using APA Style. Discuss the specific crime that you found in each category, its effects on the target, and the social and economic cost of recovering from the crime.
.
Continue to use the case study (A&D High Tech) and Risk Management .docx
Continue to use the case study (A&D High Tech) and Risk Management Plan Template to identify, evaluate, and assess risk. For this part of your risk plan, use qualitative and quantitative processes, such as:
Sensitivity analysis.
Expected monetary analysis.
Monte Carlo simulation.
Decision tree analysis.
PERT tree analysis.
Also, use compare and contrast techniques for identifying risks, such as:
Brainstorming.
The Delphi Technique.
Ishikawa diagrams.
Interviewing processes.
Include the following sections in your Risk Management Plan submission:
3.1 Determine the Risks
(Identify and evaluate the types of risk that the project may encounter.)
3.2 Evaluate and Assess the Risks
(Define the elements of the risk breakdown structure for use in evaluating project risk. Analyze the impact of risk on project outcomes. Integrate risk analysis techniques to create a risk breakdown structure).
3.3 Qualitative and Quantitative Processes
(Apply qualitative and quantitative risk analysis. Use sensitivity analysis, expected monetary analysis, decision tree analysis, Monte Carlo simulation, and/or the PERT tree analysis).
.
Continue to use the case study, evaluate, and assess risk. Use quali.docx
Continue to use the case study, evaluate, and assess risk. Use qualitative and quantitative processes, such as:
Sensitivity analysis.
Expected monetary analysis.
Monte Carlo simulation.
Decision tree analysis.
PERT tree analysis.
Also, use compare and contrast techniques for identifying risks, such as:
Brainstorming.
The Delphi Technique.
Ishikawa diagrams.
Interviewing processes.
Include the following sections:
Section 3—Risk Identification
3.1 Determine the Risks
(Identify and evaluate the types of risk that the project A&D may encounter.)
3.2 Evaluate and Assess the Risks
(Define the elements of the risk breakdown structure for use in evaluating project risk. Analyze the impact of risk on project outcomes. Integrate risk analysis techniques to create a risk breakdown structure).
3.3 Qualitative and Quantitative Processes
(Apply qualitative and quantitative risk analysis. Use sensitivity analysis, expected monetary analysis, decision tree analysis, Monte Carlo simulation, and/or the PERT tree analysis).
.
CONTEXT ASSIGNMENT # 6For this assignment, we are going to take .docx
CONTEXT ASSIGNMENT # 6
For this assignment, we are going to take president Obama’s State-of the-Union speech
out of context
. You will go through the speech looking for phrases to spin out-of-context.
You will use at least three quotes from the speech. Please put the quotes in a
bold
font. Pay extra attention to how the quote is introduced. Make sure it flows. Make sure it is set up so that the quote
illustrates a point
. Also, pay extra attention to your rhetoric after the quote. Make sure it explains (or feeds off of) the quote you used.
Just like all the assignments in this portfolio, you will be developing points. The difference here is that your example / illustration will be a quote from the president.
ADDITIONAL REQUIREMENTS
1. Exactly 1 page long so the last word is the last word that can fit on the page.
2. No grammar errors!
3. Pay extra close attention to the way the quotes are introduced.
4. Make sure your writing is clear, direct, concise, and strong.
In other words, revise, proofread and edit your work.
Use the 5-editing techniques after you’ve written the first draft
eliminate redundancies
avoid wordy expressions
cut awkward sentence openings
vary your sentence structure
use strong verbs
.
Media and SocietyMedia HistoryJOHN DEWEY – 185.docx
Media and Society
Media History
JOHN DEWEY – 1859-1952
Harold A. Innis
1894-1952
Marshall McLuhan – 1911-1980
Walter J. Ong, S.J.
1912-2003
Robert W. McChesney – 1952-
Three Historical Narratives:
Oral to Electronic Culture
Oral Culture – all interactions take place in face-to-face discussions.
Written Culture – a shared system of inscription in a literate society exists so that communication can take place outside of face-to-face discussions across time and space.
Print Culture – an expansion of Written Culture that encompasses the consequent social and cultural changes that result from the proliferation of printer material.
Electronic Culture – communication transcends time and space.
There is a different sense of time in Oral Culture, according to Ong.
Since there are no records, memory cannot be recorded. History
can only reside in the present, in the telling of the story. Memory
is thematic and formulaic. The story may vary very little from telling to
telling over time, but the words and phrases used may differ.
Performance is the key to authorship. Every time a story is told or a work is
performed, it is shaped by the performer and provides a new model for future performances.
Oral cultures are relatively homogeneous with respect to knowledge and social norms but public and shared across generations.
Written Culture, according to McLuhan , has been the means of creating
‘civilized man.’
According to Innis, written communication allowed societies to persevere through time by creating durable texts which could be handed down and referred to. This allowed for control of knowledge by certain hierarchies and also allowed for centralized control to expand over a wider area.
Audiences could be remote in time and space, and the communicator could guarantee that the message received is identical to the one sent without having to rely on the memory of the messenger. The communicator could reach a wider and more disparate audience.
Print Culture – the ability to mechanically reproduce text freed writing
from its reliance on an elite group of individuals and guaranteed that
each copy of the text would be identical to every other copy.
Printing was instrumental in the development of a secular society and in the establishment of a democracy among the upper classes in early
modern Europe, according to historian, Elizabeth Eisenstein.
Printing reinforced the sense of individuality and privacy and makes
Introspection possible.
Printing enabled the emergence of the newspaper and the novel, and
altered the very structure of human consciousness and thought.
Electronic Culture – the telegraph reorganized people’s perception of space and time; it enabled the transmission of messages across space, and it fostered a rational reorganization of time. The telegraph also separated transportation from communication.
According to Innis, electronic culture allows for a new fo.
Coping with Terrorism Is the United States making progress in re.docx
Coping with Terrorism"
Is the United States making progress in reducing or preventing terrorism? Explain your answer.
If the United States is NOT making progress, what would have to happen to make the efforts against terrorism more effective?
If the United States IS making progress, to what do you attribute this success?
.
MEDIA AND DIVERSITY IN CULTURECOM-530 MEDIA AND DIVE.docx
This document discusses key concepts related to microcultures and media, including media literacy, hyper-commercialism, critical culture approach, and stereotypes. It also discusses representations of microcultures in terms of identity, participation, community, and diversity. Finally, it addresses audience perception, critical culture and media approaches, and the importance of media literacy in developing strong critical thinking skills from a young age to understand different media messages and interpretations.
Medeiros LNB de, Silva DR da, Guedes CDFS et al. .docx
Medeiros LNB de, Silva DR da, Guedes CDFS et al. Prevalence of pressure ulcers in intensive...
English/Portuguese
J Nurs UFPE on line., Recife, 11(7):2697-703, July., 2017 2697
ISSN: 1981-8963 ISSN: 1981-8963 DOI: 10.5205/reuol.10939-97553-1-RV.1107201707
PREVALENCE OF PRESSURE ULCERS IN INTENSIVE CARE UNITS
PREVALÊNCIA DE ÚLCERAS POR PRESSÃO EM UNIDADES DE TERAPIA INTENSIVA
PREVALENCIA DE ÚLCERAS POR PRESIÓN EN UNIDADES DE TERAPIA INTENSIVA
Luan Nogueira Bezerra de Medeiros1, Deyvisson Ribeiro da Silva2, Cintia Danielle Faustino da Silva Guedes3,
Thuanne Karla Carvalho de Souza4, Belisana Pinto de Abreu Araújo Neta5
ABSTRACT
Objective: to detect the prevalence of Pressure Ulcers (PUs) in patients admitted to Intensive Care Units
(ICUs). Method: cross-sectional, quantitative study, developed in an emergency and trauma reference
hospital in the State of Rio Grande do Norte located in the eastern sanitary district of Natal (RN), Brazil.
Results: the prevalence found of PUs was 69% in the four ICUs. Individually, the Cardiac ICU had an incidence
of 44.4%; the Bernadete ICU, 85.7%; the General ICU, 60%; and the Emergency ICU, 87.5%. Conclusion: It is
necessary to focus on a strategic planning for prevention and treatment measures to reduce the PU indexes in
the institution. Descriptors: Nursing; Pressure Ulcer; Intensive Care Units; Prevalence.
RESUMO
Objetivo: detectar a prevalência de Úlceras por Pressão (UPs) em pacientes internados em Unidades de
Terapia Intensiva (UTIs). Método: estudo transversal, de abordagem quantitativa, desenvolvido em um
hospital de referência para o estado do Rio Grande do Norte em urgência e trauma, situado no distrito
sanitário leste do município de Natal (RN), Brasil. Resultados: a prevalência encontrada de UPs foi de 69% nas
quatro UTIs. Individualmente, a UTI Cardiológica apresentou 44,4%; UTI Bernadete, 85,7%; UTI Geral, 60%; e
UTI do Pronto-Socorro, 87,5% de prevalência de UPs. Conclusão: é necessário nortear um planejamento
estratégico para medidas de prevenção e tratamento para redução dos índices de UPs na instituição.
Descritores: Enfermagem; Úlcera por Pressão; Unidades de Terapia Intensiva; Prevalência.
RESUMEN
Objetivo: detectar la prevalencia de Úlceras por Presión (UPs) en pacientes internados en Unidades de
Terapia Intensiva (UTIs). Método: estudio transversal, de enfoque cuantitativo, desarrollado en un hospital de
referencia para el estado de Rio Grande do Norte en urgencia y trauma, situado en el distrito sanitario este
del municipio de Natal (RN), Brasil. Resultados: la prevalencia encontrada de UPs fue de 69% en las cuatro
UTIs. Individualmente, la UTI Cardiológica presentó 44,4%; UTI Bernadete, 85,7%; UTI General, 60%; y UTI de
Pronto-Socorro, 87,5% de prevalencia de UPs. Conclusión: es necesario guiar un planeamiento estrategico
para medidas de prevención y tratamiento para reducción de los índices de U.
Measuring to Improve Medication Reconciliationin a Large Sub.docx
Measuring to Improve Medication Reconciliation
in a Large Subspecialty Outpatient Practice
Elizabeth Kern, MD, MS; Meg B. Dingae, MHSA; Esther L. Langmack, MD; Candace Juarez, MT; Gary Cott, MD;
Sarah K. Meadows, MS
Background: To assess performance in medication reconciliation (med rec)—the process of comparing and reconciling
patients’ medication lists at clinical transition points—and demonstrate improvement in an outpatient setting, sustainable
and valid measures are needed.
Methods: An interdisciplinary team at National Jewish Health (Denver) attempted to improve med rec in an ambulatory
practice serving patients with respiratory and related diseases. Interventions, which were aimed at physicians, nurses (RNs),
and medical assistants, involved changes in practice and changes in documentation in the electronic health record (EHR).
New measures designed to assess med rec performance, and to validate the measures, were derived from EHR data.
Results: Across 18 months, electronic attestation that med rec was completed at clinic visits increased from 9.8% to 91.3%
(p < 0.0001). Consistent with this improvement, patients with medication lists missing dose/frequency for at least one prescription-
type medication decreased from 18.1% to 15.8% (p < 0.0001). Patients with duplicate albuterol inhalers on their list decreased
from 4.0% to 2.6% (p < 0.0001). Percentages of patients increased for printing of the medication list at the visit (18.7% to
94.0%; p < 0.0001) and receipt of the printed medication list at the visit (52.3% to 67.0%; p = 0.0074). Documentation
that patient education handouts were offered increased initially then declined to an overall poor performance of 32.4% of
clinic visits. Investigation of this result revealed poor buy-in and a highly redundant process.
Conclusion: Deriving measures reflecting performance and quality of med rec from EHR data is feasible and sustainable
over the time periods necessary to demonstrate change. Concurrent, complementary measures may be used to support the
validity of summary measures.
Medication reconciliation (med rec) is the process of sys-tematically and comprehensively reviewing the
medications a patient is taking, to ensure that medications
added, changed, or discontinued are evaluated for poten-
tial safety concerns. One of the three current Joint
Commission National Patient Safety Goals (NPSGs) on med-
ication safety (Goal 3), concerns medication reconciliation,
which ambulatory care organizations have been expected to
perform since 2005. The current version of the goal
(NPSG.03.06.01), effective July 1, 2011, stipulates that am-
bulatory care organizations maintain and communicate
accurate patient medication information.1 One require-
ment is that the organization obtain the patient’s medication
information at the beginning of an episode of care, with the
information to be updated when the patient’s medications
change. Ideally, med rec should occur at each transition of
care or han.
Meaningfulness vs. S.docx
Meaningfulness vs. Statistical Significance
Meaningfulness vs. Statistical Significance
Program Transcript
MATT JONES: Statistical significance deals with the critical value of a statistic.
And in a certain philosophy, making a determination of whether the null
hypothesis is rejected or you fail to reject the null hypothesis. That is statistical
significance.
Meaningfulness is taking that statistic and determining it's applicability out in the
real world. So all too often, as researchers, we get caught up in chasing
statistical significance. And certainly while that's part of statistics, we also want to
focus on the tie back to the real world.
So while we might find statistical significance in a very large sample, once we
look at the effect that's present there, or the strength of the relationship, or the
magnitude of the difference, they all might be extremely small. So while we might
have quote unquote, "highly statistically significant results, the effect,
relationship, or differences are rather small and almost meaningless in the
applied real world."
It's important to understand the difference between statistical significance and
meaningfulness. Because as a critical consumer of research, when you're
evaluating claims, you want to match up the actual statistics with the claims
being made. So if a claim is being made of how large an effect was or how
important something is, you want to go back to the statistical analysis and see if
that is indeed the case.
So just because something says there was a statistically significant result doesn't
necessarily mean you can make claims about how profound an impact that it
might have out in the real world. Because that might be an overreach of what the
statistics were actually doing. Statistics will tell you only a small little piece of the
pie. It's up to us as researchers to put the results into a specific context and
understand that alignment between the statistics and the results with a possible
misalignment.
History has given us a lot of examples of where statistics and statements don't
necessarily match up. It's important to have a critical eye when it comes to
statistical significance and meaningfulness to evaluate results, not only of other
researchers, but also your own. And when you're making a claim about an effect
or a relationship or an intervention, we're able to make that claim with some
degree of authority. So just because you have statistical significance, i.e. a P
value below 0.01, that doesn't necessarily mean the magnitude of the effect was
strong where there's a large difference between two groups when in fact it might
be very small.
©2016 Laureate Education, Inc. 1
Meaningfulness vs. Statistical Significance
The danger in not understanding the difference between statistical significance
and meaningfulness is our potential to overreach with resul.
Contributing to the Team’s Work Score 20 pts.20 - 25 pts..docx
Contributing to the Team’s Work
Score : 20 pts.
20 - 25 pts.
Feedback:
High contribution
Interacting with Teammates
Score : 19 pts.
13 - 23 pts.
Feedback:
Moderate level of interaction
Keeping the Team on Track
Score : 23 pts.
20 - 25 pts.
Feedback:
Highly skilled at keeping on track
Expecting Quality
Score : 14 pts.
12 - 15 pts.
Feedback:
High quality expectations
Having Relevant Knowledge, Skills, and Abilities (KSAs)
Score : 9 pts.
8 - 10 pts.
Feedback:
Highly relevant knowledge and skills
Feedback score:
Score : 85 pts.
Range-based Feedback:
84 - 105 pts.
Feedback:
Highly effective team member
Complete
the "Evaluate Team Member Effectiveness" self-assessment.
Write
a 700- to 1,050-word paper in which you address the following:
Do you agree with your results?
Based on your self-assessment, what do you see as your strengths and weaknesses regarding working on a team?
Have you ever engaged in social loafing while on a team? Why or why not?
How does working effectively on a team give you an advantage in the workplace?
How do groups normally develop?
How does the effectiveness of the team members influence the group's development process?
Format
your paper consistent with APA guidelines.
.
Measuring Performance at Intuit A Value-Added Component in ERM Pr.docx
Measuring Performance at Intuit: A Value-Added Component in ERM Programs
ABC Organization is looking to improve on their Enterprise Risk Management (ERM) program. A board member saw Intuit’s ERM Performance Measurement Model case study. As with any ERM program, Intuit’s program has continued to evolve since 2009.
Intuit’s ERM program began with the company's practice of risk management on an ad hoc basis. When a problem occurred, team were formed to address the issue. When it was over, it was back to business as usual. In the late 2000’s, Intuit’s ERM program focused on building a sustainable risk management capability. The program provided leadership with current and emerging risks to help them make strategic decisions. Intuit built the program using a ERM maturity model to get the right foundation. It was realized that executive leadership needed to measure the performance of the program. So key risk indicators (KRIs) were used to understand the potential emerging risks and any trends that may impact current risks. Also, key performance indicators (KPIs) can help in understanding and manage current risks. By identifying these KRIs and KPIs in the, the case study reader should gain an understanding of the importance of and the need to incorporate these indicators.
As risk manager, you are responsible for ensuring your organization minimizes its risks. Your board became aware of this case study and has asked you to create a presentation for the next board meeting where you will present information about this case study and the effects of implementing KPIs and KRIs at Intuit.
Create a PowerPoint® narration report of at least 20 slides based on your findings about this case study along with the message that is delivered based upon this case (not including the cover page and reference page). If you do not own a copy of Microsoft PowerPoint use a comparable slide software or Google Slides (free and accessible from Google.com). In the presentation, address the following from the Intuit ERM program:
· What represents the key performance indicators of the ERM program?
· What represents the key risk indicators of the ERM program?
· What improvements would you make?
· Does this represent an effective risk management program? If not, what is missing? (Support your response with details from the case study and properly cited references.)
· Would this program work for a publicly traded corporation of similar size?
· How important do you view alignment and accountability among a management team?
Make sure to provide a reference slide that provides APA citations of any sources used in the PowerPoint presentation. This slide does not require narration. Written Parameters/Expectations:
· At least 20 slides in length, with each slide having a written narration in Standard English explaining the key ideas in each slide.
· The written narrative presentation should have a highly developed and sustained viewpoint and purpose.
· The written communication.
Controversial Issue in Microbiology Assignment Use of antibacte.docx
Controversial Issue in Microbiology Assignment
:
Use of antibacterial soaps. Are they helpful? Are they potentially harmful?
Assignment due (uploaded to Acorn) on: Oct 16
Format: Essay (1-2 pages, double spaced plus references)
The assignment should include:
- a discussion of a controversial issue in microbiology (in list provided or propose an idea to me)
- literature supporting / denying the controversial issue
- your ideas on the issue
- the real world relevance of the issue
- a list of references (primary literature should be the majority of your sources and each idea mentioned should be cited)
.
Control measures for noncommunicable disease may start with basic sc.docx
Control measures for noncommunicable disease may start with basic screening initiatives and end with the development and implementation of preventive population-based measures and activities.
As a newly trained Epidemic Intelligence Service (EIS) officer, you are asked to develop a population-based prevention program for a chronic disease.
Identify a chronic disease that can be detected through screening. Describe how screening influences and enhances prevention. Discuss how and where you would implement a screening initiative and who would be the core or target population.
.
Contrasting Africa and Europes economic development.Why did Europ.docx
Contrasting Africa and Europe's economic development.
Why did Europe develop more quickly than Africa?
Using the text book and/or lecture notes:
list and explain 5 advantages Europe possessed that Africa lacked in its economic development.
Minimum requirement 1 (one) page, typed, doubled spaced.
due 10/26 noon LAtime
.
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POLICY ISSUE Mandatory minimum sentencing is a judicial po.docx
POLICY ISSUE
Mandatory minimum sentencing is a judicial policy in the United States that requires
judges to punish certain crimes with an absolute minimum period of time in prison, regardless of
circumstance (USSC, 1991). The 1980s and 1990s have been classified as the ‘tough on crime’
era in regards to US criminal justice legislation and then-criminal justice reform. Anti-drug
sentiment was pervasive throughout the country, with highly visible and expensive advertising
campaigns directed for anti-drug causes. The campaigns were one aspect of a multi-faceted
blitzkrieg on the increasing incidence of drug trafficking throughout the United States,
particularly crack cocaine. In addition, mandatory minimum sentencing was instated during the
Reagan administration, primarily to address the perceived crack and greater drug epidemic,
expanding throughout the next decade. It was a popular issue that crossed party lines, being
embraced by the Republican Reagan and Bush administrations, and continuing with the
Democratic Clinton administration in the 1990s; by 1994 mandatory minimums were enforced in
31 states and Washington, DC (Baker, 2018).
PUBLIC POLICY
Mandatory minimum sentencing is covered under the Regulatory public policy as this
type of policy limits the actions of people in order to protect the general public. In order to
protect the general public - the people of the United States, mandatory minimums were
introduced as a means to control or stymie ‘dangerous criminals’.
POLICY MODIFICATION
One revision to this policy I would introduce would be the elimination of mandatory
minimum sentencing for non-violent drug offenses. I believe this would positively impact this
policy because currently the state and federal prisons are overcrowded, partly due to those
incarcerated for lengthy prison sentences for drug charges. Individuals sentenced to prison time
for drug offenses should have their cases re-evaluated and determined on a case-by-case basis
versus on a standard nationwide scale. When the Fair Sentencing Act of 2010 was initiated, the
new polices were not said to be retroactive and only applied to new cases. Many of those who
are currently incarcerated would not receive the same sentences if their cases were tried in court
today. I do not believe a one size fits all policy is conducive to fixing the overall drug problems
in the U.S.
A second modification to this policy I would introduce would be the re-instatement of
judicial power and discretion. Mandatory minimum sentencing essentially removes the
discretion of judges from the equation when it comes to sentencing. Judges should have the
power to veto certain sentencing standards, but with mandatory minimums their hands are tied.
Again, each case should be judged and evaluated individually and not on a national standardized
scale.
If the U.S. were to issue commutations to all prisoners incarcerate ...
Respond as to why you agree or disagree with the discussion respon
Respond as to why you agree or disagree with the discussion response from the 3 students below. Your response should be at least 100 words for each of the 3 discussion responses.Bottom of Form
Discussion replies:
1.
Module 6 discussion- Reply to M
The four reasons for sentencing are Retribution, Deterrence, Incapacitation, and Rehabilitation. Retribution is the punishment for knowingly breaking society’s rules. Deterrence is like retribution, but instead of just punishment for the crime, the idea is preventing the crime from happening again in the future with the sentencing chosen. Incapacitation is defined as harsher sentencing for crimes that in hopes will deter others from committing the same crime in society. Rehabilitation is using programs within the prisons to help the inmates make a change within themselves so that when they are released they will no longer be a threat to themselves or their community. In the case from the text I saw that the deterrence philosophy was in use. They got such long sentences to be used as an example and to try and deter others from committing the same crime. When it comes to non-violent crimes I think that if more rehabilitation is put into action and the programs are actually worked with non-violent offenders, they should not receive such lengthy sentences. I understand the point of deterrence but at the same time the extreme long sentences should be there for violent offenders, there are already overcrowded prisons as it is.
The federal sentencing guidelines were put into place to “remove judicial bias from the sentencing process” (Gaines & Miller, 2017, Cengage Learning). These guidelines have become harsher than they were before by far. The average Federal sentence in 2004 was fifty months which was more than doubled since 1984 (Gaines & Miller, 2017, Cengage Learning).
The trend from our text that applies to the case is inmates serving more time. They were given quite the lengthy sentence for a non-violent crime. Decarceration is the attempt to lower the incarceration rates. There are three different ways to go about doing this and they are: decreasing the chances that nonviolent offenders will return to prison, increasing the number of nonviolent offenders released from prison, and decreasing prison sentences for probation and parole violations. I agree with the Decarceration trends, as they are helping to alleviate the numbers of people in prisons for nonviolent crimes so that we have the room to keep the violent offenders out of our communities.
2.
DISCUSSION 6 Reply to A
In Chapter 11 you learned about the four basic philosophical reasons for sentencing criminals. Briefly discuss these four reasons in your own words.
The 4 basic philosophical reasons are:
Retribution: justice and punishments are done to who commits a crime- Just Deserts: meaning a punishment should be done on the severity of the crime.
Deterrence: preventing future crimes through th ...
American Prohibition Secondary Analysis & Unit Of Analysis[1]
This research aims to examine the hypothesis that American prohibition policies, including the "War on Drugs", and subsequent incarceration rates have significantly reduced the educational attainment of American students. The independent variable is American prohibition and incarceration, while the dependent variable is levels of educational attainment. Secondary sources of data will be analyzed using methods like frequency distribution and cross-tabulation to measure changes in educational attainment rates before and after prohibition policies. The research argues that ending prohibition and reducing incarceration could help improve educational outcomes for American students.
Wiley and Springer are collaborating with JSTOR to digitize,.docx
Wiley and Springer are collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to Sociological Forum.
http://www.jstor.org
Not Just a Matter of Criminal Justice: States, Institutions, and North American Drug Policy
Author(s): Ellen Benoit
Source: Sociological Forum, Vol. 18, No. 2 (Jun., 2003), pp. 269-294
Published by: Springer
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is mainly concerned with policy effects rather than origins. Yet, like other
social policies, drug policy is a product of the legislative process, and its
variations, too, are shaped by the ways in which political institutions me-
diate the fortunes of policy agendas. Drug policy is also, like welfare poli-
cies, a way in which the state manages the socioeconomic risks faced by its
constituents.
This article presents a rationale for an analytical approach to drug pol-
icy grounded in politics and institutions. I propose a polity-centered analysis
that emphasizes the role of the state-its configuration and capacities, its
relationships with other institutional sectors and with its citizens-and the
legacies of previous policies, not only in drug control but in other, related pol-
icy areas as well. Such a perspective provides a more complete explanation
of drug-policy variations cross-nationally and over time than do approaches
that conceive of drug policy narrowly as a matter of criminal justice. Exam-
ining the evolution of drug-control strategies in this way also demonstrates
the potential for a new theoretical argument regarding policy development
more broadly: that institutional interests can cross policy domains, creating
potential administrative capacity for new policies and fostering linkages by
which one policy influences another.
Drug policy everywhere must manage the tension between the state's
interests in protec ...
FINDING DIRECTIONEXPANDING CRIMINAL JUSTICE OPTIONS BY CONSIDER
FINDING DIRECTION:
EXPANDING CRIMINAL JUSTICE OPTIONS BY CONSIDERING POLICIES OF OTHER NATIONS
J U S T I C E
P O L I C Y I N S T I T U T E
| A P R I L 2 0 11
Justice Policy Institute is a national nonprofit organization that changes the conversation around justice reform and advances policies that promote well-being and justice for all people and communities.
1012 14th Street, NW, Suite 400 Washington, DC 20005 TEL (202) 558-7974 FAX (202) 558-7978WWW.JUSTICEPOLICY.ORG
CONTENTS3 INTRODUCTION4 What this report does and does not do5 SIMILARITIES BETwEEN NATIONS MAkE POLICYOPPORTUNITIES POSSIBLE.5 Fundamental similarities provide the groundwork for comparison.10 THE U.S. LEADS THE wORLD IN INCARCERATION, BUT THIS IS NOTMAkING THE U.S. SAFER.14 THE U.S. JUSTICE SYSTEM OPERATES TO CREATE MOREINCARCERATION.
14 Policing and arrests 16 Pretrial detention and remand to custody 20 Sentencing 23 Punitive response to drug use 33 Parole and reentry 45 Juvenile justice50 DIFFERENCES ACROSS NATIONS PRESENT SOME CHALLENGES TOIMPLEMENTING POLICY.
50 Politics and government structure 52 Media defines crime and policy in many comparison nations 53 Economics and spending57 CERTAIN COMMUNITIES BEAR A DISPROPORTIONATE BURDEN OFINCARCERATION IN ALL COMPARISON NATIONS.58 Policy implications59 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
61 GLOSSARY OF TERMS 62 APPENDIX: Additional Reading 64 FACTSHEET: International Policies in the United States
a letter from the
executive director
Dear Reader,
Two years ago, JPI was approached with an academic paper entitled, “The Use of Incarceration in the United States and other Western Democracies,” by Douglas B. Weiss, M.A. and Doris MacKenzie, Ph.D. At that time and amidst a growing economic crisis, U.S. Senator Jim Webb was rallying people behind the formation of a criminal justice commission that would examine current policies and practices, with an eye toward creating recommendations for ways the U.S. could safely reduce its incarceration rate. We believed the work of Dr. MacKenzie and Mr. Weiss was important to this effort, in that it placed the U.S. criminal justice system in a larger context, giving the proposed commission a broader range of possibilities to contemplate. While people in the United States might feel that “there’s no place like home,” in many ways it is not so different from other nations and it’s possible that policies that minimize the incarceration rate in other countries might also work in the U.S. With this belief as our guidepost, we undertook the creation of a policy report that uses many of the initial comparisons made by MacKenzie and Weiss, adding other comparisons of specific phases in the criminal justice system to uncover the kinds of policies that might work in the U.S. The result is a compelling rationale for a number of recommendations for policymakers to consider when seeking to change criminal justice policies in the U.S.
Regardless of what direction U.S. federal policymakers choose to follow, th ...
Drugs and Crime5chapter After you have com-pleted this chapt.docx
Drugs and Crime
5chapter After you have com-pleted this chapter,
you should have an
understanding of
● The relationship between
drug use and crime
● The structure of the illicit drug
trade
● Production and trafficking of
heroin
● Production and trafficking of
cocaine
● Production and trafficking of
marijuana
● Production and trafficking of
methamphetamine
● Production and trafficking of
hallucinogens
● Drug-related crime and
gangs
● Common methods of money
laundering
In the last couple of years we have found a large number
of marijuana plots in the Chattahoochee National Forest.
Growers are planting their marijuana in this area to escape
forfeiture laws. So I came up with this idea that I never
thought would work but I figured was worth a try. I typed a
letter and left it at one of the larger plots we found in the
national forest. The letter said, “You have been caught by
the Lumpkin County Sheriff’s Office. We have had you
under constant surveillance. If you do not turn yourself in
by calling the following number, your penalties for growing
marijuana will be doubled.”
I couldn’t believe it, but it actually worked. I had one
grower call me and turn himself in. He claimed that he was
only growing marijuana for personal use. I didn’t even
have to pick him up. He drove to the sheriff’s office and
turned himself in. Incredible but true!
—A sheriff’s deputy from Lumpkin County, Georgia
M05_LEVI0484_03_SE_C05.qxd 11/24/10 3:46 PM Page 87
Drugs, Society and Criminal Justice, 3E by Ken Charles F. Levinthal.
Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education.
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D
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A
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drug-defined offense: Violation of laws that prohibit
the possession, use, distribution, and manufacture of
illegal drugs.
88 ■ Part One Drugs and Society: The Criminal Justice Perspective
For law-enforcement officers and other criminal
justice professionals who contend with drugs and crime
on a daily basis, the drug–crime connection is all too
real and an inarguable fact of contemporary society. As
stated in a training manual sponsored by the Interna-
tional Association of Chiefs of Police, “If there is a
reduction in the number of people who abuse drugs in
your community, there will be a reduction in the com-
mission of certain types of crime in your community.”
For the general public, the news headlines reporting
acts of social violence linked to the world of illicit drugs
are relentless. Wherever we look, illicit drugs and crime
are seen as being bound together in a web of greed and
callous disregard for human life.
Currently, research on drugs and crime is supported
primarily by two federal agencies, the National Institute
of Justice (NIJ) and the National Institute on Drug
Abuse (NIDA). There is an increasingly close collabora-
tion between NIJ and NIDA as they tackle the complex
issues surrounding a major social problem in the United
States today. This chapter will concern itself w ...
Similar to Consider the following argument There are many arguments for the .docx (6)
POLICY ISSUE Mandatory minimum sentencing is a judicial po.docx
POLICY ISSUE Mandatory minimum sentencing is a judicial po.docx
Respond as to why you agree or disagree with the discussion respon
Respond as to why you agree or disagree with the discussion respon
American Prohibition Secondary Analysis & Unit Of Analysis[1]
American Prohibition Secondary Analysis & Unit Of Analysis[1]
Wiley and Springer are collaborating with JSTOR to digitize,.docx
Wiley and Springer are collaborating with JSTOR to digitize,.docx
FINDING DIRECTIONEXPANDING CRIMINAL JUSTICE OPTIONS BY CONSIDER
FINDING DIRECTIONEXPANDING CRIMINAL JUSTICE OPTIONS BY CONSIDER
Drugs and Crime5chapter After you have com-pleted this chapt.docx
Drugs and Crime5chapter After you have com-pleted this chapt.docx
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Program Transcript
MATT JONES: Statistical significance deals with the critical value of a statistic.
And in a certain philosophy, making a determination of whether the null
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significance.
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researchers, but also your own. And when you're making a claim about an effect
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degree of authority. So just because you have statistical significance, i.e. a P
value below 0.01, that doesn't necessarily mean the magnitude of the effect was
strong where there's a large difference between two groups when in fact it might
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©2016 Laureate Education, Inc. 1
Meaningfulness vs. Statistical Significance
The danger in not understanding the difference between statistical significance
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Contributing to the Team’s Work
Score : 20 pts.
20 - 25 pts.
Feedback:
High contribution
Interacting with Teammates
Score : 19 pts.
13 - 23 pts.
Feedback:
Moderate level of interaction
Keeping the Team on Track
Score : 23 pts.
20 - 25 pts.
Feedback:
Highly skilled at keeping on track
Expecting Quality
Score : 14 pts.
12 - 15 pts.
Feedback:
High quality expectations
Having Relevant Knowledge, Skills, and Abilities (KSAs)
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8 - 10 pts.
Feedback:
Highly relevant knowledge and skills
Feedback score:
Score : 85 pts.
Range-based Feedback:
84 - 105 pts.
Feedback:
Highly effective team member
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list and explain 5 advantages Europe possessed that Africa lacked in its economic development.
Minimum requirement 1 (one) page, typed, doubled spaced.
due 10/26 noon LAtime
.
Measure the dependence of the resistance in the spinel Lu2V2O7 on .docx
Measure the dependence of the resistance in the spinel Lu2V2O7 on ionic liquid doping
"I Have a Dream," Address Delivered at the March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom
Author:
King, Martin Luther, Jr. (Southern Christian Leadership Conference)
Date:
August 28, 1963
Location:
Washington, D.C.
Genre:
Audio
Speech
Topic:
March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom, 1963
Audio:
Listen to Audio
Details
In his iconic speech at the Lincoln Memorial for the 1963 March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom, King urged America to "make real the promises of democracy." King synthesized portions of his earlier speeches to capture both the necessity for change and the potential for hope in American society.
I am happy to join with you today in what will go down in history as the greatest demonstration for freedom in the history of our nation. [applause]
Five score years ago, a great American, in whose symbolic shadow we stand today, signed the Emancipation Proclamation. This momentous decree came as a great beacon light of hope to millions of Negro slaves [Audience:] (Yeah) who had been seared in the flames of withering injustice. It came as a joyous daybreak to end the long night of their captivity. (Hmm)
But one hundred years later (All right), the Negro still is not free. (My Lord, Yeah) One hundred years later, the life of the Negro is still sadly crippled by the manacles of segregation and the chains of discrimination. (Hmm) One hundred years later (All right), the Negro lives on a lonely island of poverty in the midst of a vast ocean of material prosperity. One hundred years later (My Lord) [applause], the Negro is still languished in the corners of American society and finds himself in exile in his own land. (Yes, yes) And so we’ve come here today to dramatize a shameful condition.
In a sense we’ve come to our nation’s capital to cash a check. When the architects of our republic wrote the magnificent words of the Constitution and the Declaration of Independence (Yeah), they were signing a promissory note to which every American was to fall heir. This note was a promise that all men, yes, black men as well as white men (My Lord), would be guaranteed the unalienable rights of life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness. It is obvious today that America has defaulted on this promissory note insofar as her citizens of color are concerned. (My Lord) Instead of honoring this sacred obligation, America has given the Negro people a bad check, a check which has come back marked insufficient funds. [enthusiastic applause] (My Lord, Lead on, Speech, speech)
But we refuse to believe that the bank of justice is bankrupt. (My Lord) [laughter] (No, no) We refuse to believe that there are insufficient funds in the great vaults of opportunity of this nation. (Sure enough) And so we’ve come to cash this check (Yes), a check that will give us upon demand the riches of freedom (Yes) and the security of justice. (Yes Lord) [enthusiastic applause]
.
Measures of Similaritv and Dissimilaritv 65the comparison .docx
The document discusses measures of similarity and dissimilarity between data objects. It defines similarity and dissimilarity, and how they are related. It describes how to measure proximity between objects with a single attribute, including nominal, ordinal, interval and ratio attributes. It also discusses various dissimilarity measures between data objects with multiple attributes, including distances like Euclidean distance.
MDS 4100 Communication Law Case Study Privacy CASE .docx
MDS 4100 Communication Law
Case Study: Privacy
CASE STUDY: PRIVACY
You are a reporter for WKRN-TV, covering local police activity as part of your beat. Your editor
tells you to get over to McGavock High School as quickly as possible. An anonymous caller,
saying she lives across the street from the public school, told a news editor she heard four or
five gunshots coming from the school building as she was outside walking her dog. Within
seconds, she says, students were running outside and screaming. A listen to the police band
receiver in the newsroom indicates something is up at the school.
You take a videographer and arrive on the scene about 1:30 p.m. Five or six Metro police cars
are parked near the school, and an ambulance arrives seconds later as you get out of your car.
The entrance to the school building is blocked off and police are guarding the area, admitting no
one except authorities into the building.
After questioning police, you confirm the fact there has been a shooting, but that’s as far as you
get. You begin asking bystanders for more information. A number of McGavock students have
remained at the scene. Several tell you a student was shot in a first-floor restroom. A girl who
claims to be a friend of the victim says his name is James DeVore, a freshman. She said she
thinks he is 14 years old. Another student says DeVore recently turned 15.
No one present knows who is responsible for the shooting. Minutes later police escort a young
man, handcuffed, from the school building. They place him in a squad car and drive away. You
ask people in the crowd if anyone can identify the alleged suspect. At least four tell you he is
Brian Samuels, a sophomore. You ask police at the scene to confirm this information, but no one
will reply.
Your videographer tells you she got footage of the boy being placed in the squad car. While
talking to her, you hear screams in the background. You run around the side of the building to
the loading dock area. Police have taped off the immediate area but you can see what’s going
on. EMTs are wheeling the covered body of the victim to an ambulance waiting near the dock.
Some students are crying. The videographer gets shots of the body being placed into the
ambulance and close-ups of crying students.
You approach several police officers standing near a squad car, hoping to get more facts. Inside
the squad car an officer is radioing into police headquarters. You hear him saying “the victim is
James DeVore, age 15.” The officer radios that the suspect, Samuels, has admitted to the
shooting. You also hear the following: “Samuels said it was it was payback, that DeVore had
sexually assaulted Samuels’ 6-year-old sister.” Because you are under deadline, you decide not
to interview the officers personally and head back to the station.
When you get back to the station, a colleague tells you he covered a story two years ago on
another in.
MDDtoDOC - GSS2018 Ballot 1 - English Table Of Contents.docx
MDDtoDOC - GSS2018 Ballot 1 - English
Table Of Contents
SU_ID: Text .......................................................................................................................................... 35
BALLOT: Text ....................................................................................................................................... 35
VERXY: Text ......................................................................................................................................... 35
RANDOM: Text .................................................................................................................................... 36
VIGVER18: Text ................................................................................................................................... 36
ADDRESS: Text .................................................................................................................................... 36
APRTMNT: Text ................................................................................................................................... 36
CITY: Text ............................................................................................................................................ 36
STATE: Text ......................................................................................................................................... 36
ZIP: Text............................................................................................................................................... 36
SKIPTOEND: Categorical (Single) ......................................................................................................... 37
QUEXLANG: Categorical (Single) ......................................................................................................... 39
SkipSection: Categorical (Single) ......................................................................................................... 40
HANDCARD: Info ................................................................................................................................. 41
SEX: Categorical (Single)...................................................................................................................... 41
HLTHSTRT: Categorical (Single) ........................................................................................................... 42
PRECONSENT: Info .............................................................................................................................. 42
CONSENT: Categorical (Single) ............................................................................................................ 42
ACONFIRM: Categorical (Single) ......................................................................................................... 43
NATSPAC: Categorical (Single) ......................................................
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Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
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Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
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