The document analyzes four sentences that express cause and effect relationships. It explains that sentences (a), (b), (c), and (d) are examples of compound and complex sentences. Sentence (a) is a compound sentence because it joins two independent clauses with the coordinating conjunction "so". Sentences (b), (c), and (d) are complex sentences because they join two clauses using the subordinating conjunctions "as", "because", and "now that" respectively. The document also provides rules for converting sentences between compound and complex types.