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Scientist's contributions led to knowledge that enabled the creation of the nuclear bomb. Rutherford discovered the concentrated mass in an atom's nucleus. Bohr theorized about the electron field surrounding atoms, showing their instability. Einstein's theory of E=mc2 proved the large amount of energy created from small amounts of mass, justifying the atomic bomb. Fermi created the first nuclear chain reaction, demonstrating the reactions that could power the bomb.
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John Dalton originally proposed that atoms were indivisible solid particles, but J.J. Thomson's discovery of electrons led him to propose a "plum pudding" model where positively charged material embedded negatively charged electrons. However, Rutherford's gold foil experiment found that most alpha particles passed through, implying atoms are mostly empty space, while some rebounded, indicating a small, dense positively charged nucleus. This led to Rutherford's model of the atom as a small, dense nucleus surrounded by electrons in the empty space, bringing us closer to our modern understanding.
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Rutherford conducted an experiment where he fired alpha particles at a thin gold foil. Most particles passed through the foil with little deflection, but some were deflected at sharp angles, indicating that the atom is mostly empty space and its mass and positive charge are concentrated in a tiny nucleus at its center. This overturned Thomson's "plum pudding" model of the atom and established the Rutherford model where electrons orbit a small, dense nucleus. The discovery of subatomic particles like protons, neutrons, and electrons helped explain the structure and properties of atoms.
atomic models
- Maharishi Kanad proposed that matter is made of tiny indivisible particles called "paramanu" and "anu", which may be composed of even smaller particles. (Sentence 1)
- Atoms are the smallest units of matter that take part in chemical reactions and combine in small whole numbers to form molecules. Atoms themselves are made up of electrons, protons, and neutrons. (Sentence 2)
- J.J. Thomson's "plum pudding" model depicted the atom as a positively charged sphere with electrons embedded in it, while Rutherford's gold foil experiment showed that the mass and positive charge of an atom are concentrated in a tiny nucleus at the center. (Sentence 3
The historical development of the concept of forces
The document summarizes the historical development of different fundamental forces: gravitational, electromagnetic, weak nuclear, and strong nuclear forces. It describes key scientists and their contributions, such as Galileo and Kepler's laws of planetary motion, Newton expanding on gravitational force, Maxwell's equations unifying electricity and magnetism, and Einstein's theory of relativity. The interactions of forces are characterized by the particles they act on, their strength, range, and mediating particles. All the forces work together to determine the nature and interactions of matter in the universe.
Ernest Rutherford
Ernest Rutherford was a Nobel Prize-winning physicist known as the "Father of Nuclear Physics". He discovered two types of radiation emitted from radioactive materials, which he named alpha and beta rays. Through experiments, he demonstrated that radioactivity is caused by the spontaneous disintegration of atoms. Rutherford also performed the gold foil experiment, which provided evidence for the nuclear structure of the atom and helped establish the Rutherford model of the atom.
Gold Foil Experiment
Ernest Rutherford conducted the gold foil experiment to test J.J. Thomson's "plum pudding" model of the atom. In the experiment, Rutherford bombarded a thin gold foil with alpha particles and observed their scattering. Most alpha particles passed straight through, but some were deflected, and a very small number bounced straight back. This showed that the atom is mostly empty space, with a small, dense, positively charged nucleus at its center containing almost all its mass - contradicting Thomson's diffuse model. The experiment provided evidence for Rutherford's nuclear model of the atom.
Atom project with sarah
The document outlines the development of theories of the atom over time:
- Democritus and Aristotle proposed early theories that atoms were the smallest indivisible units that made up all matter.
- Dalton's atomic theory proposed that atoms of the same element are identical and that chemical reactions occur through rearrangement of atoms.
- J.J. Thomson discovered the electron and proposed the "plum pudding" model of atoms as positively charged spheres with embedded electrons.
- Rutherford's gold foil experiment disproved Thomson's model and established the nuclear model with electrons orbiting a small, dense nucleus.
- Later theories by Bohr, de Broglie, Heisenberg, Sch
Welcome
The document discusses the basic components of an atom. It describes electrons as negatively charged particles discovered by J.J. Thomson in 1897. Protons are positively charged particles discovered by Rutherford, and neutrons are neutral particles discovered by James Chadwick. The nucleus is at the center of the atom and contains protons and neutrons, holding the bulk of the atom's mass.
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John Dalton originally proposed that atoms were indivisible solid particles, but J.J. Thomson's discovery of electrons led him to propose a "plum pudding" model where positively charged material embedded negatively charged electrons. However, Rutherford's gold foil experiment found that most alpha particles passed through, implying atoms are mostly empty space, while some rebounded, indicating a small, dense positively charged nucleus. This led to Rutherford's model of the atom as a small, dense nucleus surrounded by electrons in the empty space, bringing us closer to our modern understanding.
Ase
Rutherford conducted an experiment where he fired alpha particles at a thin gold foil. Most particles passed through the foil with little deflection, but some were deflected at sharp angles, indicating that the atom is mostly empty space and its mass and positive charge are concentrated in a tiny nucleus at its center. This overturned Thomson's "plum pudding" model of the atom and established the Rutherford model where electrons orbit a small, dense nucleus. The discovery of subatomic particles like protons, neutrons, and electrons helped explain the structure and properties of atoms.
atomic models
- Maharishi Kanad proposed that matter is made of tiny indivisible particles called "paramanu" and "anu", which may be composed of even smaller particles. (Sentence 1)
- Atoms are the smallest units of matter that take part in chemical reactions and combine in small whole numbers to form molecules. Atoms themselves are made up of electrons, protons, and neutrons. (Sentence 2)
- J.J. Thomson's "plum pudding" model depicted the atom as a positively charged sphere with electrons embedded in it, while Rutherford's gold foil experiment showed that the mass and positive charge of an atom are concentrated in a tiny nucleus at the center. (Sentence 3
The historical development of the concept of forces
The document summarizes the historical development of different fundamental forces: gravitational, electromagnetic, weak nuclear, and strong nuclear forces. It describes key scientists and their contributions, such as Galileo and Kepler's laws of planetary motion, Newton expanding on gravitational force, Maxwell's equations unifying electricity and magnetism, and Einstein's theory of relativity. The interactions of forces are characterized by the particles they act on, their strength, range, and mediating particles. All the forces work together to determine the nature and interactions of matter in the universe.
Ernest Rutherford
Ernest Rutherford was a Nobel Prize-winning physicist known as the "Father of Nuclear Physics". He discovered two types of radiation emitted from radioactive materials, which he named alpha and beta rays. Through experiments, he demonstrated that radioactivity is caused by the spontaneous disintegration of atoms. Rutherford also performed the gold foil experiment, which provided evidence for the nuclear structure of the atom and helped establish the Rutherford model of the atom.
Gold Foil Experiment
Ernest Rutherford conducted the gold foil experiment to test J.J. Thomson's "plum pudding" model of the atom. In the experiment, Rutherford bombarded a thin gold foil with alpha particles and observed their scattering. Most alpha particles passed straight through, but some were deflected, and a very small number bounced straight back. This showed that the atom is mostly empty space, with a small, dense, positively charged nucleus at its center containing almost all its mass - contradicting Thomson's diffuse model. The experiment provided evidence for Rutherford's nuclear model of the atom.
Atom project with sarah
The document outlines the development of theories of the atom over time:
- Democritus and Aristotle proposed early theories that atoms were the smallest indivisible units that made up all matter.
- Dalton's atomic theory proposed that atoms of the same element are identical and that chemical reactions occur through rearrangement of atoms.
- J.J. Thomson discovered the electron and proposed the "plum pudding" model of atoms as positively charged spheres with embedded electrons.
- Rutherford's gold foil experiment disproved Thomson's model and established the nuclear model with electrons orbiting a small, dense nucleus.
- Later theories by Bohr, de Broglie, Heisenberg, Sch
Welcome
The document discusses the basic components of an atom. It describes electrons as negatively charged particles discovered by J.J. Thomson in 1897. Protons are positively charged particles discovered by Rutherford, and neutrons are neutral particles discovered by James Chadwick. The nucleus is at the center of the atom and contains protons and neutrons, holding the bulk of the atom's mass.
Atomic Theory
Atomic theory describes matter as composed of atoms, the basic units that constitute chemical elements. Democritus first proposed the idea of indivisible atoms in ancient Greece. In the early 1900s, J.J. Thomson discovered the electron and proposed a "plum pudding" model of the atom. Ernest Rutherford discovered the nucleus through alpha particle scattering experiments, leading to the planetary model of electrons orbiting the nucleus. Niels Bohr later adjusted this model to account for electron stability.
Lesson 2 We Are All Made of Star Stuff (Formation of the Heavy Elements)
1) The formation of heavier elements occurs through nuclear fusion reactions during stellar evolution and supernova explosions.
2) Elements up to iron are formed through fusion in stars, while elements heavier than iron are formed through fusion and neutron capture processes during supernovae.
3) Key nuclear fusion reactions in stars include the proton-proton chain, triple alpha process, CNO cycle, and alpha ladder, which fuse hydrogen and helium into heavier elements up to iron.
RUTHERFORD ‘ S MODEL OF AN ATOM
Ernst Rutherford was a physicist who won the Nobel Prize in 1908 for his work discovering the nuclear model of the atom. He conducted experiments where he bombarded gold foil with alpha particles, finding that a small fraction were deflected at 180 degrees, indicating the positive charge of an atom is concentrated in a tiny nucleus. He concluded atoms have a small, dense positively charged nucleus surrounded by electrons. This led to replacing the plum pudding model with the Rutherford model of the atom and eventually the Bohr model. However, the Rutherford model could not explain the stability of atoms as it predicted electrons would radiate energy and collapse into the nucleus.
History of the atom
The document summarizes the history and development of atomic theory from ancient Greek philosophers to modern quantum mechanics. It describes early theories proposed by Aristotle and Democritus. John Dalton rejected Aristotle's theory and proposed atoms are indivisible, identical for each element, and combine in whole number ratios. Discovery of the electron, proton, and neutron led to new atomic models. Quantum mechanics explains atomic structure as electrons occupying probabilistic orbitals rather than fixed paths. The current model integrates discoveries of subatomic particles and quantum theory.
Welcome
The document discusses the basic components of an atom. It describes electrons as negatively charged particles discovered in 1897 by J.J. Thomson. Protons are positively charged particles discovered by Rutherford, and neutrons are neutral particles discovered by James Chadwick. The nucleus is at the center of the atom and contains protons and neutrons, holding the bulk of the atom's mass.
History Of Atomic Structure
The document summarizes the history of atomic structure theories over thousands of years in 7 parts:
1) Ancient Greek philosophers Aristotle and Democritus proposed early atomic theories in Greece over 2000 years ago.
2) Medieval European alchemists developed early chemistry experiments between 800-900 AD trying to change materials into gold.
3) In 1808, John Dalton proposed atoms as tiny particles that could not be divided and that each element was made of its own type of atom.
4) In 1897, J.J. Thompson discovered electrons as negatively charged particles smaller than atoms.
The discovery of nucleus
- J.J. Thomson discovered the electron through experiments showing cathode rays travel in straight lines with a negative charge.
- Rutherford's gold foil experiment showed most alpha particles passed through the foil but some bounced back, leading him to propose the nuclear model of the atom with a small, dense nucleus surrounded by electrons.
- The model was later updated with the discovery of neutrons by Rutherford and Chadwick, neutral particles that explained previously unaccounted for mass in atomic nuclei.
Contributions of j.j thomas, ernst rutherford and neil bohr in the field of c...
The document discusses the historical development of atomic models from Thomson's plum pudding model to Rutherford's nuclear model to Bohr's planetary model. It describes key experiments and contributions from Thomson, Rutherford, and Bohr that led to advances in understanding the structure of the atom, including Thomson discovering the electron, Rutherford showing the nucleus, and Bohr incorporating quantum theory. The models progressed from electrons distributed in a positive cloud to orbiting a dense nucleus to orbiting in discrete shells.
The atomic theory
The document summarizes the development of atomic theory over time through the contributions of several scientists. Democritus first proposed that all matter is composed of invisible particles called atoms. John Dalton viewed atoms as tiny spheres and discovered their relative masses. J.J. Thomson discovered electrons and evidence that something smaller than atoms exists. Ernest Rutherford determined that atoms have a small, dense nucleus containing their mass. Later models incorporated electrons orbiting the nucleus in certain orbits by Bohr and Schrodinger viewed them as waves within layers. James Chadwick discovered neutrons, completing the modern atomic model.
Chemistry ppt
Atomic models have evolved over time as scientists have learned more about the structure of atoms. Early models proposed atoms as indivisible particles (Democritus, Dalton), while later models depicted atoms as containing smaller particles like electrons (Thomson's plum pudding model). Rutherford determined atoms have a small, dense nucleus at the center with electrons in orbit around it. Bohr refined this by proposing electrons orbit in specific energy levels. Modern atomic theory is based on wave mechanics and depicts electrons as probabilistic distributions rather than definite orbits.
Moseley - His contribution To Physics and Chemistry
Henry Moseley established the Periodic Table of Elements through his research with x-ray crystallography and this presentation explains in simple form exactly what he did.
Atomic models
The document summarizes the development of atomic models from Democritus to Bohr. It discusses key contributors including Democritus proposing atoms, Dalton establishing the atomic theory, Thomson proposing the plum pudding model, Rutherford discovering the nucleus through the gold foil experiment, and Bohr refining the model by proposing fixed electron orbits.
FINAL POWERPOINT PRESENTATION
1. Democritus was the first to propose that all matter is composed of tiny indivisible units called atoms. Later scientists like Dalton expanded on this idea.
2. Rutherford's gold foil experiment showed that atoms have a small, dense nucleus containing protons and neutrons, with electrons orbiting the nucleus. This overturned the plum pudding model.
3. Chadwick discovered the neutron in 1932, completing the standard picture of atomic structure with protons and neutrons in the nucleus and electrons in orbitals around it.
Mod+13,+History+Of+Atom+Part+A
The document traces the history and development of atomic models from ancient Greek philosophers to modern quantum theory. It describes Democritus's early idea of indivisible atoms, followed by John Dalton formalizing the first atomic theory in the early 1800s. J.J. Thomson later discovered the electron and proposed that atoms are like "plum puddings" with positive matter and embedded electrons. Ernest Rutherford's gold foil experiment revealed that atoms have a small, dense positive nucleus, leading Niels Bohr to model electrons orbiting the nucleus in fixed shells. Modern quantum theory describes electrons as occupying probability clouds or orbitals around the nucleus.
Evolution of atomic theory
The atomic theory has evolved over time from early Greek philosophers' idea that all matter is made of indivisible atoms, to modern scientific discoveries about atomic structure. Democritus first proposed the idea of atoms in 460 BC. In the early 1900s, Rutherford discovered the nucleus through his gold foil experiment, and Bohr proposed that electrons orbit in specific energy levels. Chadwick discovered the neutron in the 1920s, completing the standard model of the atom's subatomic particles. Today's electron cloud model depicts electrons as existing in regions rather than fixed orbits.
Twins - how can this be?
There are three main types of twins: identical, fraternal, and conjoined. Identical twins develop from one fertilized egg that splits, resulting in twins with identical genes. Fraternal twins develop from two separate eggs fertilized at the same time, resulting in twins that may be different sexes. Conjoined twins occur when an embryo fails to separate completely, resulting in twins joined in some part of the body.
Conjoined twins
This document discusses a case of conjoined twins in a 25-year-old pregnant woman. An ultrasound at 37 weeks showed twin gestation with a single placenta and separate sacs. During labor, a second baby was discovered and the woman underwent an emergency C-section. She delivered thoraco-omphalopagus conjoined twins that were stillborn with several abnormalities. Conjoined twins occur in approximately 1 in 50,000 births where the twins are joined, and the document discusses the different types and embryology of conjoined twins. Early prenatal diagnosis is important for management and counseling.
Conjoined twins
Conjoined twins are identical twins that were not fully separated in the womb and remain physically attached. They can be classified based on the area of attachment, such as the head, chest, pelvis, or back. Separation is possible if the twins do not share vital organs, but carries major risks like death or disability for one or both twins. Parents must decide whether to terminate the pregnancy, separate the twins, or keep them conjoined and manage their medical needs long-term.
Conjoined twins
This document summarizes a case report of conjoined twins diagnosed prenatally. Ultrasound and MRI found the twins to be thoraco-omphalopagus, joined at the chest and abdomen with a single heart and shared liver. The parents opted to terminate the pregnancy given the twins' poor prognosis. The document then reviews conjoined twins generally, including classification, embryology (they result from incomplete twinning after 14 days), diagnostic criteria with imaging modalities, associated anomalies, management approaches including delivery method, and challenges with separation surgery due to shared organs.
Conjoined Twin
1) The document summarizes a clinical meeting presentation about conjoined twin infants born at 35 weeks gestation who were attached at the head.
2) On examination, the twins were generally healthy and developing appropriately except for being jaundiced and experiencing intermittent low urine output.
3) Over the course of their hospital stay, their jaundice and urine output were monitored and treated conservatively with phototherapy and IV fluids respectively. Electrolyte abnormalities were also corrected.
Multiple pregnancy
This document discusses multiple pregnancies, specifically monozygotic (identical) and dizygotic (fraternal) twins. It defines monozygotic twins as developing from one zygote that splits, resulting in genetically identical twins. Dizygotic twins develop from two separate eggs fertilized by two sperm, making them no more similar than regular siblings. The document outlines the biological processes that create each type and their characteristics, risks, and differences in placental/membrane development. Examples are provided of monozygotic and dizygotic twins to illustrate traits like appearance and behaviors.
Anaesthetic management of conjoined twins’
Dr. Kumar presented on the topic of conjoined twins. Some key points:
- Conjoined twins occur in approximately 1 in 50,000 births and are always the same sex. They result from a single fertilized egg that only partially splits.
- Classification is based on the point of conjunction. The most common types are thoracopagus (chest) and omphalopagus (abdomen).
- Separation surgery requires extensive planning due to risks of circulatory mixing between twins. Careful monitoring and individualized dosing of anesthesia drugs is needed.
- The challenges include potential airway issues, assessing cardiovascular and respiratory systems, and ensuring adequate monitoring and equipment for each twin. Metic
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Atomic Theory
Atomic theory describes matter as composed of atoms, the basic units that constitute chemical elements. Democritus first proposed the idea of indivisible atoms in ancient Greece. In the early 1900s, J.J. Thomson discovered the electron and proposed a "plum pudding" model of the atom. Ernest Rutherford discovered the nucleus through alpha particle scattering experiments, leading to the planetary model of electrons orbiting the nucleus. Niels Bohr later adjusted this model to account for electron stability.
Lesson 2 We Are All Made of Star Stuff (Formation of the Heavy Elements)
1) The formation of heavier elements occurs through nuclear fusion reactions during stellar evolution and supernova explosions.
2) Elements up to iron are formed through fusion in stars, while elements heavier than iron are formed through fusion and neutron capture processes during supernovae.
3) Key nuclear fusion reactions in stars include the proton-proton chain, triple alpha process, CNO cycle, and alpha ladder, which fuse hydrogen and helium into heavier elements up to iron.
RUTHERFORD ‘ S MODEL OF AN ATOM
Ernst Rutherford was a physicist who won the Nobel Prize in 1908 for his work discovering the nuclear model of the atom. He conducted experiments where he bombarded gold foil with alpha particles, finding that a small fraction were deflected at 180 degrees, indicating the positive charge of an atom is concentrated in a tiny nucleus. He concluded atoms have a small, dense positively charged nucleus surrounded by electrons. This led to replacing the plum pudding model with the Rutherford model of the atom and eventually the Bohr model. However, the Rutherford model could not explain the stability of atoms as it predicted electrons would radiate energy and collapse into the nucleus.
History of the atom
The document summarizes the history and development of atomic theory from ancient Greek philosophers to modern quantum mechanics. It describes early theories proposed by Aristotle and Democritus. John Dalton rejected Aristotle's theory and proposed atoms are indivisible, identical for each element, and combine in whole number ratios. Discovery of the electron, proton, and neutron led to new atomic models. Quantum mechanics explains atomic structure as electrons occupying probabilistic orbitals rather than fixed paths. The current model integrates discoveries of subatomic particles and quantum theory.
Welcome
The document discusses the basic components of an atom. It describes electrons as negatively charged particles discovered in 1897 by J.J. Thomson. Protons are positively charged particles discovered by Rutherford, and neutrons are neutral particles discovered by James Chadwick. The nucleus is at the center of the atom and contains protons and neutrons, holding the bulk of the atom's mass.
History Of Atomic Structure
The document summarizes the history of atomic structure theories over thousands of years in 7 parts:
1) Ancient Greek philosophers Aristotle and Democritus proposed early atomic theories in Greece over 2000 years ago.
2) Medieval European alchemists developed early chemistry experiments between 800-900 AD trying to change materials into gold.
3) In 1808, John Dalton proposed atoms as tiny particles that could not be divided and that each element was made of its own type of atom.
4) In 1897, J.J. Thompson discovered electrons as negatively charged particles smaller than atoms.
The discovery of nucleus
- J.J. Thomson discovered the electron through experiments showing cathode rays travel in straight lines with a negative charge.
- Rutherford's gold foil experiment showed most alpha particles passed through the foil but some bounced back, leading him to propose the nuclear model of the atom with a small, dense nucleus surrounded by electrons.
- The model was later updated with the discovery of neutrons by Rutherford and Chadwick, neutral particles that explained previously unaccounted for mass in atomic nuclei.
Contributions of j.j thomas, ernst rutherford and neil bohr in the field of c...
The document discusses the historical development of atomic models from Thomson's plum pudding model to Rutherford's nuclear model to Bohr's planetary model. It describes key experiments and contributions from Thomson, Rutherford, and Bohr that led to advances in understanding the structure of the atom, including Thomson discovering the electron, Rutherford showing the nucleus, and Bohr incorporating quantum theory. The models progressed from electrons distributed in a positive cloud to orbiting a dense nucleus to orbiting in discrete shells.
The atomic theory
The document summarizes the development of atomic theory over time through the contributions of several scientists. Democritus first proposed that all matter is composed of invisible particles called atoms. John Dalton viewed atoms as tiny spheres and discovered their relative masses. J.J. Thomson discovered electrons and evidence that something smaller than atoms exists. Ernest Rutherford determined that atoms have a small, dense nucleus containing their mass. Later models incorporated electrons orbiting the nucleus in certain orbits by Bohr and Schrodinger viewed them as waves within layers. James Chadwick discovered neutrons, completing the modern atomic model.
Chemistry ppt
Atomic models have evolved over time as scientists have learned more about the structure of atoms. Early models proposed atoms as indivisible particles (Democritus, Dalton), while later models depicted atoms as containing smaller particles like electrons (Thomson's plum pudding model). Rutherford determined atoms have a small, dense nucleus at the center with electrons in orbit around it. Bohr refined this by proposing electrons orbit in specific energy levels. Modern atomic theory is based on wave mechanics and depicts electrons as probabilistic distributions rather than definite orbits.
Moseley - His contribution To Physics and Chemistry
Henry Moseley established the Periodic Table of Elements through his research with x-ray crystallography and this presentation explains in simple form exactly what he did.
Atomic models
The document summarizes the development of atomic models from Democritus to Bohr. It discusses key contributors including Democritus proposing atoms, Dalton establishing the atomic theory, Thomson proposing the plum pudding model, Rutherford discovering the nucleus through the gold foil experiment, and Bohr refining the model by proposing fixed electron orbits.
FINAL POWERPOINT PRESENTATION
1. Democritus was the first to propose that all matter is composed of tiny indivisible units called atoms. Later scientists like Dalton expanded on this idea.
2. Rutherford's gold foil experiment showed that atoms have a small, dense nucleus containing protons and neutrons, with electrons orbiting the nucleus. This overturned the plum pudding model.
3. Chadwick discovered the neutron in 1932, completing the standard picture of atomic structure with protons and neutrons in the nucleus and electrons in orbitals around it.
Mod+13,+History+Of+Atom+Part+A
The document traces the history and development of atomic models from ancient Greek philosophers to modern quantum theory. It describes Democritus's early idea of indivisible atoms, followed by John Dalton formalizing the first atomic theory in the early 1800s. J.J. Thomson later discovered the electron and proposed that atoms are like "plum puddings" with positive matter and embedded electrons. Ernest Rutherford's gold foil experiment revealed that atoms have a small, dense positive nucleus, leading Niels Bohr to model electrons orbiting the nucleus in fixed shells. Modern quantum theory describes electrons as occupying probability clouds or orbitals around the nucleus.
Evolution of atomic theory
The atomic theory has evolved over time from early Greek philosophers' idea that all matter is made of indivisible atoms, to modern scientific discoveries about atomic structure. Democritus first proposed the idea of atoms in 460 BC. In the early 1900s, Rutherford discovered the nucleus through his gold foil experiment, and Bohr proposed that electrons orbit in specific energy levels. Chadwick discovered the neutron in the 1920s, completing the standard model of the atom's subatomic particles. Today's electron cloud model depicts electrons as existing in regions rather than fixed orbits.
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Lesson 2 We Are All Made of Star Stuff (Formation of the Heavy Elements)
Lesson 2 We Are All Made of Star Stuff (Formation of the Heavy Elements)
Contributions of j.j thomas, ernst rutherford and neil bohr in the field of c...
Contributions of j.j thomas, ernst rutherford and neil bohr in the field of c...
Moseley - His contribution To Physics and Chemistry
Moseley - His contribution To Physics and Chemistry
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Twins - how can this be?
There are three main types of twins: identical, fraternal, and conjoined. Identical twins develop from one fertilized egg that splits, resulting in twins with identical genes. Fraternal twins develop from two separate eggs fertilized at the same time, resulting in twins that may be different sexes. Conjoined twins occur when an embryo fails to separate completely, resulting in twins joined in some part of the body.
Conjoined twins
This document discusses a case of conjoined twins in a 25-year-old pregnant woman. An ultrasound at 37 weeks showed twin gestation with a single placenta and separate sacs. During labor, a second baby was discovered and the woman underwent an emergency C-section. She delivered thoraco-omphalopagus conjoined twins that were stillborn with several abnormalities. Conjoined twins occur in approximately 1 in 50,000 births where the twins are joined, and the document discusses the different types and embryology of conjoined twins. Early prenatal diagnosis is important for management and counseling.
Conjoined twins
Conjoined twins are identical twins that were not fully separated in the womb and remain physically attached. They can be classified based on the area of attachment, such as the head, chest, pelvis, or back. Separation is possible if the twins do not share vital organs, but carries major risks like death or disability for one or both twins. Parents must decide whether to terminate the pregnancy, separate the twins, or keep them conjoined and manage their medical needs long-term.
Conjoined twins
This document summarizes a case report of conjoined twins diagnosed prenatally. Ultrasound and MRI found the twins to be thoraco-omphalopagus, joined at the chest and abdomen with a single heart and shared liver. The parents opted to terminate the pregnancy given the twins' poor prognosis. The document then reviews conjoined twins generally, including classification, embryology (they result from incomplete twinning after 14 days), diagnostic criteria with imaging modalities, associated anomalies, management approaches including delivery method, and challenges with separation surgery due to shared organs.
Conjoined Twin
1) The document summarizes a clinical meeting presentation about conjoined twin infants born at 35 weeks gestation who were attached at the head.
2) On examination, the twins were generally healthy and developing appropriately except for being jaundiced and experiencing intermittent low urine output.
3) Over the course of their hospital stay, their jaundice and urine output were monitored and treated conservatively with phototherapy and IV fluids respectively. Electrolyte abnormalities were also corrected.
Multiple pregnancy
This document discusses multiple pregnancies, specifically monozygotic (identical) and dizygotic (fraternal) twins. It defines monozygotic twins as developing from one zygote that splits, resulting in genetically identical twins. Dizygotic twins develop from two separate eggs fertilized by two sperm, making them no more similar than regular siblings. The document outlines the biological processes that create each type and their characteristics, risks, and differences in placental/membrane development. Examples are provided of monozygotic and dizygotic twins to illustrate traits like appearance and behaviors.
Anaesthetic management of conjoined twins’
Dr. Kumar presented on the topic of conjoined twins. Some key points:
- Conjoined twins occur in approximately 1 in 50,000 births and are always the same sex. They result from a single fertilized egg that only partially splits.
- Classification is based on the point of conjunction. The most common types are thoracopagus (chest) and omphalopagus (abdomen).
- Separation surgery requires extensive planning due to risks of circulatory mixing between twins. Careful monitoring and individualized dosing of anesthesia drugs is needed.
- The challenges include potential airway issues, assessing cardiovascular and respiratory systems, and ensuring adequate monitoring and equipment for each twin. Metic
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The document discusses how magnetic fields affect the path of electron beams and charged particles. It explains that electrons in a beam experience a force from a magnetic field that causes the beam to follow a circular path perpendicular to the direction of motion and field. It also provides the formula that the force on a charged particle in a magnetic field depends on the magnetic flux density, charge of the particle, and velocity of the particle. Finally, it notes that magnetic fields are used in particle detectors to separate different charged particles based on their charge and measure momentum from curved particle tracks.
powerstations and the environment 2
Fossil fuels like coal, oil and gas take several years to form naturally, whereas solar and wind power are renewable energy sources with some disadvantages. Solar power has advantages of being sustainable and environmentally-friendly but is extremely expensive, while wind power is cheap but produces intermittent energy depending on weather conditions. Solar power installations can be costly.
powerstation 2
This document discusses the consequences of climate change such as melting ice caps flooding, freak weather storms, and colder wetter winters. It also notes that fossil fuels produce CO2 and cannot be reused, and will eventually run out, while renewable energies can be reused, last longer and are more efficient.
powerstation 3
Fossil fuels like coal, gas, and oil release CO2 into the atmosphere and will eventually run out, as they were made millions of years ago underground. Wind and solar power are renewable sources that will not run out, but wind turbines need windy areas and solar panels work best in sunny places like Africa rather than the UK with less sun.
powerstation 3
The document discusses different energy sources such as fossil fuels, wind turbines, and solar panels. Fossil fuels release carbon dioxide into the atmosphere while wind turbines and solar panels do not pollute but have disadvantages of taking up space and not working without wind or sun. The consequences of global warming include wetter winters, warmer summers, melting ice caps which endangers Arctic and Antarctic animals. Individuals can help by recycling, conserving electricity and water, and not wasting energy.
powerstation
Renewable fossil fuels such as paper and water can be burned at power stations to produce electricity in an ongoing cycle and power homes and devices, but this process can pollute the air. The world is warming as we burn fossil fuel reserves and cut down forests, releasing greenhouse gases and thickening the atmosphere to trap more heat in a way that threatens to irreversibly change the world through rapid climate change unlike anything seen before. Urgent action is needed now to avoid a world that will soon be ash.
Planets
The document provides information about the planets in our solar system including Earth, Venus, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune, and Pluto. For each planet, it lists the number of moons, day length, year length, and an interesting fact. Key details given include Earth having no moons and a 24 hour day, Venus named after the Roman goddess of love, Mars having 2 moons and temperatures varying from 0 to -100 degrees C, and Pluto being cold at -233 degrees C.
planets
Planets are celestial bodies that orbit stars. Our solar system has eight planets that orbit the Sun: Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune. These planets vary greatly in size, composition and other properties.
Faradays law
Faraday's law of induction states that the induced electromotive force (emf) in any closed circuit is equal to the time rate of change of the magnetic flux through the circuit. It explains how transformers, inductors, motors and generators work by relating the induced emf to the changing magnetic flux. The law combines with Lenz's law, which describes the direction of induced current. Specifically, the induced emf is equal to the product of the magnetic field strength, length of the coil, and its velocity of removal from the field.
Electron beams
The document discusses electron beams and how they can be deflected using magnetic fields. It explains that a force acts on a current-carrying wire placed in a magnetic field according to the equation F = BIL, where B is the magnetic field, I is the current, and L is the length of the wire. It also discusses how electron beams are produced through thermionic emission and can be controlled by applying magnetic fields, causing them to move in circles, spirals, or helices depending on the field orientation. Finally, it mentions researching deflecting electron beams for uses in technology from the 20th century such as television picture tubes, oscilloscopes, and x-ray tubes.
Particles moving in a circular path
This document discusses the motion of charged particles in a magnetic field. It introduces the formula for the magnetic force (F=BQv) and explains that charged particles will travel in a circular path when subjected to a perpendicular magnetic field. Examples are given of devices that use this principle, including cyclotrons which accelerate charged particles in a spiral path for medical applications like cancer treatment, and mass spectrometers which separate particles based on their different radii of curvature in a magnetic field.
Magnets1
The document discusses magnetism and magnetic fields. It begins by asking questions about magnetic properties and then outlines topics to be covered, including the definition of tesla as a unit of magnetic flux density. It explains that electron spin causes magnetism and describes magnetic field lines and poles. It also discusses Fleming's left hand rule and how the force on a current-carrying wire in a magnetic field is determined by F=BIL, where B is magnetic flux density, I is current, and L is wire length. Examples are provided to calculate magnetic field strength from measured force.
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