The document discusses congenital anomalies of the kidney and urinary system, including normal urinary function, developmental abnormalities such as renal agenesis and dysplasia, and associated risks. It outlines various conditions including ectopic kidney, duplex kidney, and hydronephrosis, along with diagnostic methods and management strategies. Key takeaways emphasize the significance of these anomalies in pediatric chronic kidney disease and the need for long-term follow-up.

1. Congenital anomalies of kidney and urinary
system
Dr.Iqra Osman Abdullahi

2. Normal Function of the Urinary system:
Kidney :
1- Filters blood- remove and eliminate soluble waste ( urine).
2- Regulates blood volume and composition.
3- Maintains water and electrolyte balance.
4- Hormonal production; Erythropoietin, Renin.
5- Metabolizes vitamin D to active form.
Ureters:
convey urine from kidneys to bladder.
Urinary bladder:
Temporary urine storage.
Urethra:
Conveys urine from bladder to outside.
Note: the kidney function will reach adult level at the age of 2 years, while the
kidney size will reach the adult size at the age of 9 years. Bladdernwill reach
adult size by 2 years.

3. Abnormalities during development:
1- Dysgenesis of the Kidney
a- Renal Agenesis (absent Kidney) : Failure of the ureteral bud to
communicate with the
metanephric blastema
1:500 – 1: 3200 live births

4. AGENISIS
UNILATERAL BILATERAL

5. 1- Unilateral : absent kidney, no symptoms. Avoid contact sport to protect the
contralateral kidney, other kidney will be hypertrophied due to increase workload. There
is an increased incidence with single umbilical artery; therefore, do an U/S to check for
unilateral kidney agenesis), absent ureter & hemitrigone. Hypertrophy, VUR in contra
lateral kidney, because in 50% of the cases, there may be other urinary anomalies specially
VUR. Sometimes unilateral agenesis might be asymptomatic and discovered incidentally
with UTI or hypertension, but can lose the kidney when exposed to harsh trauma. l.
2- Bilateral: Incompatible with extra uterine life.
Oligohyddramnios , no kidneys , non visualized bladder in antenatal US
Death shortly after birth from pulmonary Hypoplasia ( Potter’s syndrome: pulmonary
hypoplasia due to lack of amniotic fluid, they come with flat compressed face, flat nasal
bridge, receding chin, wide philtrum, and low-set ears)
Any renal congenital abnormality is detected by US 12th wk of
gestation.
higher in boys except duplex syndrome.
5% recurrent risk in subsequent pregnancy
In oligohydramnios think of bilateral renal agenesis, and associated
anomalies include: Anorectal, CVS, Skeleta

6. B- Renal Hypoplasia : Small size, non dysplastic, less than normal # of
calyces & nephrons. Everything is the same, but smaller size and less #
of glomeruli.
1- Unilateral: Incident diagnosis ( another urinary tract problem or
HTN).
2- Bilateral: CRF manifestations. It’s compatible with life.
3- Segmental Hypoplasia: ( Ask-Upmark Kidney: kidney with partially
developed or atrophic renal cortex.).
C- Aplasia: rudimentary kidney

7. D- Renal dysplasia: Abnormality in the structure cartilages, cyst (
Abnormal metanephric differentiation) May affect all or part of the kidney.
1- Cystic
2- cartilages
Hereditary (polycystic is always bilateral): ARPKD bilateral in children.
ADPKD mainly occurs in adults, but can occur in children
Congenital: MCDK its always unilateral because if bilateral it’s incompatible
with life. Non-functioning cysts in tubules of different sizes that are not
communicating with septae which makes them different from other cystic
kidney diseases. The kidney is larger than normal, and is usually detected
after birth by the presence of a very large kidney, but this is not always true.
It can be detected incidentally with UTI.

8. Multicystic dysplastic kidney (MCDK):
-Non- functioning kidney replaced by large non-communicating (because of
septae between the cysts) cysts of varying sizes, no renal cortex, atretic ureter.
Most common large mass in the abdomen.
-Unilateral , 2 times more in male.
-Detected during antenatal US.
-Can be detected incidentally by UTI.
Investigations & diagnosis:
1- US. Can differentiate between it and hydronephrosis.
2- DMSA ( no function in the affected side) , hypertrophy
of contra-lateral kidney.
3- MCUG : contra-lateral VUR (20%).
Complications:
1- Malignancy: Wilm's’ tumor, adenocarcinoma& embryonic
carcinoma.
2- HTN: cured by nephrectomy.
3- Infection, bleeding into, or rupture of cysts if large. Retention.

9. Management:
Conservative:
1- cysts < 5cm , high chance of involution, which means the kidney is
shrinking, or cause no problems.
If > 5cm, it most likely will not involute so follow up the patients for any
complication, and if they develop complications do a nephrectomy.
2- reviewed annually for:
- BP
- urinary protein.
- US for cysts involution, of MCDK.
growth of contra-lateral kidney. Up to 2yrs of
age then at 5yrs of age if normal.
Nephrectomy:
1- no involution by 2 yrs of age. Some do nephrectomy at
the age of 5 because they fear malignancy or any complications..
2- HTN
3- recurrent infections.

10. 11- Abnormalities in shape & position:
a- Ectopic Kidney: Failure of ascent of the kidney during
embryogenesis. Incidence 1;900. most commonly in
pelvis. It can also be thoracic (very rare), iliac or crossed.
Associated anomalies: VUR, undesended testis in, hypospadius, Genital
abnormalities in girls
Blood supply from internal, external iliac
artery ,& or aorta
Ectopic in contra lateral side 90% fusion

11. b- Fusion Anomalies
1- horseshoe Kidney: 1:500
-Commonest form of fusion (95%).
-The lower poles of both kidneys unite across the midline
-The isthmus of horse shoe kidney lie at the level of L4-L5, is more
susceptible to trauma (avoid severe aggressive sports)
-More common in male, Turner syndrome (always look for horseshoe
kidney), trisomy 18
Complications:
-50% VUR, abnormal vascular supply.
- Stone (ureter is no longer positioned anterolaterally, and kidney
causes pressure on it, leading to hydronephrosis 2° PUJO.
- Wilm’s tumor
- HTN due to vascular abnormality.
Diagnosis: DMSA, MCUG ,DTPA (to assess the function of the ureter)
can be missed by U/S.
Always assess the external genitalia and check for VUR (by
urogram) in all patients with fusion anomalies.
Due to its abnormal position, it is affected easily by trauma,
therefore restrain kids from fighting

12. -2- Crossed fused Ectopia:
- one kidney cross the midline to the other side and lie in an abnormal
rotation
- position & fused upper pole fused to the normal kidney’s lower pole.
- ureters inserted in normal position.
- anomalies of urogenital system

13. III-Abnormalities of the collecting system:
A- Duplex kidney :
1% , Familial, more in girls , 70% unilateral.
-Two pelvicalyceal system within the kidney, complete or partial.
- Kidney larger than normal.
-Diagnosed by IVP.
Complete: 2 ureters draining to the bladder
-Kidney has 2 moieties, each with its own ureter>
-The upper pole ureter opens lowermost & medially into the bladder .
- May be ectopic draining in vagina, posterior urethra.
- Ureterocoele ( obstruction).
-If the duplex anomaly affected the upper calcyeal system it will open to the lower pole
of the bladder causing ureterocele, if it affected the lower calyceal system it will open to
the upper pole of the bladder causing VUR.
-The lower pole ureter cause reflux, , PUJO, dysplastic part.
Incomplete:
-Uncomplicated divided pelvis, or 2 Ureters join before entering
the bladder.

14. Hydronephrosis:
Dilatation of renal pelvis & collecting system.
-0.6- 4.5% antenatal US, that can be detected by 12 weeks, but most
accurate between 18-20 weeks.
-- Hydronephrosis consists of communicating cysts, unlike MCDK.
-Several grading system ( Renal pelvic diameter).
- Antenatal US ( 18-20 WKS). Or incidentally post-natally.
• Severity of antenatal US. Mild, moderate or severe.
• Unilateral vs. bilateral (bilateral is an emergency). If bilateral there will be
obstruction in the lower tract. If bladder is palpable the obstruction is
below the bladder.
• Renal parenchyma thin or Echogenic.
• Bladder
• Amniotic fluid
Causes:
1- Transient
2- Physiological
3- UPJO commonest cause.
4- VUR
5- Megaureter
6- Ureterocoele
7- PUV

15. Postnatal evaluation:
1- Physical exam: Abdominal mass, palpable bladder.
2- US
3- VCUG : detect VUR, PUV.
4- Diuretic Renogram: detect urinary obstruction with persistent
hydronephrosis
Notes: Dilatation only won’t lead to infection unless its accompanied by an
anatomical obstruction.
You have to give prophylactic antibiotic.

16. Ureteropelvic junction obstruction ( UPJ):
Detected antenatal, most frequent cause of hydronephrosis
More common in Left side, Ectopic, malrotation, horseshoe kidney
Bilateral 40%
Present: mass, UTI, Pain, Hematuria

17. Bladder extrophy:
Failure of abdominal wall to close during fetal development & results
In protrusion of the posterior bladder wall through the lower abdominal
wall.
-Symphsis pubis diastasis.
- Multiple abnormalities in pelvis, bladder, urethra, & external
genitalia.
- Common in males
Associated abnormalities:
1- VUR
2- Incontinence
3- Repeated UTI

18. Posterior urethral valve (PUV):Commonest obstructive
Uropathy in boys , 1:5000- 8000
Congenital valve in the posterior urethra due to persistent urogenital
membrane.
-Associated with renal dysplasia ( Back pressure,
common developmental insult).
Risk of perinatal mortality & risk of chronic kidney disease:
1- US suggestive at < 24 wks gestation.
2- Severe bilateral hydronephrosis.
3- Oligohydramnios.
4- Echogenic kidneys.
Postnatal presentations:
1- pulmonary Hypoplasia.
2- Poor urinary stream
3- Voiding dysfunction.
4- Urosepsis.
5- FTT.

19. Renal & urological manifestation:
1- Chronic kidney diseases (if discovered late it will lead to CRF). 60%
dysplastic kidney.
2- VUR
3- Bladder dysfunction.
Management:
1- correction of electrolytes.
2- Treatment of sepsis.
3- Resp.distress
4- Temporary relieve of pressure
5- cystoscopy : valve ablation
6- Vesicostomy

20. Prune belly syndrome ( Eagle-Barrett syndrome, Triad syndrome)
Triad of:
1- Deficiency or absence of anterior abdominal wall musculature.
2- Bilateral cryptorchidism
3- bilateral Ureter ,bladder,& urethral abnormalities( megacystis, Megaureter
2°
dysplasia.
-Other systemic abnormalities in 75%:
1- GI : malrotation, gastroschisis.
2- Heart: CHD
3- Skeletal: talipes equinovarus, CDH.
4- Pulmonary hypoplasia

21. Clinical presentation :
Wide spectrum
1- Antenatal screening 0.1- 0.7%.
2- UTI
3- Hypertension
4- Proteinuria
5- Renal impairment
6- Hematuria
7- Stones
Antenatal Screening US
1- Fetal kidney
2- Collecting system
3- Amniotic fluid
Postnatal Exam:
Physical exam: Associated anomalies
Urgent evaluation : Bilateral involvement, solitary affected kidney,
oligohyddramnios.
Renal studies: Renal US, VCUG, MAG3

22. Take home messages:
1- Congenital anomalies of the kidney are significant causes of ESRF in
children.
2- These anomalies often do not exist in isolation.
3- May present beyond the neonatal period.
4- Bilateral involvement. Oligohyddramnios, solitary kidney require urgent
evaluation.
5- Long –term follow-up of renal & bladder function is important.