Condoms and microbicides are methods to prevent the transmission of sexually transmitted infections like HIV. Condoms have been used for hundreds of years and come in different types like latex, lambskin, and spermicidal varieties. When used consistently, condoms can reduce the risk of HIV transmission by 80-97%. Microbicides are substances applied vaginally or rectally to reduce STI transmission and are being developed as gels, films, and rings. They offer benefits like female control and protection without a partner's knowledge. Challenges in developing effective microbicides include a lack of surrogate endpoints for efficacy and ensuring large clinical trials can demonstrate their incremental effects over condoms.
National Family Planning methods - different types of methods temporary as well as permanent used to prevent pregnancy #Barrier methods #Oral pills #Mirena #Cu T #Female sterilization methods #Tubal Ligation #NSV
Dec 11, '14 WEBINAR - Lubes, Rings, Films, Fibers, and Shots 4 HIV PreventionJim Pickett
Project RSP+ Webinar - December 11, 2014. Presentation explores the pipeline of new HIV prevention technologies in the research and development phase. This project is an initiative of the AIDS Foundation of Chicago.
National Family Planning methods - different types of methods temporary as well as permanent used to prevent pregnancy #Barrier methods #Oral pills #Mirena #Cu T #Female sterilization methods #Tubal Ligation #NSV
Dec 11, '14 WEBINAR - Lubes, Rings, Films, Fibers, and Shots 4 HIV PreventionJim Pickett
Project RSP+ Webinar - December 11, 2014. Presentation explores the pipeline of new HIV prevention technologies in the research and development phase. This project is an initiative of the AIDS Foundation of Chicago.
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
Acute scrotum is a general term referring to an emergency condition affecting the contents or the wall of the scrotum.
There are a number of conditions that present acutely, predominantly with pain and/or swelling
A careful and detailed history and examination, and in some cases, investigations allow differentiation between these diagnoses. A prompt diagnosis is essential as the patient may require urgent surgical intervention
Testicular torsion refers to twisting of the spermatic cord, causing ischaemia of the testicle.
Testicular torsion results from inadequate fixation of the testis to the tunica vaginalis producing ischemia from reduced arterial inflow and venous outflow obstruction.
The prevalence of testicular torsion in adult patients hospitalized with acute scrotal pain is approximately 25 to 50 percent
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
How STIs Influence the Development of Pelvic Inflammatory Disease.pptx
Condoms & Microbicides
1. LOGO
Condoms And Microbicides
Presented by
Dr Fredrick Stephen (P.G in Community Medicine)
2. Introduction
•The term condom first appears in the early 18th century
•Dr Condum recommended one for King Charles II
•The first rubber condom was produced in 1855
•Condoms have been used for at least 400 years
•Since 19th century - one of the most popular methods of
contraception in the world
3.
4. Types
• Synthetic condoms - AT-10 resin and polyisoprene.
• Natural Latex condoms- They can be stretched in excess of 800%
before it is broken.
• Spermicidal condoms – Manufactured by lubricating condoms
with a small amount of nonoxynol-9, which is a spermicidal chemical.
• Lambskin condoms – Produce more body warmth and tactile
sensation than any other condoms.
5. Effectiveness of Condoms
• In longitudinal studies among heterosexuals condoms have
shown to decrease the decrease the risk of HIV by 80-97%*
• Sero-conversions in discordant couples who used condoms
Consistently = 0% per person-year (n=124)
Inconsistently = 4.8% per person-year (n=121)**
* - Weller S & Davis K, The Cochrane Library 2004
** - N Engl J De Vincenzi Med 1994
6. Merits
• Simple , safe and Cheap
• No side effects
• Protects against STD’s
• Easily usable
• Available without prescription
• Easily Disposable
8. Merits
• Controlled by women
• Prevents both pregnancy & STD’s
• As effective as male condoms in preventing STIs
• No apparent side effects
• Generally used to complement male condoms
• No allergy/ contraindications
• Data support impermeability to HIV
9. Demerits
• Are several times more expensive than male condoms
• Issues related to reuse are not totally defined
• Ignorance due to poor promotional drive
• Hesitancy – for insertion
• Yet to gain universal acceptability
11. Rationale for Diaphragm
• Female initiated and controlled
• Worn inside the vagina- unobtrusive
• Creates a physical barrier over the cervix site believed
to be most vulnerable to HIV
• If effective, could be combined with an effective
Microbicide
12. Demerits
• Failure rate is 10 to 20 per 100 women years of
exposure (HWYE)
• Insertion should be demonstrated by medical practitioner
• Contra indications- Prolapse, cystocele, Too long/ short
cervix
• If left for long time may lead to TSS
13.
14. Demerits of Condoms
• Consistent condom use is difficult to achieve
• Even those who use condoms with “outside” partners, may be
unwilling or unable to use them with a primary partner
• In cultures where childbearing is linked to a person’s self
worth, the prospect of childlessness often outweighs the risk
of HIV infection
• Prevention burnout
• Violence within relationship makes it difficult for people to
negotiate condom use
16. Microbicides
• A microbicide is any substance that can substantially reduce
transmission of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) when
applied in the vagina or the rectum
• A microbicide could be produced in many forms- Gels,
creams, films, suppository, sponge, vaginal ring or vaginal
wipe
17. Advantages
• Could be used frequently without irritation
• Some Would prevent pregnancy
• Will be available over the counter
• Are likely to be inexpensive
• Will be effective against more than one STI
• Could be used without the partner’s cooperation, or even awareness
• Development of microbicides in liquid form
mouth rinse for protection during oral sex
potentially low-cost way of reducing perinatal transmission via vaginal
washing prior to delivery
18. Microbicides benefits to HIV+ women
• Help protect against re-infection with other HIV strains
• Help them protect their partners -- bi-directional effect
• Help protect against other STDs, chlamydia and bladder
infections
• May help them get pregnant safely and increase their
chances of having HIV negative babies
19. Action of microbicides
1. Preventing HIV and other pathogens from reaching the
target cells by creating a physical barrier.
2. Maintaining an acidic vaginal pH which enhances the
natural defense mechanism
3. Killing or disabling pathogens by disruption of the
protective outer cover
4. Preventing virus replication after it enters the cell.
20. Microbicide Clinical Trials
• Pre-clinical: This includes laboratory and in-vivo animal studies
• Phase I -- a few volunteers (usually 10-50) use product to see
how they react to it
• Phase II -- a slightly larger number (50-200) use the product to
see if it is safe for most women to use
• Phase 1/2 trials - Either a combination of Phase I and II designs,
or designed for Phase I to merge with Phase II
21. Phase III -- a large number (500-5,000) are enrolled to
confirm its effectiveness against HIV and other STIs &
monitoring of side effects
Acceptability studies: To determine acceptability of the
microbicide in partners of the women using the candidate
microbicide.
22. Method of Protection Product Examples
Kills or immobilizes the pathogen Non-oxynol-9 (N-9)
Savvy
Sodium Docecyl Sulfate
(SDS)
Creates a barrier between the
pathogen and the cell wall
PRO 2000
Carageenan
“Invisible Condom”
Prevent infection from taking hold
once the virus enters the body
Tenofovir
Nevirapine
Boost vaginal defense system BufferGel
LB Suppositories
Plantibodies
23. Field challenges
• No validated surrogate endpoints exist, primary endpoint is HIV infection
• Thousands of high risk women required for trials
• Efficacy trials must measure the incremental effect of the potential
microbicide over and above known effective methods-condom use and
HIV treatment
• If efficacy is less than condoms, it may be hard to show
• Placebo gel may be protective through lubricating effects
• Adherence of participants may be difficult to measure
24. Microbicide trials in India
•No phase III trials in India because of less than expected HIV incidence
to conduct such research
•Phase 1 trials of Buffer gel and PRO 2005 have been completed in Pune
•Tenofovir gel and Praneem Polyherbal vaginal tablets have completed
Phase II trials.
•Cellulose Sulfate - the Phase III study had to be stopped in 2007
because more participants using the gel were becoming infected than
those in the placebo group.
•Similar experience was reported in studies pertaining to Carraguard gel
conducted in other country sites
25. Future of Microbicides
• Vital to raise awareness about the potential availability of a device such
as a microbicide against HIV/AIDS in the community.
• Involvement of Non-Governmental Organizations and community
stakeholders along with political commitment is required to prioritize
microbicide research
• Phase III trials should be conducted with due attention to ethical
concerns given the lesson learnt from Carraguard and Cellulose Sulfate
trials.
• Public health professionals to play a major role by sensitizing the
community about microbicides and creating motivation to participate in
clinical trials