Conceptual behaviour model for predicting safety behaviour - Boateng

Conceptual Model for
Predicting Safety
Behavior of Construction
Workers
A Neural Network Approach
Emmanuel Boateng | Manikam Pillay | Peter Davis | Thayaparan Gajendran
© Enablebusiness

Goal of the Study 2
To develop a conceptual
model for predicting
construction workers
safety behaviour
through a neural
network approach
2019 SIA Health and Safety Conference | Emmanuel Boateng | Manikam Pillay | Peter Davis | Thayaparan Gajendran © Work Health Revolution

Outline 3
1 Construction Safety in Australia
2 Safety Climate
3 Safety Intervention
4 Safety Performance
5 Methodological Issues
6 Moving towards the “Third Wave”
7 Conceptual Model
2019 SIA Health and Safety Conference | Emmanuel Boateng | Manikam Pillay | Peter Davis | Thayaparan Gajendran

Construction
Safety in Australia
4
© Pixabay.com2019 SIA Health and Safety Conference | Emmanuel Boateng | Manikam Pillay | Peter Davis | Thayaparan Gajendran

Construction Safety in Australia 5
Contributes to Gross
Domestic Product
Influence on health
and safety of workers
Increase in the
working population
over the last 11 years
33%
[Safe Work Australia]2019 SIA Health and Safety Conference | Emmanuel Boateng | Manikam Pillay | Peter Davis | Thayaparan Gajendran

Causative Factors:
[Gibb et al., 2014]
1 Workers’ actions/behaviours
2 Site layout
3 Suitability of materials/equipment
workers died on
construction sites
from 2003 - 2013
401

[Safe Work Australia, Lingard and Rowlinson,
Health and Safety Executives]
The underlying causes
are by unsafe human
behaviour
are seriously injured
each day
35

30
22
32
34 35
3.1 2.2 3.1 3.3 3.3
2012 2013 2014 2015 2016
Year
Number of worker fatalities Fatalitiy rates (fatalities per 100,000 workers) Linear (Number of worker fatalities)
Figure 1: Worker fatalities in the construction industry from 2012 to 2016
Source: Safe Work Australia

Construction Safety 9
The construction industry
remains a high-risk industry
with a high rate of injury and
fatality worldwide.
[Hatami et al, 2017]

Safety Climate
10
© Council of Construction Association

The underlying cause
are by unsafe human
behaviour
[Safe Work Australia, Lingard and Rowlinson,
Health and Safety Executives]
Safety Climate 11
Used to shape workers’
behaviour through the
perceptions workers
form about their
organisation’s rewards
and support system
[Lingard et al., 2012]
© Work Health Revolution

Safety Climate 12
A higher level of
safety climate
causes appropriate
safety behaviours
© Industria © Pyramid Special Services © Bill Palm

Safety Climate Levels 13
Individual Group Organisational
© Elcosh © Elcosh

Individual
Group
Organisational
Perceptions converge,
thus, to practices-as-patterns
instead of secluded activities
[Zohar 2000]

Individual
Group
Organisational
Well aligned and
consistent perceptions
about safety climate are
better deduced

Safety Climate
Demand for other established constructs
16
Recent longitudinal study
(data ranging from 2001 to 2013) give
partial support to the
notion of utilising safety
climate as a predictor of
future safety outcomes
[see Gilberg et al., 2015]
© Industria

Safety Climate
17
The dimensionality of
safety climate and its
component structure
remains disputed
[Zohar and Luria, 2003; Bosak et al., 2013]
© Trade Labour Services

Safety Climate
18
Mechanisms required
to accurately predict a
full picture of safety
behaviour have not
been well captured © Trade Labour Services

Safety Climate
19
The time has come for moving to the
next phase of scientific inquiry where
safety climate constructs are:
Augmented
Tested
with other established constructs
© Planning Manufacturing

Safety Intervention
20

Safety Intervention 21
Management Technical Human
© link-connect © BIMlearningcenter

Safety Intervention Selection 22
1 National Culture
2 Decision making under risk
and uncertainty

Safety Intervention Selection
National Culture
23
Cultural uniformity in
relation to OSH does not
exist in organisations
[Lingard, 2013]
© cascos-de-seguridad-industrial

National Culture
24
20%
of all employees are
migrant workers
[Department of Immigration and Multicultural
and Indigenous Affairs]

National Culture
25
Migration will remain
as a source of labour
supply for the
construction industry
Since home-grown labour supply will
be in decline as baby-boomers retire,
participation rates plateau and growth
in young employees falls
[Loosemore et al., 2010]

National Culture
26
[Richter and Koch, 2004]
Behaviours of workers in the
construction industry are
coated and subjective to the
complex constellations of
national culture

Decision Making Under Risk & Uncertainty 27
Construction workers’
behaviour towards safety is
influenced by their perception
of risk
[Mohamed et al., 2009]
© Eavisa.com

Risk inhibits
growth toward
working safely
[Nahrgang et al., 2011]
© Pinterest_law office of James M. Hoffmann

Academia lacks specific
attention to the manner in
which construction workers
perceive risk
[Xia et al., 2017]
© Scimex

There is an inferior
understanding of the
choices and motivations
presented to or made by
© Yoursense.info

People assign value to gains and
losses rather than to final assets
and in which probabilities are
replaced by decision weights
Prospect theory
[Kahneman and Tversky, 1979]

People assign more value
(overweight) to outcomes that are
certain with immediate benefits
relative to outcomes that are
merely probable
Prospect theory
[Kahneman and Tversky, 1979; Allais, 1953]

Immediate
Benefits
Speed
Comfort
Less Effort
Negative
Outcomes
Injuries
Accidents
Near misses
[Zohar and Erev, 2007]
Workers are likely to
underweight rare
negative outcomes
and overweight
immediate benefits
of unsafe behaviour

[Heinrich, 1941]
Fatality
Lost Time injuries
Minor Injuries
Near Misses
Unsafe Acts
1
10
30
600
15,000
1 out of 15,000 safety
violations result in
a fatal accident

“There was no evidence so far suggesting the
station was unsafe”
“Currently, we see no evidence of there being
any structural integrity issues”
- MTR Cooperation CEO

Safety Intervention
Human Safety Intervention 37
Increase the probable and recurrent
gains of safe behaviour in the short-run
Present frequent short-term rewards to
overcome the propensity to underweight
the futuristic benefits of safe behavior
[Zohar and Erev, 2007]

Safety Intervention
Human Safety Intervention Practices 38
 BBS Program
 Safety Training
 Safety Inductions for New
Workers
 Safety Awards
 Safety Promotion
 Safety Incentives
 Safety Supervision
 Safety Awareness Program
 Safety Campaigns
 Safety Knowledge Program
 Safety Education
 Safety Information
 Safety Bulletin Boards
 Requisite Safety Expertise for
High-risk Operations
 Job Hazard Analysis
 Job Safety Analysis
 Daily Tailgate
 Toolbox Meeting
 Penalty, Accident Repeater
Punishment Program
[Zaira and Hadikusumo, 2017]

Safety Performance
39
© thegolfclub.info2019 SIA Health and Safety Conference | Emmanuel Boateng | Manikam Pillay | Peter Davis | Thayaparan Gajendran

Safety Performance
Measuring Safety Performance
40
Construction Safety Performance
Leading Indicators Lagging Indicators
Unknown Correlation
[Lingard et al., 2011]
Safety Behaviours Safety Outcomes

Safety Performance
Indicators of Safety Performance
41
Construction Safety Performance
Leading Indicators Lagging Indicators
Safety Compliance
Safety Outcomes
Safety Participation
Safety Behaviours

Safety Performance
42
Two approaches to assess safety behaviour
Respondent self-reports
safety behaviour
1
Respondent reports co-
workers behaviour
2
[Mohamed, 2002]

Safety Performance
43
“We do not know to what extent people really do
what they claim to do”
Refinement of the “number of accidents” construct
into “number of accidents/injuries and near misses”
[Hon et al., 2014]
[Pousette et al., 2008, p. 404]

Methodological Issues
44
© Pixabay.com2019 SIA Health and Safety Conference | Emmanuel Boateng | Manikam Pillay | Peter Davis | Thayaparan Gajendran

Methodological Issues 45
Application Challenges
Despite the influx of new papers, it remains
extremely challenging to truly employ any of these
models in production
[Godfried, 2018]
1
Focus on Examining Causation
Most studies which have sought to “predict”
safety behaviour using safety climate have been
too focused on examining causation
2

Terminological Misinterpretation
This premise has led to a terminological
misinterpretation of descriptive evidence
3
Reactive instead of Proactive
This is one of the reasons why construction and
engineering research “has been reactive instead
of proactive to accident analysis and prevention
related issues”
4
[Love et al., 2012, p. 97]

Limitations of Statistical Models
Statistical models lack the ability to learn patterns of thought and
behaviour and hence would require a clear representation of the
relationships among these patterns to provide a suitable outcome
[Boateng et al., 2019]
5
Absence of a comprehensive and well-
accepted model
for predicting safety behaviour of construction workers
6
[Mohammadfam et al., 2017]

Moving towards
The “Third Wave”
49

Moving towards The “Third Wave” 50
First Wave Second Wave Third Wave
“Hard” “Soft” “AI-based”

Moving towards The “Third Wave” 51
Artificial Neural
Networks
capable of learning from data
[Marwala and Hurwitz, 2017]

Conceptual Model for Predicting Construction
Workers Safety Behaviour
52
Group Safety
Climate
Human Safety
Intervention
Safety Compliance
Safety Participation
Accidents or Near
misses Statistics
Inputs
Neural Network
Output
Workers Safety
Behaviour
Safety
Performance

Predicting Workers’
Safety Behaviour
53
© Machete Landing2019 SIA Health and Safety Conference | Emmanuel Boateng | Manikam Pillay | Peter Davis | Thayaparan Gajendran

Predicting Workers’ Safety Behaviour 54
An effective and supportive
environment
can be developed when management
can foresee the probable adverse state
of safety on a construction project
[Boateng et al., 2019]

A platform for researchers
and practitioners to easily
adopt the conceptual model
work cooperatively, and explore the
effective path of ML transition from
construction safety research into
construction safety practice

The implementation of this
model will complement
rather than substitute
construction professionals in making
smarter and well-informed decisions

End of Presentation
Thank You

Conceptual behaviour model for predicting safety behaviour - Boateng

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