Computer networking facilitates communication and data sharing between interconnected devices, vital for modern life and business. It encompasses various architectures, protocols, and technologies, such as wired Ethernet and wireless Wi-Fi, while also emphasizing security measures like firewalls and VPNs. The future of networking includes advancements like 5G, IoT, cloud computing, and AI to enhance performance and automation.

1. Co puter Networki g
Fu da e tal
Computer networking enables communication and data sharing
between devices, revolutionizing modern life and business.

2. Network Ba ic : Defi itio a d Purpo e
Defi itio
A network is a group of interconnected devices that
can communicate with each other, sharing
resources, information, and applications.
Purpo e
Networks enable information exchange,
collaboration, resource sharing, access to services,
and connectivity for individuals and organizations.

3. Network Arc itecture a d
Topologie
Star Topology
Devices connect to a central hub, offering centralized
management and fault isolation.
Bu Topology
Devices share a single communication channel, simple and cost-
effective, but prone to collisions.
Me Topology
Devices connect to multiple other devices, highly reliable but
complex to manage.
Ri g Topology
Devices connect in a closed loop, data travels in a circular path,
suitable for high-speed connections.

4. T e OSI Model a d Networki g Protocol
1
P y ical Layer
Transmission of raw data, including signals and physical media.
2
Data Li k Layer
Error detection and correction, addressing, flow control.
3
Network Layer
Routing and logical addressing, responsible for data packet delivery.
4
Tra port Layer
Provides reliable data delivery, flow control, error checking.
5
Se io Layer
Manages communication sessions, establishing, coordinating, and
terminating connections.
6
Pre e tatio Layer
Handles data representation, encryption, and decryption
for data exchange.
7
Applicatio Layer
Provides network services to applications, user
interfaces, and protocols.

5. Wired a d Wirele Network Tec ologie
Wired
Ethernet cables provide high-speed, reliable
connections, suitable for LANs and high-bandwidth
applications.
Wirele
Wi-Fi uses radio waves to enable mobile and flexible
connectivity, ideal for home and office networks.

6. Network Device a d
Co ectivity
Router
Connect networks, forward data packets, and manage traffic flow.
Switc e
Connect devices on a network, manage data collisions, and improve
network performance.
Firewall
Protect networks from unauthorized access, malicious attacks, and
data breaches.
Hub
Simple network devices that broadcast data to all connected devices,
not efficient for large networks.

7. Network Security a d Acce Co trol
1
Firewall
Protects networks from unauthorized access, controlling incoming and
outgoing traffic.
2
I tru io Detectio Sy te (IDS)
Monitors network traffic for suspicious activity and alerts
administrators to potential threats.
3
A tiviru Software
Protects devices from malware, viruses, and other cyber
threats.
4
Acce Co trol Li t (ACL )
Defines rules for network access, restricting access
based on user identity, device type, or network location.
5
Virtual Private Network (VPN)
Encrypts internet traffic and creates a secure
connection, protecting privacy and security.

8. Tre d a d Future of
Co puter Networki g
5G
5G
Next-generation wireless technology with faster speeds, lower
latency, and increased capacity.
IoT
I ter et of T i g (IoT)
Interconnected devices and sensors, expanding network reach and
enabling automation.
Cloud Co puti g
Cloud Co puti g
Shifting computing resources and services to remote data centers,
enhancing scalability and flexibility.
AI
Artificial I tellige ce (AI)
AI-powered network optimization, automation, and security solutions
for intelligent networks.