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Computational Thinking - Architectures
- 1. Computational Thinking - Architectures Mujitha Bai K B WhizThinkers https://whizthinkers.com
- 2. 1. Internet & Web Technologies 2. Electronic Mail (eMail) 3. Call from Mobile 4. Songs (offline on Mobile/Computer) 5. Streaming Videos 6. SMS 7. WhatsApp Messaging 8. Video Conferencing Computational Thinking - Architectures
- 3. Story Line (Internet & Web technologies) A) I opened a browser window and typed google.com, and the search page got displayed. I was curious to know what lies under the hood for this whole process. Together, let us uncover this through a game. B) Now, let’s take this to the next level. I developed and hosted a personal web page. Together, let us discover various browser components involved in this flow. Game (Internet & Web technologies) A) Tick your commonly used browsers https://longriverinfotech.com/spark-igniter/1.1.1.browsers.htm B) JavaScript is a language with object-oriented capabilities. It is an interpreted language (not a compiled one). https://longriverinfotech.com/spark-igniter/1.1.2.javascript.htm C) On typing google.com, sequence the actions https://longriverinfotech.com/spark-igniter/1.1.3.web-browsing.htm D) Match browser components with their purpose https://longriverinfotech.com/spark-igniter/1.1.4.web-components Section 1: Internet & Web Technologies
- 4. How web browsing works on a mobile phone / computer? 1 2 3 4 5 6
- 5. How web browsing works on a mobile phone / computer?
- 6. Current hot trends in web / mobile browser technologies Multi-user, Real-time, Interactive, Collaborative apps User Experience (UX) Design & Research Responsive, Reactive web design UX Research: Systematic study of target users and their requirements, to add realistic contexts and insights to design processes. Delves more deeply into concepts of Human-Computer Interaction (HCI). Topics include - User Need finding - User Experience Design, and - Basic principles of Interface Architecture. UX Design: Translate product ideas into tangible assets by creating wireframes, 3D renderings, prototypes, and minimum viable products (MVPs) to test assumptions and validate customer interests Reactive web applications are a new way of building highly performant and scalable applications that boosts the development experience across web and mobile. Highlight is their state-of-the-art web architecture. Examples include: 1) An interactive, real-time, multi user music remixing system. https://ocean-sept- 2015.herokuapp.com/#second 2) An interactive, online graffiti wall where users can collaborate to create graphics. 3) An interactive data visualisation platform for exploring and plotting big data in exciting ways. https://www.outsystems.com/blog/posts/all-you-need-to-know-about-reactive-web/ https://www.coursera.org/learn/responsive-website-examples
- 7. Game (emails) Section 2: Electronic Mail (email) A) Sequence email functioning https://longriverinfotech.com/spark-igniter/1.2.1.email-flow.htm B) Match Protocols to their Functions (SMTP, DNS, MTA, POP3, IMAP) https://longriverinfotech.com/spark-igniter/1.2.2.email-protocols-functions.htm C) Sequence journey of an email sent to 3 recipients https://longriverinfotech.com/spark-igniter/1.2.3.email-journey.htm D) Match terminologies to their functions (Router, Modem, ISP, Data compression, Modem / Packets) https://longriverinfotech.com/spark-igniter/1.2.4.email-terminologies.htm
- 8. How does electronic mail (email) work? Message Sender Message Recipients 1) A message to 3 people, each in a different location, is typed into a computer running an email program 4) The packets of the message arrive at the recipient’s ISP, which puts them back in order 5) The message is stored in the recipient’s mailbox in his/her ISP’s server 2) Once addressed, the message is sent via a modem over the phone lines to an ISP server ISP Message Sent via modem Other messages entering the ISP Internet Hub 3) The ISP splits the message into smaller chunks called packets and sends them, along with thousands of other messages, through the Internet ISP ISP ISP
- 9. How does electronic mail (email) work? Get Address of the Recipient from Domain Name Server (DNS) SMTP – Simple Mail Transport Protocol Mail Transfer Agent (MTA)
- 10. Terminologies How does electronic mail (email) work? Internet Service Provider (ISP) DNS – Domain Name Server SMTP / POP3 / IMAP Webmail / Company emails Data compression Modem / Packets Mailbox Email client /Web interface
- 11. Game (phone calls) Section 3: Mobile Phone Calls A) Match Cell phone call types https://longriverinfotech.com/spark-igniter/1.3.1.cell-call-types.htm B) Match Cell Phone Network Components to their Functions https://longriverinfotech.com/spark- igniter/1.3.1.cell-net-components.htm A - B Person in Car
- 12. How do cellular phones operate? Terminologies Radio waves / Channels Radio base station / Cell site Zones / Cells Circuit controller device Mobile Switching Centre (MSC) Public Telephone Network Mobile Switching Centre (MSC) pinpoints the moving vehicle, while the circuit controller assigns it to a communications channel
- 13. GSM Network
- 14. Game (offline songs) Section 4: Songs on phone/computer A) Songs - Match Functions to Components involved https://longriverinfotech.com/spark-igniter/1.4.1-song-functions.htm B) Match Terminologies to their characteristics and functions https://longriverinfotech.com/spark-igniter/1.4.2-song-terminologies.htm
- 15. How we hear songs (e.g. MP3) offline on a mobile phone / computer? Search & Find Songs Play Songs Store Songs on Hard Disk HDD (Magnetic Disk) Search Program Index Key (Stores data + addresses) Searches Sequential Direct Binary - MP3 is a particular file type used for storing music - MP3 is an example of digital technology, which means sounds you hear are stored in numerical form. - Think of https://www.explainthatstuff.com/how-mp3players-work.html Terminologies Sampling ADC (Analog-To-Digital Conversion) DAC (Digital-To-Analog Conversion) Compression Encoding Algorithms
- 16. Current trends in Music domain, empowered by technologies Artificial Intelligence (AI) - driven Music Composition Neural Nets for Generating Music – Algorithmic Music Composition
- 17. Current trends in Music domain, empowered by technologies Online Collaboration for Music Creation An interactive, real-time, multi user music remixing system https://ocean-sept-2015.herokuapp.com/#second Sequencer Mixer Sampler Export
- 18. Game (online videos) Section 5: Online Streaming Videos A) Basic Streaming Steps https://longriverinfotech.com/spark-igniter/1.5.1.streaming-steps.htm B) Basic Streaming Process - Streaming Servers and Software https://longriverinfotech.com/spark-igniter/1.5.2.streaming-process.htm
- 19. How we watch online streaming videos on a mobile phone / computer?
- 20. How we watch online streaming videos on a mobile phone / computer?
- 25. Post Learning: Game (Internet & Web technologies) - Match characteristics to responsive / reactive - Characteristics - Traditional versus Reactive - Key characteristics for Reactive - Match real-time collaboration characteristics to examples - Match User Experience & Research
- 26. For the assessment: How does electronic mail (email) work? Message Sender Message Recipients ISP ISP ISP ISP Internet Hub Message Sent via modem Other messages entering the ISP 1 2 3 4 5
- 27. Game (SMS) Section 6: Short Messaging Service (SMS) A) True / False - Mobile phone will send SMS on the same radio waves that you make voice calls https://longriverinfotech.com/spark-igniter/1.6.1.SMS-waves.htm B) Sequence the actions when you send an SMS (text message) https://longriverinfotech.com/spark-igniter/1.6.2.sms-sequence.htm
- 28. How SMS (Short Message Service) works? SMS sends text 1) between cell phones, or 2) from a PC or handheld to a cell phone. Mobile phone will send SMS on the same radio waves that you make voice calls. • When you send a text message, it first goes to a nearby cellular tower over a pathway called the control channel, and then into an SMS center (SMSC). • The SMSC resends that message to the tower closest to the recipient, and then it goes to their phone. • SMS also sends data associated with the message, including the length of the message, format, time stamp, and destination.
- 29. • Cell phones use antennae to transmit and receive radio waves that carry binary information. • Every cell tower presides over an area of land, where it receives and transmits radio waves. How SMS (Short Message Service) works? • When a text message is written, it is transmitted as binary code using a particular frequency of radio waves specific to that user.
- 30. How SMS (Short Message Service) works? • The advantage of SMS is that your friend's cell phone doesn't have to be active or in range for you to send a message. • The message is stored in the SMSC - Short Message Service Center (for days if necessary) until your friend turns his cell phone on or moves into range, at which point the message is delivered. • The message will remain stored on your friend's SIM card until he deletes it.
- 31. Game (WhatsApp) Section 7: WhatsApp Messaging A) TRUE / FALSE - WhatsApp uses 3G, 4G, LTE or Wi-Fi Internet connections to send messages. https://longriverinfotech.com/spark-igniter/1.7.1.WhatsApp-waves.htm
- 32. How WhatsApp messaging works? WhatsApp is an alternative to any smartphone's built-in SMS application. WhatsApp uses 3G, 4G, LTE or Wi-Fi Internet connections to send messages. • WhatsApp uses Ejabberd (XMPP - Extensible Messaging and Presence Protocol) server which facilitates instant message transfer between two or many users on a real-time basis. High reliability and sustainability even under peak traffic is the reason why WhatsApp developers chose Ejabberd above anything else. https://blog.contus.com/how-whatsapp-works-technically-and-how-to-build-an-app-similar-to-it/ • Further, ERLANG is agile to adapting to instant updates and hot fixes. This is what helps WhatsApp to quickly push the changes to live implementation without requiring restarts. • ERLANG is the programming language used to code WhatsApp. Code restructuring and some important changes were made to the Ejabberd server to achieve optimal server performance.
- 34. How does the Whatsapp web client synchronize with the mobile application keeping all E2E?
- 35. Game (Video Conferencing) Section 8: Video Conferencing A) Video Conferencing platforms https://longriverinfotech.com/spark-igniter/1.8.1.video-conf-tools.htm
- 36. How video conferencing works (mobile phone / computer)? The core of a video conferencing system consists of elements that enable the capture and transfer of video images and audio sounds. Codec – hardware or software-based coder-decoder technology that compresses analog video & audio data into digital packets & decompresses the data on receiving https://www.voipsupply.com/how-video-conferencing-works
- 37. Know about video conferencing system components, data compression, data transfer, video conferencing standards and types of video conferencing to fully appreciate how video conferencing actually works How video conferencing works (mobile phone / computer)? System Components Data Compression Data Transfer Standards Types Video input - video cameras, web cams, digital projectors, whiteboards Audio input - microphones Network - Broadband Echo Cancellation CODEC Video output - monitor, computer screen, television and/or projector Audio output Speakers, headphones - Data captured by the camera and microphone are a continuous wave of amplitudes and frequencies. - Codecs (hardware/softw are technology) compress and decompress the data into digital packets. - Compressed video/audio data transmitted over a digital network - Broadband Internet connection is the preferred network - Data decompressed and translated back into analog video images and audio sounds - Session Border Controllers (SBCs) for firewall bypass Media Standards - Codec uses H.264 - Video compression uses H.264 (video conferencing, Blu- ray DVD players, iPods, YouTube) Signalling - Majority installed base is H.323 but Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) is catching up (works with voice, data, instant messaging, Web 2.0 apps) Point-to-Point Video Conferencing - connects two different points anywhere Multi-Point Video Conferencing - Centralized Multi- Point Video Conferencing - Decentralized Multi-Point Video Conferencing
- 38. How Zoom’s architecture is able to support increased video capacity with ease? The Advantage of Video-First Engineering - Zoom was engineered to be cloud-native and optimized for video. Other approaches to date have attempted to add video to an aging, pre-existing conference call, screen sharing, or chat tools. Behind the Technology The Cloud Network The Video Architecture Distributed Architecture Multimedia Routing Multi-bitrate Encoding Application Layer QoS https://blog.zoom.us/zoom-can-provide-increase-industry-leading-video-capacity/
- 39. The Next Revolution – Rich Communication Services (RCS) https://www.popularmechanics.com/technology/security/a29789903/what-is-sms
- 40. Post Learning: Game (Internet & Web technologies) - Match characteristics to responsive / reactive - Characteristics - Traditional versus Reactive - Key characteristics for Reactive - Match real-time collaboration characteristics to examples - Match User Experience & Research
- 41. Mujitha Bai K B WhizThinkers https://whizthinkers.com THANK YOU!!
Editor's Notes
- The Search program goes to work as soon as the song name (key) is entered. In files with direct organization, the search program calculates the data’s address from the key, retrieves the information, and tells the operating system to read out the data. QUIZ: CDs are digital too, but older music formats (including LP records and cassette tapes) used analog technology. That means music was stored as a physical or magnetic representation of the original sound, without using any numbers at all. A sound twice as loud as normal might have been stored by a groove on a plastic record that was twice as deep as normal, so the stored information was a faithful "analog" of the original sound.
- WhatsApp, iMessage, Facebook Messenger, WeChat, and other messaging apps are grouped together as OTT applications and are also considered texting services. OTT stands for “Over the Top”; as a group, these apps are different than SMS services because they use internet protocols (IP) rather than cellular networks to transmit messages. This means these messages are sent through an internet connection (aka WiFi) or via mobile internet connection.
- What About Getting Through Firewalls? Firewalls, designed to protect businesses from viruses and to provide security, can block the transmission of video conferencing data. To support video conferencing, the firewall needs to: - recognize video conferencing signals - bypass the firewall (or router) without disabling firewall protection for other traffic - handle substantial traffic to ensure high-quality video conferencing Session Border Controllers (SBCs), generally a combination of hardware and software, are the standard equipment for getting video conference calls through a firewall. Multi-Point Video Conferencing Video conferences to more than three locations can be either centralized or decentralized. Centralized Multi-Point Video Conferencing To execute a multi-point conference among three or more remote locations, in some cases a software or hardware bridge interconnects the endpoints, similar to an audio conference call. A multi-point bridge, multi-point control unit or multipoint conferencing unit (MCU), either on a remote server on embedded in the video conferencing system, ties the locations together. Here’s how it works: All audio and video data flow through the MCU’s “central processing center”. The MCU then sends the information out to each location. Audio is transmitted and received simultaneously to all locations in full-duplex mode (everyone can talk and hear at the same time as with a live, in-person conversation). Video is broadcast differently, depending upon the software and system complexity. Decentralized Multi-Point Video Conferencing Some video conferencing systems are capable of multi-point conferencing without any MCU. Decentralized multi-point video conferencing, based on the H.323 standard, lets each location exchange video and audio directly with other locations. This approach can afford higher quality video and quality due to absence of a gatekeeper, as well as greater convenience (participants can make ad-hoc multi-point calls regardless of MCU availability). On the other hand, it requires increased network bandwidth, since every station transmits to every other station directly.
- - Delivering reliable video at scale is complex, and retrofitting it for a legacy solution results in a clunky experience. - The fact is, there are communications services that may offer high meeting capacities, but the fine print often tells a different story when it comes to how many can participate using video. That’s because on traditionally architected communications platforms, meeting attendees tend to experience a drop in quality as more people join via video. (Think about how well your home wi-fi network would stand up if everyone in the house started streaming video on multiple devices at the same time.) Distributed architecture: Instead of a centralized approach, we’ve built an architecture that enables meetings to be distributed across our data center network, seamlessly allowing users to join meetings via private connection to the closest data center. This gives our platform scalability, so we can provide a reliable video experience for up to thousands of people in a single meeting. Multimedia routing: Legacy systems tend to use a Multipoint Control Unit (MCU) to choose a stream before delivering it to a device, which requires resource-intensive computing and limits the quality and scalability of those systems. Multimedia routing, on the other hand, delivers multiple video streams from other meeting participants to the client’s device, reducing computing power requirements and ensuring a highly scalable system. Multimedia routing can support 15x more participants than a standard MCU, which generally supports fewer than 100 participants. Multi-bitrate encoding: In addition to stream routing, each stream by itself can adjust to multiple resolutions. This eliminates the need to encode and decode the streams for each endpoint, optimizing performance and scalability. This also enables Zoom to provide different levels of video quality based on the device and network capabilities. Application layer quality of service: Our proactive quality-of-service application layer optimizes the video, audio, and screen-sharing experience specifically for each device and the available bandwidth, resulting in the best possible user experience across any network.