Full MS SQL topics

1. MS SQL Server - Complete
Concepts with Diagrams and
Examples
Covers DDL, DML, Joins, Views,
Transactions, and more

2. 1. DDL - CREATE, ALTER, DROP
• CREATE: CREATE TABLE Employees (ID INT
PRIMARY KEY, Name VARCHAR(50));
• ALTER: ALTER TABLE Employees ADD Age INT;
• DROP: DROP TABLE Employees;

3. 2. DML - INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE
• INSERT INTO Employees VALUES (1, 'John');
• UPDATE Employees SET Name = 'Jane' WHERE
ID = 1;
• DELETE FROM Employees WHERE ID = 1;

4. 3. DQL - SELECT
• SELECT * FROM Employees;
• SELECT Name FROM Employees WHERE ID = 1;

5. 4. Data Types
• INT, BIGINT, VARCHAR(n), NVARCHAR(n),
DECIMAL(p,s), NUMERIC.
• Example: Salary DECIMAL(10,2)

6. 5. Constraints
• UNIQUE, NOT NULL, PRIMARY KEY, FOREIGN
KEY, BIT, IDENTITY
• Example: ID INT PRIMARY KEY IDENTITY(1,1)

7. 6. Logical Operators
• AND, OR, IN, NOT IN, BETWEEN, <, >, <=, >=, !
=, <>

8. 7. Other Operators
• IS NULL, NOT NULL, LIKE '%a%'

9. 8. System Defined Functions - Part
1
• LEFT, RIGHT, SUBSTRING, REPLACE,
CHARINDEX, LEN, STUFF

10. 8. System Defined Functions - Part
2
• LOWER, UPPER, LTRIM, RTRIM, TRIM,
QUOTENAME

11. 8. System Defined Functions - Part
3
• GETDATE(), DATENAME(), CONCAT(), +

12. 9. Aggregate Functions
• MIN, MAX, COUNT, SUM, AVG, GROUP BY,
HAVING
• Example: SELECT Department, COUNT(*)
FROM Employees GROUP BY Department

13. 10. Conversion Functions
• CAST, CONVERT, TRY_CAST, TRY_CONVERT
• Example: SELECT CAST(Salary AS VARCHAR)

14. 11. Alias Names
• SELECT Name AS EmployeeName FROM
Employees;

15. 12. Joins
• INNER JOIN, LEFT JOIN, RIGHT JOIN, FULL JOIN
• SELECT * FROM A INNER JOIN B ON A.ID = B.ID

16. 13. EXISTS / NOT EXISTS
• SELECT Name FROM Employees WHERE
EXISTS (SELECT * FROM Departments WHERE
DeptID = Employees.DeptID)

17. 14. UNION / UNION ALL
• UNION removes duplicates
• UNION ALL keeps duplicates

18. 15. Views, Temp Tables, Backup
Tables
• CREATE VIEW EmpView AS SELECT Name
FROM Employees;
• CREATE TABLE #TempEmp (...);
• SELECT * INTO BackupEmp FROM Employees;

19. 16. Procedures
• CREATE PROCEDURE GetEmployees AS SELECT
* FROM Employees;
• CREATE PROCEDURE GetEmployeeByID @ID
INT AS SELECT * FROM Employees WHERE ID =
@ID

20. 17. Functions, Indexes,
Transactions
• Function: CREATE FUNCTION GetYear()
RETURNS INT AS BEGIN RETURN
YEAR(GETDATE()); END
• Index: CREATE INDEX idx_name ON
Employees(Name);
• Transaction: BEGIN TRANSACTION ... COMMIT;

21. Visual: Types of Joins (Venn
Diagram)
This slide is reserved for Venn Diagrams showing INNER JOIN, LEFT JOIN, RIGHT JOIN, FULL JOIN.
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