This document discusses competition between honey bees and wild bee species for food resources. It notes that 1/3 of wild bee species in Sweden are on the red list and their populations appear to be declining. The number of honey bee hives in Sweden has increased to around 160,000-170,000 in recent years. Several studies have found negative effects of floral resource overlap between honey bees and wild bees, including reduced foraging and resource intake for wild bees. However, more research is still needed to fully understand the long term impacts on wild bee reproduction, survival and population sizes. The document identifies knowledge gaps and suggests potential interventions like increasing floral resources or restricting honey bee densities in protected areas, but more experimental research is required.
What flowers do our honeybees visit? Dr Anna Oliver of the Centre for Ecology & Hydrology explains how the National Honey Monitoring Scheme in the UK is using citizen science to help us understand honeybees and what honey reveals about the wider environment.
Find out more at https://honey-monitoring.ac.uk
What flowers do our honeybees visit? Dr Anna Oliver of the Centre for Ecology & Hydrology explains how the National Honey Monitoring Scheme in the UK is using citizen science to help us understand honeybees and what honey reveals about the wider environment.
Find out more at https://honey-monitoring.ac.uk
Robert E Sharp (with Shannon K King, Rachel K Owen, Jonathan T Stemmle and Shaozhong Kang), Division of Plant Sciences, University of Missouri. Missouri China Programme: Science Communication
Session 06, Introduction to biodiversity sample-based data publishing at the ...Alberto González-Talaván
This presentation sets the basic principles for the publishing of biodiversity information coming from sampling efforts. It was first presented in the training event for GBIF Participant nodes part of the 22nd meeting of the GBIF Governing Board.
Slide deck developed and presented by L. Smirnova (Royal Museum for Central Africa - Belgium).
iEvoBio Keynote: Frontiers of discovery with Encyclopedia of Life -- TRAITBANK Cyndy Parr
Talk presented at iEvoBio 2014 conference in Raleigh, North Carolina. Though there's a similar title and overlap with the talk I posted last week, there is new material here especially geared towards an informatics crowd savvy in the tools and technology.
Examining the spatial distribution pattern and optimum sample size for monito...AI Publications
The white mango scale insect, Aulacaspis tubercularis (Newstead) (Hemiptera: Diaspididae) is one of the most destructive pests of mango trees in Egypt. The main objective of the present work is to estimate the spatial distribution pattern and minimum sample size for monitoring populations of A. tubercularis on six different cultivars of mango through the two successive years of 2017/2018 and 2018/2019 at Esna district, Luxor Governorate, Egypt. Data on the indices of distribution and Taylor’s and Iwao’s regression analyses indicate significant aggregation behaviour during each year in all the tested cultivars of mango trees, that may be caused by environmental heterogeneity. The regression models of Taylor’s power law (b) and Iwao’s patchiness (β) were both significantly >1, indicating that A. tubercularis had an aggregation distribution with a negative binomial distribution during each year in all the tested mango cultivars. The Iwao regression coefficients were used to determine the optimum sample size required to estimate populations at three fixed precision levels. The optimum size decreased with increased density in all levels of precision (5, 10 and 15%) in all tested mango cultivars. These can be deployed to develop a sampling plan to estimate the population density accurately. Results suggesting that the optimum sample size was flexible and the precision levels of 5 and 10% were suitable for ecological or insect behavioral studies of A. tubercularis where a higher level of precision is required, whereas, for pest management programs, a 15% level would be acceptable. Furthermore, the distribution, different mango cultivars, and sampling protocol presented here could be used as a tool for future research on pest management methods for this pest.
Robert E Sharp (with Shannon K King, Rachel K Owen, Jonathan T Stemmle and Shaozhong Kang), Division of Plant Sciences, University of Missouri. Missouri China Programme: Science Communication
Session 06, Introduction to biodiversity sample-based data publishing at the ...Alberto González-Talaván
This presentation sets the basic principles for the publishing of biodiversity information coming from sampling efforts. It was first presented in the training event for GBIF Participant nodes part of the 22nd meeting of the GBIF Governing Board.
Slide deck developed and presented by L. Smirnova (Royal Museum for Central Africa - Belgium).
iEvoBio Keynote: Frontiers of discovery with Encyclopedia of Life -- TRAITBANK Cyndy Parr
Talk presented at iEvoBio 2014 conference in Raleigh, North Carolina. Though there's a similar title and overlap with the talk I posted last week, there is new material here especially geared towards an informatics crowd savvy in the tools and technology.
Examining the spatial distribution pattern and optimum sample size for monito...AI Publications
The white mango scale insect, Aulacaspis tubercularis (Newstead) (Hemiptera: Diaspididae) is one of the most destructive pests of mango trees in Egypt. The main objective of the present work is to estimate the spatial distribution pattern and minimum sample size for monitoring populations of A. tubercularis on six different cultivars of mango through the two successive years of 2017/2018 and 2018/2019 at Esna district, Luxor Governorate, Egypt. Data on the indices of distribution and Taylor’s and Iwao’s regression analyses indicate significant aggregation behaviour during each year in all the tested cultivars of mango trees, that may be caused by environmental heterogeneity. The regression models of Taylor’s power law (b) and Iwao’s patchiness (β) were both significantly >1, indicating that A. tubercularis had an aggregation distribution with a negative binomial distribution during each year in all the tested mango cultivars. The Iwao regression coefficients were used to determine the optimum sample size required to estimate populations at three fixed precision levels. The optimum size decreased with increased density in all levels of precision (5, 10 and 15%) in all tested mango cultivars. These can be deployed to develop a sampling plan to estimate the population density accurately. Results suggesting that the optimum sample size was flexible and the precision levels of 5 and 10% were suitable for ecological or insect behavioral studies of A. tubercularis where a higher level of precision is required, whereas, for pest management programs, a 15% level would be acceptable. Furthermore, the distribution, different mango cultivars, and sampling protocol presented here could be used as a tool for future research on pest management methods for this pest.
Article 'Response of moths (Lepidoptera: Heterocera) to livestock grazing in Mongolian rangelands' by Khishigdelger Enkhtura, Martin Pfeiffera, Ariuntsetseg Lkhagvaa, Bazartseren Boldgiva
Food security and nutrition: The role of forestsIIED
The presentation of Terry Sunderland, Principal Scientist within the Forests and Livelihoods Programme at CIFOR, at IIED's Biodiversity Team's seminar Natural Resource Management - Forests, Food Security & Nutrition, and Why Gender Matters, on 8 April 2014.
The presentation, Food security and nutrition: The role of forests, makes the case for a paradigm shift, away from one that emphasises the trade-offs between food security and conservation, to one that acknowledges the essential contributions that forests and trees make to the sustainability of nutritionally balanced food and agriculture systems of the world.
More information on IIED's work on forests: http://www.iied.org/forests.
Dealing with heterogeneous data to improve our knowledge of biodiversity dynamics and ecosystem function: perspectives from synthesis projects: presented by Guillaume Fried for Disco-Weed (Disentangling the role of anthropic DISturbances and eCological processes on weed community assembly) at the sfécologie conference 2018.
for more information on the group: http://www.cesab.org/index.php/fr/projets-en-cours/projets-2014/125-disco-weed
Presentation of a journal paper led by Prof Mario Herrero, Dr. Philip Thornton of CCAFS, and several co-authors in The Lancet Planetary Health that examines the interactions between farm size, crops, and nutrient production for human use.
A brief information about the SCOP protein database used in bioinformatics.
The Structural Classification of Proteins (SCOP) database is a comprehensive and authoritative resource for the structural and evolutionary relationships of proteins. It provides a detailed and curated classification of protein structures, grouping them into families, superfamilies, and folds based on their structural and sequence similarities.
Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
THE IMPORTANCE OF MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE SAMPLE RETURN.Sérgio Sacani
The return of a sample of near-surface atmosphere from Mars would facilitate answers to several first-order science questions surrounding the formation and evolution of the planet. One of the important aspects of terrestrial planet formation in general is the role that primary atmospheres played in influencing the chemistry and structure of the planets and their antecedents. Studies of the martian atmosphere can be used to investigate the role of a primary atmosphere in its history. Atmosphere samples would also inform our understanding of the near-surface chemistry of the planet, and ultimately the prospects for life. High-precision isotopic analyses of constituent gases are needed to address these questions, requiring that the analyses are made on returned samples rather than in situ.
Multi-source connectivity as the driver of solar wind variability in the heli...Sérgio Sacani
The ambient solar wind that flls the heliosphere originates from multiple
sources in the solar corona and is highly structured. It is often described
as high-speed, relatively homogeneous, plasma streams from coronal
holes and slow-speed, highly variable, streams whose source regions are
under debate. A key goal of ESA/NASA’s Solar Orbiter mission is to identify
solar wind sources and understand what drives the complexity seen in the
heliosphere. By combining magnetic feld modelling and spectroscopic
techniques with high-resolution observations and measurements, we show
that the solar wind variability detected in situ by Solar Orbiter in March
2022 is driven by spatio-temporal changes in the magnetic connectivity to
multiple sources in the solar atmosphere. The magnetic feld footpoints
connected to the spacecraft moved from the boundaries of a coronal hole
to one active region (12961) and then across to another region (12957). This
is refected in the in situ measurements, which show the transition from fast
to highly Alfvénic then to slow solar wind that is disrupted by the arrival of
a coronal mass ejection. Our results describe solar wind variability at 0.5 au
but are applicable to near-Earth observatories.
This presentation explores a brief idea about the structural and functional attributes of nucleotides, the structure and function of genetic materials along with the impact of UV rays and pH upon them.
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
PRESENTATION ABOUT PRINCIPLE OF COSMATIC EVALUATION
Competition from honey bees on wild bees_Lindström
1. Competition from honey
bees on wild bees
- effects, knowledge gaps and interventions
SANDRA LINDSTRÖM, CENTRE FOR ENVIRONMENTAL AND
CLIMATE SCIENCE
2. Status and trends for wild bees
• 1/3 of the 299 wild bee species is on the swedish red-list
• Indications that many species' populations are declining nationally
- Ranges are greatly reduced
• Specialists are over-represented
• Arable and urban landscapes
• Several causes, lack of forage potentially one
(Borgström m.fl. 2018. Pollinatörer och pollinering i Sverige – värden, förutsättningar och påverkansfaktorer. Naturvårdsverket)
3. Number of honey bee hives
(Potts m.fl. 2010. Journal of Apicultural Research)
(IBPES 2016 chapter 3)
Year 2019: 160 000-170 000 honey bee hives in Sweden
(SJV, 2019. Det ekonomiska värdet av honungsbin i Sverige)
2019
4. Food resource competition
(Mallinger et al. 2017)
When does competition between bees
have negative effects on the long-term
development of populations?
5. (Kleijn et al. 2018, Science)
Bees have a lot in common
-
Joint efforts to benefit the bees have
greater potential to be successful!
6. Records identified in
data base search:
(n=891)
Title and abstract
screening
(n=875)
Full-text screening
(n=609)
Exkluded records,
based on criteria
(n=266)
Exkluded records,
based on criteria
(n=549)
Duplicates excluded
(n=14)
For analysis
(n=57)
European empirical
records
(n=33)
Systematic map of the
European empirical
evidence
7. NO
IMPACT
Wild bees
Honey bees
Floral resource
overlap
Unchanged wild
bee visitation
rate
Reduced wild
bee visitation
rate
Unchanged
resource
harvest
Reduced
resource
harvest
Alternative
floral
resource
Reduced
survival
Reduced
fecundity
Reduced
population
size/extinction
NEGATIVE
IMPACT
(Following Fig. 1 in Paini et al. 2004)
Competition mechanisms
8. Empirical evidence for competition
• 24 reviews & 33 empirical European studies
- Floral resource overlap
- Effects on foraging and resource intake
- Effects on densities and diversity
- Effects on reproduction and survival
Negative effects shown on several aspecs of wild bees resources, foraging and
abundance.
Lack of strong evidence on effects on reproduction, survival and populations.
9. Empirical findings
Critical levels of honey bees:
Few studies, depends on flower resource availability.
Modifying factors:
A few studies on landscape character and flower resource availability.
Sensitive species and species traits.
10. Number of wild bee species that has foraging
overlap in % with honey bees in intervals of 10
Rasmussen C, Dupont YL, Madsen HB, Bogusch P, Goulson D, et al. (2021) Evaluating competition for forage plants between honey bees and wild bees in Denmark. PLOS ONE 16(4): e0250056.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0250056
https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0250056
11. Competition from a Swedish perspective
• Generally low densities of honey bees (0,4 honey bee hives per km2)
• Average European density (4,2 honey bee hives per km2)
• But ~70% of the Swedish honey bee hives is in the south of Sweden
• Batavsandbi Andrena batava, fältsandbi A. morawitzi are oligolectic
on sälg Salix and red-listed species.
• A danish study identified that the red listed bees Vialsandbi Andrena
lathyri, monkesolbi Dufourea halictula, klocksolbi Dufourea inermis,
stengnagbi Hoplitis anthocopoides guldbyxbi Dasypoda suripes had
very large (>90%) overlap with honey bees. (Rasmussen et al. 2021)
12. Potential interventions
Suggestions:
- Increase floral resources (no studies)
- Adjust the distance to protected areas (Henry & Rodet 2020)
- Adjust densities or avoid honeybees in protected areas
- Apply the precautionary principle in areas with threatened wild bee species (Mallinger et al. 2017)
- or threatened wild bee species with high overlap with honey bees (Rasmussen et al. 2021)
Evaluation tools:
- “HUM” – Hive units monthly (Cane & Tepedino 2017)
- Parameterized models (Sörensen et al. 2020)
- “AIR” – Apiary Influence Range (Henry & Rodet 2020)
13. Knowledge gaps
• More studies on reproduction and survival are needed for more species
• Context dependent effects
- Honey bee distances and densities
- Floral resource availability
- Networks of wild bees and plants
- Spatial and temporal scales
- Interactions with nest sites
- Interaction with other stressors, e.g. pesticides
• What regulates bee populations? How important is competition in relation to other
threats?
14. Summary
• Plenty of studies relating to food choices and abundance
- mixed effects
• Few studies examine effects on reproduction - the
knowledge gaps are large
• Long-term effects studies - completely missing
• Species specific studies – lacking
• Correlative studies – weak evidence
• WANTED: Experimental, well-replicated studies with
controls, several levels of honey bee densities and
floral resources measuring reproduction.
17. Photo: Mårten Sjöbeck. 1934… … 90 years later
Spjutstorp 1940 Spjutstorp 2014
Altered landscapes
18. Nectar availability in relation to bumble bee needs over the season
on four british farms
Journal of Applied Ecology, Volume: 56, Issue: 7, Pages: 1585-1596, First published: 19 April 2019, DOI: (10.1111/1365-2664.13403)
19. Heterogeneous landscape
Small scales
More flowers
Short distances between nest-sites and flowers
More homogenous landscape
Larger scale
Fewer flowers
Longer distances between nest-sites and flowers
