Paper presented in Morogoro Tanzania during conference organized by Rangeland Society of Tanzania.

1. Natural Resources Conservation and
Livestock Interface
Pius Yoram Kavana1, 2
1
Tanzania Wildlife Research Institute, Mahale-Gombe
Wildlife Research Centre, P.O. Box 1053, KIGOMA
Anthony Z. Sangeda2
2
Sokoine University of Agriculture, Department of
Animal, Aquaculture and Range Sciences, P.O. Box
3004, Chuo Kikuu, Morogoro.
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Kavana and Sangeda, Rangeland Society of
Tanzania Conference 12-13/03/2018
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2. INTRODUCTION
Livestock production in Tz :
•natural resources availability
•Poses challenge on balance btwn
liv. popn and NR conservation
•Challenge conspicuous in areas
adjacent to protected areas
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Kavana and Sangeda, Rangeland Society of
Tanzania Conference 12-13/03/2018
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Land resource
Water resource
Feed resource

3. Natural resources conservation
• Materials that occur in nature
• Useful to humans
• Include water, air, land, forests, fish, wildlife, and minerals
• NR conservation advocates “efficiency”
• and “wise use” of natural resources
• Avoid degradation and ensure sustainable
• Supply of NR from generation to generation
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Kavana and Sangeda, Rangeland Society of
Tanzania Conference 12-13/03/2018

4. Livestock and Wildlife interface
• Livestock- evolved from domestication of wild species
• - through elimination of “wildness” over centuries
• -That protected liv. from adverse natural conditions
• - Making liv. dependent on human actions and decisions
 Human influences the way livestock make an impact on natural
resources
• Hence, discrepancies between livestock and wildlife production
systems
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Kavana and Sangeda, Rangeland Society of
Tanzania Conference 12-13/03/2018

5. Livestock Wildlife interface…
• Competition for NR occur when liv.
and wild share env.
• Livestock and wildlife interface
begins with a fully intact wildlife
community (Point A)
• Wildlife tend to disappear when
livestock production is so specialized
(Point C)
 Human support livestock production
while wildlife left to exist naturally
(unequitable competition)
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Kavana and Sangeda, Rangeland Society of
Tanzania Conference 12-13/03/2018
Relationship between wildlife
and livestock production

6. Extensive liv prod.
• Traditional liv. Prod.
• Based on continuous grazing
- Over-exploitation of NR
• Depletion of feed resource base
• Diff. btw communal grazing land & Protected areas
• Example of WS (Kavana et al. 2017)
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Livestock
Mixed grazing
Wildlife grazing
Communal land in Ugalla ecosystem
Communal land in Western Serengeti
Kavana and Sangeda, Rangeland Society of
Tanzania Conference 12-13/03/2018
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7. Human vs Wildlife
Deterioration of land in villages Trespassing liv. in PAs
Consequence Human-Wildlife Conflicts
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Livestock trespassing in Maswa Game Reserve
Land deterioration in Mwantimba village
Wetern Serengeti
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Tanzania Conference 12-13/03/2018
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8. Human Wildlife Conflicts
 Interactions between humans and wildlife where negative
consequences occur (Decker et al. 2002)
 Exposure to zoonotic diseases, physical injury, death caused by
large predators
 Financial implications - medical treatments and vaccinations
 Destruction and damage to properties
 Missed school and work, additional labour costs, loss of sleep,
fear, restricted movements
 compel the governments, wildlife managers, scientists and local
communities to find solutions
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Tanzania Conference 12-13/03/2018
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9. Solutions
Principally there are two main approaches in managing human
wildlife conflicts
I.prevention
II.Mitigation
Kavana and Sangeda, Rangeland Society of
Tanzania Conference 12-13/03/2018
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10. Preventive Measures
Prevent or minimise the risk of conflicts
Eradication – removal of wild animals from land
Managing the Size of Populations – selective killing+ reproduction control
Regulated Harvesting – controlled hunting
Fertility Control – contraceptives or surgical (still experimental)
Exclusion by Use of Physical Barriers – use of fences
Fear-Provoking Stimuli – scarecrows, exploders, bangers
Chemical Repellents - repellents attached or sprayed to food
Use of Diversion- providing an alternate source of food or water
Landscape Management and Land-Use Modification - planting crops
that are less palatable to wildlife e.g. chilies, simsim
Kavana and Sangeda, Rangeland Society of
Tanzania Conference 12-13/03/2018
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11. Mitigation Approaches
Problem Animal Control (PAC)
Lethal PAC – killing the culprits
Translocation - remove individual animals to another place
Winning Hearts and Minds - changing the attitude of affected communities
through education, consolation payments and broader sharing of benefits
associated with the presence of wildlife
Kavana and Sangeda, Rangeland Society of
Tanzania Conference 12-13/03/2018
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12. Current technologies (Digital technologies)
 Detection of carnivores – developed in UK (2017) based on innovative
warning system uses combination of traditional infrared sensors and thermic
sensors capable of discriminating between animal species
 Improved electric fences – developed in Netherlands (2017) based on
the wireless LoRaWAN™ (Long Range Wide Area Network)
telecommunication technology where variety of sensors can be linked that
detect animal presence and power leaks in electric fences then give alarm
 Use of drones (unmanned aircrafts) - The technology is still under research
in Tanzania (TAWIRI)
 Drones are piloted by five trained teams of wildlife managers in the
Tarangire–Manyara and Serengeti ecosystems.
 In 100% of trials (n = 51) elephants responded to the presence of a drone by
departing rapidly from crop fields (n = 38) and settlements (n = 13)
 Demonstration link: https://youtu.be/p6wRFXikNVY
Kavana and Sangeda, Rangeland Society of
Tanzania Conference 12-13/03/2018
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13. 13
Take home message
• The continuous livestock grazing system in the paradigm of natural resources
conservation and livestock interface in Tanzania shows signs of rangeland
deterioration in communal grazing lands.
• This might entangle livestock keepers in a vicious cycle of poverty due to
losses of livestock under the prevailing circumstances.
• The way out is to consider alternative to continuous grazing by blending
indigenous knowledge and scientific rangeland management knowledge to
restore vitiated grazing lands in villages.
Kavana and Sangeda, Rangeland Society of
Tanzania Conference 12-13/03/2018

14. THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION
Kavana and Sangeda, Rangeland Society of
Tanzania Conference 12-13/03/2018
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