The concept of comparative literature in India received an impetus from Rabindranath Tagore's lecture delivered on the subject when he was invited by National Council of Education in 1907. But the idea of Comparative Literature suggested by Das, a practicing comparatist, is different from the idea expressed by Tagore.
Comparative literature in India an Overview of an It's History AnjaliTrivedi14
This Presentation is about one article by Subha Chakraborthy Dasgupta which is about "Comparative Literature in India an Overview of its History".
this is a group task.
Comparative Indian Literature: an approach to a Schoolinventionjournals
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
This Presentation is a part of group presentation and it is presented by me and Anjali Rathod as a part of semester presentation.
This presentation is on Sisir Kumar Das's article "Why Comparative Indian Literature?"
This Presentation Made as a Part of Group activity in context of Comparative Study'. This Presentation based upon the article "Comparative Literature and Culture" by Amiya Dev which was published by Purdue University Press
Comparative literature in India an Overview of an It's History AnjaliTrivedi14
This Presentation is about one article by Subha Chakraborthy Dasgupta which is about "Comparative Literature in India an Overview of its History".
this is a group task.
Comparative Indian Literature: an approach to a Schoolinventionjournals
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
This Presentation is a part of group presentation and it is presented by me and Anjali Rathod as a part of semester presentation.
This presentation is on Sisir Kumar Das's article "Why Comparative Indian Literature?"
This Presentation Made as a Part of Group activity in context of Comparative Study'. This Presentation based upon the article "Comparative Literature and Culture" by Amiya Dev which was published by Purdue University Press
Comparative literature in India an overview of an its HistoryAnjaliTrivedi14
This presentation is also group task about only short summary of one article. Which is written by Shuba Chakraborthy Dasgupta and her title of "Comparative literature in India an overview of an its History"
What is Comparative Literature Today? - Article by Susan BassnettHetalPathak10
This PPT Made as a part of Pair activity in the context of Comparative Study. This Presentation based upon the article " What is Comparative Literature Today? By Susan Bassnett.
This presentation is a part of our group activity task given by Prof.Dr.Dilip Barad Sir on Comparative Literature and Translation Studies as Introductory task of the particular unit.
I, Divya Sheta, and Aamena Rangwala presented an article on 'Why Comparative Indian Literature?' by Sisir Kumar Das.
Modern Poetic Trends of Odisha versus the Neoteric Strives of Guruprasadijtsrd
"This paper tries to bring out the literary trends of Odia
literature from nineteenth century to the last part of
twentieth century. With reference to the long literary
passage of some 175 years attempts have be
to introduce Guruprasad Mohanty and churn out the
specialty by the by of his poetry. How the passage
runs, with what level of frequency and with what
newness- all these things are discussed here in this
article. What was the need of the modern lite
and why it is so- everything in this regard has been
discussed along with various proofs. The real and
underneath reasons of complexity of this post
independence literature or the attitude and nature of
this literature (especially poetry) are brough
Especially, here efforts have been taken to
differentiate between the pre-independence and post
independence literature. Again, in one of the sections,
there is a sketch of influences, inspirations and
impacts of T.S. Eliot, his life, literatur
style and personal doctrines. Further, how he has
influences Guruprasad Mohanty has also been
discussed with ample examples. Overall an
assessment has been made on the originality of
Guruprasad’s literature as well of the attempts of
some other contemporary poets of this period."
"Reunion" is a short story by W. St. John Taylor. The story revolves around the main character, a man named Charles, who is attending his school reunion after a long time. As Charles makes his way to the reunion, he remembers his school days and the people he used to know. He is particularly interested in seeing a girl named Margaret, with whom he had been in love during his school days.
At the reunion, Charles sees Margaret and is struck by how much she has changed. Margaret is now married and has children, but Charles is still drawn to her. He tries to talk to her, but she seems distant and uninterested. Charles becomes frustrated and leaves the reunion early.
As he walks back to his hotel, Charles realizes that he has been living in the past and that he needs to move on with his life. He realizes that he cannot recapture the past and that he needs to focus on the present and the future.
"Reunion" is a story about nostalgia and the desire to recapture the past. It explores the themes of regret and acceptance, and how people can become trapped by their memories. The story has a bittersweet tone and is often regarded as a classic of short fiction.
"The Monkey's Paw" is a short horror story by W. W. Jacobs, first published in 1902. It tells the story of a family who is given a magical monkey's paw that has the power to grant three wishes. However, they soon discover that every wish comes with a terrible consequence.
The story begins with Mr. and Mrs. White and their son Herbert, who live a quiet life in a small village. One evening, an old friend of Mr. White's named Sergeant-Major Morris comes to visit them. He shows them a strange object - a mummified monkey's paw that he acquired during his travels in India. The paw is said to have the power to grant three wishes to whoever possesses it.
Despite Morris's warnings about the dangers of using the paw, the Whites convince him to sell it to them. They make their first wish for two hundred pounds, hoping to use the money to pay off their mortgage. The next day, their son Herbert goes to work at a local factory and is killed in a gruesome accident.
Overwhelmed with grief, the Whites decide to use their second wish to bring their son back to life. Later that night, they hear a knocking at the door and Mrs. White realizes with horror that it must be their son's reanimated corpse. In a panic, Mr. White uses their final wish to undo the second one.
The story ends with the Whites sitting in their home, relieved that their son is gone and that they are no longer in possession of the cursed paw.
"The Monkey's Paw" is a classic horror story that explores the dangers of greed and the consequences of making wishes without considering the cost. The story has been adapted into numerous films, television shows, and plays, and is widely regarded as a masterpiece of horror fiction.
More Related Content
Similar to COMPARATIVE LITERATURE IN INDIA- Subha Chakraborty Dasgupta.pdf
Comparative literature in India an overview of an its HistoryAnjaliTrivedi14
This presentation is also group task about only short summary of one article. Which is written by Shuba Chakraborthy Dasgupta and her title of "Comparative literature in India an overview of an its History"
What is Comparative Literature Today? - Article by Susan BassnettHetalPathak10
This PPT Made as a part of Pair activity in the context of Comparative Study. This Presentation based upon the article " What is Comparative Literature Today? By Susan Bassnett.
This presentation is a part of our group activity task given by Prof.Dr.Dilip Barad Sir on Comparative Literature and Translation Studies as Introductory task of the particular unit.
I, Divya Sheta, and Aamena Rangwala presented an article on 'Why Comparative Indian Literature?' by Sisir Kumar Das.
Modern Poetic Trends of Odisha versus the Neoteric Strives of Guruprasadijtsrd
"This paper tries to bring out the literary trends of Odia
literature from nineteenth century to the last part of
twentieth century. With reference to the long literary
passage of some 175 years attempts have be
to introduce Guruprasad Mohanty and churn out the
specialty by the by of his poetry. How the passage
runs, with what level of frequency and with what
newness- all these things are discussed here in this
article. What was the need of the modern lite
and why it is so- everything in this regard has been
discussed along with various proofs. The real and
underneath reasons of complexity of this post
independence literature or the attitude and nature of
this literature (especially poetry) are brough
Especially, here efforts have been taken to
differentiate between the pre-independence and post
independence literature. Again, in one of the sections,
there is a sketch of influences, inspirations and
impacts of T.S. Eliot, his life, literatur
style and personal doctrines. Further, how he has
influences Guruprasad Mohanty has also been
discussed with ample examples. Overall an
assessment has been made on the originality of
Guruprasad’s literature as well of the attempts of
some other contemporary poets of this period."
"Reunion" is a short story by W. St. John Taylor. The story revolves around the main character, a man named Charles, who is attending his school reunion after a long time. As Charles makes his way to the reunion, he remembers his school days and the people he used to know. He is particularly interested in seeing a girl named Margaret, with whom he had been in love during his school days.
At the reunion, Charles sees Margaret and is struck by how much she has changed. Margaret is now married and has children, but Charles is still drawn to her. He tries to talk to her, but she seems distant and uninterested. Charles becomes frustrated and leaves the reunion early.
As he walks back to his hotel, Charles realizes that he has been living in the past and that he needs to move on with his life. He realizes that he cannot recapture the past and that he needs to focus on the present and the future.
"Reunion" is a story about nostalgia and the desire to recapture the past. It explores the themes of regret and acceptance, and how people can become trapped by their memories. The story has a bittersweet tone and is often regarded as a classic of short fiction.
"The Monkey's Paw" is a short horror story by W. W. Jacobs, first published in 1902. It tells the story of a family who is given a magical monkey's paw that has the power to grant three wishes. However, they soon discover that every wish comes with a terrible consequence.
The story begins with Mr. and Mrs. White and their son Herbert, who live a quiet life in a small village. One evening, an old friend of Mr. White's named Sergeant-Major Morris comes to visit them. He shows them a strange object - a mummified monkey's paw that he acquired during his travels in India. The paw is said to have the power to grant three wishes to whoever possesses it.
Despite Morris's warnings about the dangers of using the paw, the Whites convince him to sell it to them. They make their first wish for two hundred pounds, hoping to use the money to pay off their mortgage. The next day, their son Herbert goes to work at a local factory and is killed in a gruesome accident.
Overwhelmed with grief, the Whites decide to use their second wish to bring their son back to life. Later that night, they hear a knocking at the door and Mrs. White realizes with horror that it must be their son's reanimated corpse. In a panic, Mr. White uses their final wish to undo the second one.
The story ends with the Whites sitting in their home, relieved that their son is gone and that they are no longer in possession of the cursed paw.
"The Monkey's Paw" is a classic horror story that explores the dangers of greed and the consequences of making wishes without considering the cost. The story has been adapted into numerous films, television shows, and plays, and is widely regarded as a masterpiece of horror fiction.
_Portrayal of Youth and Their Success Over Life Issues_ A Study of Chetan Bha...Dhruvita1
"Portrayal of Youth and Their Success Over Life Issues: A Study of Chetan Bhagat" is a research topic that explores the representation of young people and their struggles in the works of Chetan Bhagat, an Indian author known for his bestselling novels that often focus on the aspirations and challenges of young people in contemporary India.
Bhagat's novels, such as "Five Point Someone," "2 States," and "One Indian Girl," are known for their relatable characters, witty dialogue, and exploration of issues such as family, education, career, and love. His works often portray young people as ambitious, resilient, and capable of overcoming life's challenges with determination and hard work.
The Role of Class and Culture in Shaping Nnu Ego's Experiences in The Joys of...Dhruvita1
"The Joys of Motherhood" is a novel written by Buchi Emecheta, a Nigerian author. The book was first published in 1979 and explores the experiences of Nnu Ego, a Nigerian woman who struggles to find happiness and fulfillment in her roles as wife and mother.
One of the major themes of the book is the role of class and culture in shaping Nnu Ego's experiences. As a woman from a lower-class background, Nnu Ego faces significant challenges in achieving her goals and aspirations. Her struggles are compounded by the cultural expectations placed upon her as a wife and mother in a patriarchal society.
The novel also explores the tension between traditional and modern values in Nigerian society. Nnu Ego must navigate the expectations of her family and community while also grappling with her own desires and ambitions.
Overall, "The Joys of Motherhood" is a complex and nuanced portrayal of Nigerian society and the challenges faced by women like Nnu Ego. Some possible tags related to the role of class and culture in shaping Nnu Ego's experiences include:
Nigerian literature
Postcolonialism
Feminism and gender roles
Motherhood and family
Tradition and modernity
Patriarchy and power dynamics.
The Power of Originality: Navigating the Ethics of PlagiarismDhruvita1
Plagiarism is the act of presenting someone else's work, words, ideas, or research as one's own without proper attribution or permission. This includes copying and pasting from a source, paraphrasing without proper citation, and using someone else's ideas or research without giving credit.
Plagiarism can occur in various forms of work, including written assignments, research papers, essays, speeches, presentations, and even creative work such as music, art, and films. It is considered a serious ethical violation in academic and professional settings, as it undermines the integrity of the work and violates the trust of the audience or readership.
To avoid plagiarism, it is important to give credit to the original author or creator by citing sources properly, using quotation marks when directly quoting from a source, and paraphrasing in one's own words while still acknowledging the original source. Many academic and professional organizations provide guidelines and standards for proper citation and attribution.
_Chetan Bhagat's Revolution 2020_ Shedding Light on Societal Evils in India_....Dhruvita1
"Revolution 2020" is a novel written by Chetan Bhagat, an Indian author and columnist. It was published in 2011 and became a bestseller in India.
The novel is set in the city of Varanasi, India, and revolves around the lives of three friends - Gopal, Raghav, and Aarti. The story is a commentary on the Indian education system, corruption, and the struggle for success in a rapidly changing society.
Gopal and Raghav, both from humble backgrounds, aspire for success in different ways. Gopal wants to make money by any means necessary, even if it means breaking the law, while Raghav wants to bring about change through journalism. Aarti, the love interest of both Gopal and Raghav, is caught in the middle of their rivalry.
The title "Revolution 2020" refers to the year 2020, which the characters believe will bring about a revolution in India. The novel raises questions about the current state of Indian society and the challenges faced by the younger generation in pursuing their dreams.
Overall, "Revolution 2020" is a thought-provoking and engaging novel that explores the themes of love, friendship, ambition, and social change in modern-day India
"The Boy Comes Home" is a short story written by A. A. Milne, the English author best known for creating the beloved children's character, Winnie-the-Pooh.
The story is about a young man named Robert who is returning home to his family after fighting in World War I. As he makes his way back to his village, he is nervous about how his family and friends will receive him, as he left as a boy and is returning as a man, forever changed by the horrors of war.
When he arrives, Robert finds that his family is overjoyed to see him, but they are also a bit overwhelmed by the new person he has become. Throughout the story, Robert struggles to reconcile his experiences of war with his old life and the people he left behind.
The story touches on themes of identity, nostalgia, and the difficulty of returning to civilian life after serving in the military. It is a poignant exploration of the emotional toll of war and the ways in which it can forever alter a person's sense of self.
"The Boy Comes Home" is a powerful and moving work of fiction that showcases Milne's talent for capturing the complexities of human emotion with sensitivity and nuance.
A Marriage Proposal One-act by Anton Chekhov.pptxDhruvita1
"A Marriage Proposal" is a one-act play by Russian writer Anton Chekhov. It was first published in 1888 and has become one of Chekhov's most popular works.
The play revolves around the three characters, Ivan Vassilevitch Lomov, Stepan Stepanovitch Chubukov, and Natalya Stepanovna, who are neighbors in a rural Russian community. Lomov, a nervous and hypochondriacal young man, visits Chubukov to ask for his daughter Natalya's hand in marriage. Chubukov is initially thrilled about the proposal, as he has long hoped for a union between the two families.
However, as Lomov and Natalya begin discussing the details of the proposed marriage, they become embroiled in a petty argument over a disputed piece of land that lies between their properties. The argument quickly becomes heated, with both Lomov and Natalya becoming increasingly agitated and prone to hyperventilating.
As the argument reaches a fever pitch, Lomov suddenly collapses in a fit of apoplexy, and Natalya and Chubukov believe that he has died. However, he soon recovers, and the play ends with the two families agreeing to the marriage, albeit with some lingering resentment over the land dispute.
Overall, "A Marriage Proposal" is a darkly comedic exploration of human pettiness and the absurdity of everyday life. The play highlights Chekhov's skill at creating nuanced and memorable characters and his ability to capture the essence of the human experience in all its messy, contradictory glory.
Blow Up With The Ship - Wilkie Collins.pptxDhruvita1
'Blow up with the ship' is a short story by 19th century writer Wilkie Collins. It is a thriller story. The story is narrated in first person. The narrator was sent to sea when still a boy and became a mate at the age of twenty five.
"A True Story" is a short story written by Mark Twain, a prominent American writer known for his humor and satire. The story was first published in 1874 as part of Twain's collection of short stories called "Sketches New and Old."
The story is a humorous account of a failed mining venture in California, which Twain claims is a true story based on his own experiences. The narrator of the story, a young man named John, travels to California with his friend to try their luck at mining for gold. However, their dreams of riches are quickly dashed as they encounter a series of misfortunes and setbacks.
Despite their failures, John and his friend persevere and continue to mine for gold. Along the way, they meet a group of Chinese miners who become their unlikely allies and help them in their quest for wealth. The story culminates in a hilarious and unexpected twist ending that highlights Twain's wit and sense of humor.
Overall, "A True Story" is a classic example of Twain's humorous writing style and his ability to turn mundane and ordinary situations into entertaining stories. The story also offers a glimpse into the life of gold miners in California during the mid-19th century and provides insight into the challenges and struggles faced by those seeking their fortune in the Wild West.
The Postmaster_ by Rabindranath Tagore.pptxDhruvita1
"The Postmaster" is a short story written by Rabindranath Tagore, one of India's most prominent writers and Nobel laureates. It was first published in 1891 as part of a collection of stories called "Galpaguchchha."
The story is set in a remote village in Bengal during the British colonial era and follows the character of a young postmaster who is sent to the village from Calcutta. The postmaster, who is from a city and has no experience of rural life, finds it difficult to adjust to his new surroundings and initially feels isolated and lonely.
However, he eventually strikes up a close friendship with a young orphan girl named Ratan, who works as his maid. Ratan becomes very attached to the postmaster and begins to see him as a father figure. The postmaster, too, begins to care deeply for Ratan and takes an interest in her education.
The story explores themes of loneliness, isolation, and the search for human connection. It also highlights the contrast between urban and rural life and the impact of colonialism on Indian society.
Tagore's writing is characterized by its vivid imagery, lyrical prose, and profound insights into the human condition. "The Postmaster" is no exception, as it offers a moving and nuanced portrayal of the complex relationship between the postmaster and Ratan.
Overall, "The Postmaster" is a powerful and poignant story that has become a beloved classic of Indian literature.
"A Cup of Tea" is a short story written by Katherine Mansfield, a prominent New Zealand writer, and was first published in 1922. The story follows the character of Rosemary Fell, a wealthy young woman, who is approached by a homeless girl named Miss Smith while shopping in London.
Miss Smith is in desperate need of money and asks Rosemary for a shilling, but Rosemary is initially hesitant to give her the money. However, she is intrigued by Miss Smith's appearance and decides to invite her back to her luxurious home for a cup of tea.The story explores themes of class and privilege, as well as the contrast between the opulent lives of the wealthy and the harsh realities faced by those living in poverty. It also delves into the complexities of human relationships, as Rosemary is forced to confront her own prejudices and assumptions about Miss Smith and her way of life. "A Cup of Tea" is a powerful and thought-provoking short story that offers a poignant commentary on the social and economic inequalities of the early 20th century.
"The Soldier" is a sonnet written by the English poet Rupert Brooke in 1914, at the beginning of World War I. The poem is one of a series of five sonnets that Brooke wrote at the start of the war, and it has become one of his most famous works.
The poem presents a romanticized and patriotic view of the soldier's role in war. The speaker of the poem, who is presumed to be a soldier, suggests that if he were to die in battle, his death would be a noble and honorable sacrifice for his country. The soldier imagines his own burial in a foreign land, but he sees this as a form of eternal rest and a way of keeping England close to his heart even in death.
The poem is written in traditional sonnet form, with fourteen lines and a rhyme scheme of ABAB CDCD EFEF GG. The language is elevated and poetic, with a regular meter and formal diction. The poem's themes of sacrifice, patriotism, and the transience of life were common in literature written during World War I, and the poem was widely read and admired at the time of its publication.
"La Belle Dame Sans Merci" is a poem written by the English Romantic poet John Keats in 1819. The title translates to "The Beautiful Lady Without Pity" in English.
The poem tells the story of a knight who meets a beautiful woman in the meadows, who seems to be both charming and mysterious. The knight is drawn to her and spends time with her, but he eventually realizes that she is not what she seems. The lady lures him into her magical world, but she ultimately leaves him lost and alone, just like she has done to many other knights before him.
The poem is written in ballad form and features a melancholic, dreamlike tone that is typical of Keats' work. It explores themes of love, illusion, and the power of imagination. The poem's ambiguity has led to many interpretations over the years, with some seeing it as a warning against the dangers of love and others as a critique of the societal pressures placed on women.
Overall, "La Belle Dame Sans Merci" is a haunting and memorable poem that has captured the imaginations of readers for generations.
Conscience Poem by Henry David Thoreau.pptxDhruvita1
In the poem "Conscience," Thoreau speaks about the inner voice of conscience that guides us and helps us make moral choices. He personifies conscience as a divine spirit that dwells within us and helps us discern right from wrong. The poem begins with the speaker expressing his gratitude to conscience for always being present to guide him, even when he is alone and in the dark.
Thoreau also emphasizes the importance of listening to the voice of conscience, even when it may go against the opinions of others or the pressures of society. He describes conscience as a "still, small voice" that speaks to us in whispers and nudges us in the right direction. The speaker acknowledges that sometimes the path of conscience may be difficult and require sacrifice, but ultimately it is the only path that leads to true happiness and
"Friendship" is an essay written by Henry David Thoreau, a renowned American essayist and philosopher of the 19th century. The essay explores the nature and importance of friendship, arguing that true friendship is a rare and precious gift that can enrich our lives in many ways.
Thoreau begins the essay by defining friendship as a relationship based on mutual respect, admiration, and trust. He suggests that true friendship is not based on superficial qualities like wealth or status, but rather on a deeper connection between individuals who share common values and interests.
Thoreau goes on to argue that friendship is essential for our emotional and spiritual wellbeing. He suggests that friends can provide us with support, companionship, and inspiration, and can help us to become better versions of ourselves. He also emphasizes the importance of individuality in friendship, arguing that true friends should respect and celebrate each other's unique qualities and perspectives.
"Compensation" is an essay written by Ralph Waldo Emerson, one of the most influential American writers and thinkers of the 19th century. The essay explores the concept of compensation, which Emerson defines as the natural tendency of the universe to balance out opposing forces and actions.
Emerson begins the essay by arguing that everything in the universe is connected and that every action we take has consequences, both positive and negative. He suggests that these consequences are not arbitrary or random, but are rather part of a larger system of compensation that operates according to universal laws.
According to Emerson, the law of compensation ensures that every action we take will have a corresponding effect, either in this life or in a future one. He argues that this law is not a punishment or a reward, but rather a natural consequence of our actions, and that it operates independently of our intentions or desires.
"Each and All" is a poem written by Ralph Waldo Emerson, one of the most influential American poets and essayists of the 19th century. The poem explores the interconnectedness of all things in the natural world and suggests that everything is a reflection of a universal spirit.
The poem begins by describing a beautiful object, a seashell, which the speaker holds in his hand. The speaker marvels at the intricate details of the shell and notes that it is both a unique and a perfect representation of its kind. He then goes on to suggest that the shell is not simply an isolated object, but rather a part of a larger system that includes all the other objects in the natural world.The poem is structured in four stanzas, each with six lines, and follows a consistent rhyme scheme. The tone of the poem is celebratory and reverential, with the speaker expressing awe and wonder at the beauty and complexity of the natural world.
When We Two Parted by Lord Byron (1).pptxDhruvita1
"When We Two Parted" is a poem written by Lord Byron, one of the most famous Romantic poets of the 19th century. The poem is a lament for a lost love and expresses the speaker's pain and regret over the end of a romantic relationship.
The poem begins with the speaker recalling a past love affair and the feelings of joy and passion they once shared. However, the relationship has since ended, and the speaker is left with a sense of emptiness and heartache. The poem is filled with powerful imagery that captures the depth of the speaker's pain, as he describes his loneliness and despair in the wake of the breakup.
The Blessed Damozel Dante Gabriel Rossetti.pdfDhruvita1
"The Blessed Damozel" by Dante Gabriel Rossetti is a poem about a woman who has died and gone to heaven, but longs to be reunited with her lover on earth. The poem is divided into two parts: the first describes the Damozel in heaven and her longing for her lover, while the second describes the lover's perspective on earth. The poem is a powerful meditation on the themes of love, death, and longing, and it speaks to the human desire for transcendence and reunion with loved ones who have passed away.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
COMPARATIVE LITERATURE IN INDIA- Subha Chakraborty Dasgupta.pdf
1. COMPARATIVE LITERATURE IN INDIA:
An Overview of its History
Subha Chakraborty Dasgupta, Jadavpur University
Department of English,
Maharaja Krishnakumarsinhji Bhavnagar University
Presented by: Jheel Barad
Roll No.: 12
Dhruvita Dhameliya
Roll No.: 03
Sem 4 (batch 2021-23)
2. ABSTRACT
The essay gives an overview of the trajectory of Comparative Literature in India,
focusing primarily on the department at Jadavpur University, where it began, and to some
extent the department of Modern Indian Languages and Literary Studies in the University of
Delhi, where it later had a new beginning in its engagement with Indian literatures. The
department at Jadavpur began with the legacy of Rabindranath Tagore’s speech on World
Literature and with a modern poet-translator as its founder. While British legacies in the
study of literature were evident in the early years, there were also subtle efforts towards a
decolonizing process and an overall attempt to enhance and nurture creativity. Gradually
Indian literature began to receive prominence along with literatures from the Southern part of
the globe. Paradigms of approaches in comparative literary studies also shifted from
influence and analogy studies to cross-cultural literary relations, to the focus on reception
and transformation. In the last few years Comparative Literature has taken on new
perspectives, engaging with different areas of culture and knowledge, particularly those
related to marginalized spaces, along with the focus on recovering new areas of
non-hierarchical literary relations.
3. CONTENTS
● The Beginnings
● Indian Literature as Comparative Literature
● Centres of Comparative Literature Studies
● Reconfiguration of areas of comparison
● Research directions
● Interface with Translation Studies and Cultural Studies
● Non-hierarchical connectivity
4. THE BEGINNINGS
Long before the establishment of Comparative Literature as a discipline, there were texts focusing on
comparative aspects of literature in India, both from the point of view of its relation with literatures from other
parts of the world and from the perspective of inter-Indian literary studies.
Satyendranath Dutta in 1904 “relationships of Joy”- establishing relations with literature of world (Translation
Activities).
Rabindranath Tagore talk on ‘Vishwa Sahitya’ at National Council of Education in 1907.
Pretext for the establishment of the department of Comparative Literature at Jadavpur University in 1956.
Different from the British system of Education prevalent at that time, attempt to decolonize education system.
Idea of World literature- in Bengal- beginning of translation activities.
Vishwa Sahitya- sense of a community of artists as workers- The notion of literature again was deeply embedded
on human relationships, and hence the aesthetic sense was linked with the sense of the human.
Buddhadeva Bose- Did not agree to the idealist view of Tagore- but quoted writing about the discipline,
interpreting it more in the context of establishing connections, of ‘knowing’ literatures of the world
5. Translations of Baudelaire, Hoelderlin and Kalidasa- mark of beginnings of a decolonising process
Sudhindranath Dutta- translation of Mallarmé and his erudition both in the Indian and the Western context
Naresh Guha, took charge of Bose (Chairperson of Department).
Colonial framework was also evident.
It is impossible to speak of the epistemology of comparison with reference to a diverse group of individuals.
Early stages- recognizing new aesthetic systems, new visions of the sublime and new ethical imperatives – the Greek
drama and the Indian nataka
Then- a question of linking social and historical structures with aesthetics in order to reveal the dialectic between them
Core of a section of the syllabus- Comparisons between the Iliad and the Ramayana, between Sanskrit and Greek drama
taking both Aristotle’s Poetics and Bharata’s Natyasastra
The project did not “bring into existence a new object/subject of knowledge” (Radhakrishnan ‘Why Compare?’)
Jadavpur Journal of Comparative Literature (1961)- an important journal in literary studies in the country.
6. Indian Literature as Comparative Literature
Indian literature entered the syllabus, not from the point of view of asserting national identity but studying a
text within a network of relations.
Delhi University- 1962, Modern Indian Languages department
1974- the department of Modern Indian Languages started a post-MA course entitled “Comparative Indian
Literature”
A national seminar on Comparative Literature was held in Delhi University organized by Nagendra, volume
entitled Comparative Literature was published in 1977.
In 1994, an MA course in ‘Comparative Indian Literature’ began in the department.
As stated earlier the juxtaposition of different canons had led to the questioning of universalist canons right
from the beginning of comparative studies in India and now with the focus shifting to Indian literature, and
in some instances to literatures from the Southern part of the globe, one moved further away from
subscribing to a priori questions related to canon-formation.
7. Shift from Sanskrit centric to conceptual study- Older definitions of Indian literature often with only
Sanskrit at the centre. Abandoned oral and performative traditions, and did not do justice to the overlap
between social formations, histories and languages, and to the multilingualism that formed the very core of
Indian literature.
voiced by Aijaz Ahmad, to trace “the dialectic of unity and difference – through systematic periodization of
multiple linguistic overlaps, and by grounding that dialectic in the history of material productions, ideological
struggles, competing conceptions of class and community and gender, elite offensives and popular resistances,
overlaps of cultural vocabularies and performative genres, and histories of orality and writing and print”
Dealing with Indian literature- had to look at the interplay between the mainstream and the popular, the
elite and the marginalised and also to some extent foreground intermedial perspectives as different forms
existed together in a composite manner, particularly in earlier periods in which textual and performative
traditions existed simultaneously.
Also meant looking at the interactions taking place with literatures in regions beyond the geopolitical
boundaries of the nation state.
Sisir Kumar Das- Indian literatures were studied not as discrete units but in dialogue with one another
8. Teaching material on various aspects of Indian literature from a comparative perspective, beginning from
language origins,
manuscript cultures,
performative traditions
along with painting, sculpture and architecture, the history of print culture and
questions related to modernity
Interdisciplinary
T.S. Satyanath developed the theory of a scripto-centric, body-centric and phono-centric study of texts in
the medieval period.
students from different parts of India- allow multiple points- diverse intercultural relations.
9. Centres of Comparative Literature Studies
Centres and Departments in the South of India- Trivandrum, Madurai Kamaraj University, Bharathidasan University,
Kottayam and Pondicherry.
the School of Tamil Studies in Madurai Kamaraj University, a full fledged Comparative Literary Studies Department.
K. Ayappa Paniker,
In Tamil, apart from studies related to the comparison of texts from two different cultures, Classical Tamil
texts were compared with texts from the Greek, Latin and Japanese counterpart traditions.
Punjabi University, Patiala, Dibrugarh University, Dr Babasaheb Ambedkar Marathwada University, Sambalpur
University, Jawaharlal Nehru University and SNDT Women’s University, Mumbai.
1986: new full-fledged department of Comparative Literature- Veer Narmad South Gujarat University, Surat; On
Indian Literatures in Western India
1999: a Department of Dravidian Comparative Literature and Philosophy was established in Dravidian University,
Kuppam.
1992: Indian Comparative Literature Association in Jadavpur and in Delhi Comparative Indian Literature Association
merged and formed Comparative Literature Association of India.
10. Reconfiguration of areas of comparison
In the last years of the seventies (70s),
Indian literatures + Gabriel Garcia Marquez’s One Hundred Years of Solitude
with a few other texts from Latin American Literatures and Literatures from African countries.
● Questions of solidarity (unity) and
● a desire to understand resistance to oppression
● along with larger questions of epistemological (relating to theory of knowledge) shifts and strategies
● to bridge gaps in history resulting from colonial interventions
were often the structuring components of these areas in the syllabus.
11. In the nineties (90s) , AREA STUDIES papers on African, Latin American, Canadian literatures and
literature of Bangladesh were introduced and Pakistan too.
but gradually a field of studies focusing on oral traditions emerged within the space of comparison.
led to a division of the scarce resources; also diverted attention from some of the key challenges in
comparative literature studies in India,
the systematic amalgamation of data related to the Indian context and its analysis from
comparative perspectives, and also perhaps
the mapping of intercultural relations with and among India’s neighbouring countries.
Components from the diverse Area Studies could possibly have been included as integrated parts of the
main curriculum.
12. RECEPTION STUDIES
Right from the beginning of the discipline in India, cross-cultural relations between Indian literatures and
European and American literatures had been in focus.
Question on the term ‘influence’ and shift to ‘reception’ in books.
E.g- Bibliography of Reception of World Literature in Bengali Periodicals (1890 – 1990).
The receiver and not the emitter was in focus.
This also implied that the receiver was taking elements from another culture in accordance with her own
needs or the needs of the system, the foreign elements underwent a transformation in accordance with
forms, elements and ideologies in operation in the system at any given moment.
Reception studies also pointed to historical realities determining conditions of acceptability and hence to
complex configurations between literature and history.
To give an instance, it seemed that romanticism of a particular kind had an easy access into the realm of
Bengali literature, but it was a romanticism that did not accept many of the European elements.
13. Burns and Wordsworth were very popular and it was felt that their romanticism was marked by an inner
strength and serenity. The love for serenity and ‘health’ went back to the classical period and seemed
an important value in the tradition.
Again while Shelley and Byron were often critiqued, the former for having introduced softness and
sentimentality to Bengali poetry, they were also often praised for upholding human rights and liberty in
contrast to the imperialist poetry of Kipling.
Contemporary political needs then were linked with literary values and this explained the contradictory
tensions often found in the reception of romanticism in Bengal.
Shelley, the poet of revolt, began to have a very positive reception when the independence movement
gathered momentum.
In another context, a particular question that gained prominence was whether Shakespeare was imposed
on Indian literature, and comparatists showed, as did Sisir Kumar Das, that there were different
Shakespeare's.
the playwright had a rich and varied reception in the world of theatre.
14. From reception studies the focus gradually turned to cross-cultural reception where reciprocity and
exchange among cultures were studied.
For example, one tried to study the Romantic Movement from a larger perspective, to unravel its many
layers as it travelled between countries, particularly between Europe and India.
The translation of several texts from Sanskrit into German played a role in the emergence of the
Romantic movement
and then in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries Romanticism came back to India, though
in different shades.
15. Amiya Dev - Master’s syllabus- had genres, themes and literary historiography as its core area …
Reception studies both along vertical and horizontal lines formed the next major area of focus
one studied for instance, elements of ancient and medieval literature in modern texts and also inter and intra
literary relations foregrounding impact and responses.
While one studied Vedic, Upanishadic, Buddhist and Jain elements in modern texts,
one also looked at clusters of sermons by Buddha, Mahavira and Nanak, at qissas and katha ballads across the
country,
The early novels in different Indian literatures, and then the impact of Eastern literature and thought on
Western literature and vice versa.
16. Two groups of papers were offered,
one with components from Indian literature at the centre and
the other with Western literature.
students wanted to engage with both in order to have nuanced understandings of the interplay between
local, national and transnational forces.
Introduction of the semester system the division was abandoned and certain other courses of a more general
nature such as Cross-cultural Literary Transactions,
where Rudyard Kipling’s Kim and Rabindranath Tagore’s Gora, were taken up,
or sometimes in courses entitled Literary Transactions one looked more precisely at the tradition of Reason
and Rationalism in European and Indian literatures of the eighteenth and the nineteenth centuries.
17. Research Direction
The late nineties and the early twenties were a period of great expansion for Comparative Literature research in
different parts of the country with the University Grants Commission opening its Special Assistance Programme for
research in university departments.
The English department of Calcutta University for instance, received assistance to pursue research on literary relations
between Europe and India in the nineteenth century. Several books and translations emerged out of the project. The
department of English and Comparative Literary Studies at Saurashtra University, Rajkot, took up the theme of Indian
Renaissance and translated several Indian authors into English, studied early travelogues from Western India to
England and in general published collections of theoretical discourse from the nineteenth century.
The Department of Assamese in Dibrugarh University received the grant and published a number of books related to
translations, collections of rare texts and documentation of folk forms. The department of Comparative Literature at
Jadavpur University also received assistance to pursue research in four major areas, East-West Literary Relations,
Indian Literature, Translation Studies and Third World Literature Incidentally, the department had in Manabendra
Bandyopadhyay, an avid translator who translated texts from many so-called "third-world countries".
18. Continue…
In the next phase support was given for publishing textbooks in the area and for preparing an
infrastructure for the study of Indian literatures. This led to the publication of three texts on
genres, themes and literary historiography in the Indian context.
Projects related to annotated bibliographies of periodization in histories of literature also
resulted in two texts. The different ways of conceiving of periods -opened up perspectives
on how some of the popular concepts could be revisited. The notion of derived categories for
instance, was quite often charged with a host of other significations, as for example, in the
case of Romanticism as a term for periodization.
Romanticism had very different dimensions in the Indian context. and necessitated a
different reading within a continuum that situated it often at the source of modernity.
19. Hemanta Kumar Sarma, for instance in his history of Assamese literature divided the
modern age into the pre Romantic and post Romantic or contemporary that he called
Post Swaraj. Post Romantic simultaneously termed Post Swaraj erased simple equations
between terms used in European and Indian literatures.
Under the special assistance programme the department also conducted Eight inter
literary translation workshops. Translating texts from one Indian language to another
without mediation of English.
Preparatory work was held for a few weeks before some of the workshops focusing on
arriving at a reading skill in the target language when the language was from a
neighbouring region as in the case of Assamese and Oriya in the context of Bengali, or
Punjabi in the context of Hindi and so forth and the workshops were quite a success
with several publications.
20. The department at Jadavpur University was upgraded under the programme to the status
of Centre of Advanced Studies in 2005, and research in Comparative Literature took a
completely new turn. The need to foreground the relevance of studying literature was
becoming more and more urgent in the face of a society that was all in favour of
technology and the sciences and with decision makers in the realm of funding for higher
education turning away from the humanities in general.
The task for departments of humanities on literature was to demonstrate that they were
looking into and working with a knowledge system just as any other discipline, only
literature's ways of knowing were different. Literature as knowledge system, therefore,
became a thrust area for again it was felt that comparative literature with its
interdisciplinary formation would be the right place to demonstrate the same.
21. A series of workshops were conducted with scholars from philosophy, history, science and the social
sciences to look into areas of creativity and knowledge, to gain greater understanding of ways of knowing.
From a very different perspective it was felt that stories, poems, songs and performances from oral traditions
that were found in most parts of the country had their g knowledge systems that could provide valuable and
sustainable alternatives to contemporary urban modes of life and living and in several cases also reveal
certain cultural dynamics and value systems that were constantly replenishing mainstream expressive
traditions.
A large focus therefore, in this area was on oral texts and research on methods of engaging with such texts.
The project led to documentation and compilation of notes related to experiences of such studies and the
collaboration with grassroots artists from rural areas. It must be mentioned at this point that in the late
nineties and in the early following decade there was a constant demand for engaging with literatures of
marginalized communities in different platform of comparative literature studies in India, often from such
communities.
22. The national association held two major conferences on the subject during the period A
particular project in this area taken up by the department of Comparative Literature at
Jadavpur was called Vanishing Seeds of Culture based on a study in Bankura district of West
Bengal.
It must be mentioned that Dalit Literature was also taken up in courses in some parts of the
country, but a lot remains to be done in the area as far as pedagogical practices are concerned.
A particularly important question for Comparative Literature in this area could be linked with
questions of Dalit literature's relationship with stream writing, subverting, questioning and at
the same time also inflecting other discourses while continuing to maintain its unique identity
based to a large degree on performativity to draw the reader in as, an ethical witness to the
extreme limits of human suffering on which it is poised.
23. The second area Centre for Advanced Studies was the interface between literatures of India
and neighbouring countries.
The first preliminary research in this area led to links that suggested continuity and a
constant series of interactions between and among Asian cultures and communities since
ancient times.
Among the projects planned under the inter-Asian series was one en travelogue from
Bengal to Asian countries and here an annotated bibliography that could provide an initial
foundation for the study of inter literary relations was published.
A second project involved working on the image of Burma in Bengali and Oriya literature
in late nineteenth and early twentieth century Travel narratives and diaries, newspaper
articles from old periodicals, excerpts from literature and pictorial images of Burmese
people in the Indian press were compiled.
24. 21st century engaged with two other related fields of study,
1) Translation Studies 2). Cultural Studies
Almost all departments or centres of Comparative Literature today have courses on Translation
or Translation Studies. Both are seen as integral to the study of Comparative Literature.
Translation Studies cover different areas of inter literary studies Histories of translation may be
used to map literary relations while analysis of acts of translation leads to the understanding of
important characteristics of both the source and the target literary and cultural systems. Other
dimensions of literary studies are opened up when one sees translation as rewriting.
The department of Comparative Literature at Jadavpur University today has a Centre for the
Translation of Indian Literatures.
Interface with Translation Studies and Cultural Studies
25. The M Phil course on the subject at Jadavpur University highlights changing marginalities,
subcultures and movements in relation to contemporary matinals and globalization, and
also sexualities, gender and the politics of identity Cultural Studies may also be a key
component in different kinds of interdisciplinary courses within the discipline.
For instance, a course in Delhi University takes up the theme of city and village in Indian
literature and goes into representations of human habitat systems and ecology in literature,
looks for concepts and terms for such settlements, poes into archaeological evidences and
the accounts of travellers from Greece, China and Portugal to demonstrate the differences
that exist at levels of perception and ideological positions.
Continue…
26. It is evident that Comparative Literature in the country today has multifaceted goals and visions in
accordance with historical needs, both local and planetary. As in the case of humanities and literary
studies, the discipline too is engaged with issues that would lead to the enhancement of civilizational
gestures, against forces that are divisive and that, constantly reduce the potentials of human beings.
In doing so it is engaged in discovering new links and lines of non-hierarchical connectivity, of what
Kumkum Sangari in a recent article called "co-construction". a process anchored in "subtle and
complex histories of translation, circulation and extraction" And comparatists work with the
knowledge that a lot remains to be done and that the task of the construction of literary histories, in
terms of literary relations among neighbouring regions, and of larger wholes one of the primary tasks
of Comparative Literature today has perhaps yet to begin. In all its endeavours, however, the primary
aim of some of the early architects of the discipline to nurture and foster creativity continues as a
subterranean force.
Non-hierarchical connectivity