Today it’s critical for providers to devote time to patient education; inform patients about their conditions and how to prevent, treat, and manage them. Proper management of chronic conditions extends well beyond episodic and infrequent visits to a provider’s office. This population health white paper discusses why patients must become responsible for their day-to-day disease management. Patients will frequently be required to self-monitor their health indicators, observe symptoms, and note behavior, but they must also adhere to complex medication regimens
Engines of Success for U.S. Health Reform?
Eric B. Larson, MD, MPHVice President for Research, Group Health Executive Director, Group Health Research Institute
There have always been substantial gaps in healthcare services for the higher-risk populations. Despite the best intentions of structure managed care programs introduced as early as the 1970’s, these gaps persist. This isn’t breaking news—over the past two decades, the term “vulnerable populations” has gained prominence in the healthcare industry. Messaging in the late 1990s to early 2000s was consistent: Certain populations are at greater risk because of who they are and where they live, regardless of their actual health condition.
The Paradigm Shift from Healthcare to Population HealthPractical Playbook
The Practical Playbook
National Meeting 2016
www.practicalplaybook.org
Bringing Public Health and Primary Care Together: The Practical Playbook National Meeting was at the Hyatt Regency in Bethesda, MD, May 22 - 24, 2016. The meeting was a milestone event towards advancing robust collaborations that improve population health. Key stakeholders from across sectors – representing professional associations, community organizations, government agencies and academic institutions – and across the country came together at the National Meeting to help catalyze a national movement, accelerate collaborations by fostering skill development, and connect with like-minded individuals and organizations to facilitate the exchange of ideas to drive population health improvement.
The National Meeting was also a significant source of tools and resources to advance collaboration. These tools and resources are available below and include:
Session presentations and materials
Poster session content
Photos from the National Meeting
The conversation started at the National Meeting is continuing in a LinkedIn Group "Working Together for Population Health" and Twitter. Use #PPBMeeting to provide feedback on the National Meeting.
The Practical Playbook was developed by the de Beaumont Foundation, the Duke University School of Medicine Department of Community and Family Medicine, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), and the Health Resources & Services Administration (HRSA).
This presentation was presented online by Dr.Vinothini as a part of PG Seminar Presentation and the full video presentation can be found in official YouTube channel of IAPSM eConnect
Link for the video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eqR1J9jjCgs
Leanne Wells, Chief Executive Officer, Consumers Health Forum of Australia, gave the Ian Webster Health for All Oration to the annual forum of the Centre for Primary Health Care and Equity on 13 August 2015.
Today it’s critical for providers to devote time to patient education; inform patients about their conditions and how to prevent, treat, and manage them. Proper management of chronic conditions extends well beyond episodic and infrequent visits to a provider’s office. This population health white paper discusses why patients must become responsible for their day-to-day disease management. Patients will frequently be required to self-monitor their health indicators, observe symptoms, and note behavior, but they must also adhere to complex medication regimens
Engines of Success for U.S. Health Reform?
Eric B. Larson, MD, MPHVice President for Research, Group Health Executive Director, Group Health Research Institute
There have always been substantial gaps in healthcare services for the higher-risk populations. Despite the best intentions of structure managed care programs introduced as early as the 1970’s, these gaps persist. This isn’t breaking news—over the past two decades, the term “vulnerable populations” has gained prominence in the healthcare industry. Messaging in the late 1990s to early 2000s was consistent: Certain populations are at greater risk because of who they are and where they live, regardless of their actual health condition.
The Paradigm Shift from Healthcare to Population HealthPractical Playbook
The Practical Playbook
National Meeting 2016
www.practicalplaybook.org
Bringing Public Health and Primary Care Together: The Practical Playbook National Meeting was at the Hyatt Regency in Bethesda, MD, May 22 - 24, 2016. The meeting was a milestone event towards advancing robust collaborations that improve population health. Key stakeholders from across sectors – representing professional associations, community organizations, government agencies and academic institutions – and across the country came together at the National Meeting to help catalyze a national movement, accelerate collaborations by fostering skill development, and connect with like-minded individuals and organizations to facilitate the exchange of ideas to drive population health improvement.
The National Meeting was also a significant source of tools and resources to advance collaboration. These tools and resources are available below and include:
Session presentations and materials
Poster session content
Photos from the National Meeting
The conversation started at the National Meeting is continuing in a LinkedIn Group "Working Together for Population Health" and Twitter. Use #PPBMeeting to provide feedback on the National Meeting.
The Practical Playbook was developed by the de Beaumont Foundation, the Duke University School of Medicine Department of Community and Family Medicine, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), and the Health Resources & Services Administration (HRSA).
This presentation was presented online by Dr.Vinothini as a part of PG Seminar Presentation and the full video presentation can be found in official YouTube channel of IAPSM eConnect
Link for the video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eqR1J9jjCgs
Leanne Wells, Chief Executive Officer, Consumers Health Forum of Australia, gave the Ian Webster Health for All Oration to the annual forum of the Centre for Primary Health Care and Equity on 13 August 2015.
Wendy Davis: Leveraging Public Health Capacity to Improve Health System Effic...NASHP HealthPolicy
Many provisions of the ACA hold promise for public health agencies. The reorganization of the healthcare system in the wake of health reform also poses challenges for the public health system. This session will address how public health agency roles may change, opportunities to use public health agencies to lower health costs and improve health outcomes, and the integration of categorical funding streams to build a comprehensive public health system in a post-health reform world.
Two major trends dominate healthcare in the United States. Chronic Illness is on the rise, meaning American's are having more difficulty than ever attaining mental and physical wellness. Providers are facing an unfriendly business of medicine environment requiring them to solve complex management problems while maintaining a high level of clinical excellence. The payment goal posts have moved requiring providers to understand and measure the value they provide to patients, not just the services they complete or perform. As providers struggle to understand the meaning of value in medicine and what outcomes qualify, consumers continually turn to alternative medicine and wellness initiatives to maintain their health.
Technology-enabled Platform for Proactive Regular Senior-Centric Health Asses...DataNB
Hospitalizations and other negative health events are detrimental to seniors’ health and costly to the healthcare system. Proactive health monitoring may help seniors avoid negative health events and remain safely in their homes for longer. Many seniors do not have the skills, knowledge, or technology to regularly monitor their health at their own at home. Without regular, proactive health monitoring, we cannot identify seniors at risk of negative health outcomes (like hospitalizations) before such events occur. Having trained home support workers (caregivers) use their skills and technology to monitor seniors’ health makes proactive health monitoring more accessible to seniors receiving home care. In this project, trained caregivers use technology to proactively monitor seniors’ health for risk factors that could predict hospitalizations or other negative health outcomes. Seniors’ complete regular health assessments with their caregivers. Caregivers enter the results into a mobile app for analysis. The assessments involve physical health (like weight and blood pressure) and cognitive/mental health (like word recall and quality of life). All equipment is provided in a kit that is stored in the senior’s home. We anticipate that seniors will appreciate regularly checking on their health. Caregivers will benefit from learning new skills and having a new way to positively impact the seniors they care for. We anticipate showing that it is practical to have trained caregivers use technology (secure mobile app) to monitor the health of seniors receiving home care. We also aim to investigate if trends in seniors’ health can predict negative health events, like hospitalizations.
DBTest 2013 - In Data Veritas - Data Driven Testing for Distributed SystemsMihir Gandhi
The increasing deployment of distributed systems to solve
large data and computational problems has not seen a con-
comitant increase in tools and techniques to test these sys-
tems. In this paper, we propose a data driven approach to
testing. We translate our intuitions and expectations about
how the system should behave into invariants, the truth of
which can be verified from data emitted by the system. Our
particular implementation of the invariants uses Q, a high-
performance analytical database, programmed with a vector
language.
Wendy Davis: Leveraging Public Health Capacity to Improve Health System Effic...NASHP HealthPolicy
Many provisions of the ACA hold promise for public health agencies. The reorganization of the healthcare system in the wake of health reform also poses challenges for the public health system. This session will address how public health agency roles may change, opportunities to use public health agencies to lower health costs and improve health outcomes, and the integration of categorical funding streams to build a comprehensive public health system in a post-health reform world.
Two major trends dominate healthcare in the United States. Chronic Illness is on the rise, meaning American's are having more difficulty than ever attaining mental and physical wellness. Providers are facing an unfriendly business of medicine environment requiring them to solve complex management problems while maintaining a high level of clinical excellence. The payment goal posts have moved requiring providers to understand and measure the value they provide to patients, not just the services they complete or perform. As providers struggle to understand the meaning of value in medicine and what outcomes qualify, consumers continually turn to alternative medicine and wellness initiatives to maintain their health.
Technology-enabled Platform for Proactive Regular Senior-Centric Health Asses...DataNB
Hospitalizations and other negative health events are detrimental to seniors’ health and costly to the healthcare system. Proactive health monitoring may help seniors avoid negative health events and remain safely in their homes for longer. Many seniors do not have the skills, knowledge, or technology to regularly monitor their health at their own at home. Without regular, proactive health monitoring, we cannot identify seniors at risk of negative health outcomes (like hospitalizations) before such events occur. Having trained home support workers (caregivers) use their skills and technology to monitor seniors’ health makes proactive health monitoring more accessible to seniors receiving home care. In this project, trained caregivers use technology to proactively monitor seniors’ health for risk factors that could predict hospitalizations or other negative health outcomes. Seniors’ complete regular health assessments with their caregivers. Caregivers enter the results into a mobile app for analysis. The assessments involve physical health (like weight and blood pressure) and cognitive/mental health (like word recall and quality of life). All equipment is provided in a kit that is stored in the senior’s home. We anticipate that seniors will appreciate regularly checking on their health. Caregivers will benefit from learning new skills and having a new way to positively impact the seniors they care for. We anticipate showing that it is practical to have trained caregivers use technology (secure mobile app) to monitor the health of seniors receiving home care. We also aim to investigate if trends in seniors’ health can predict negative health events, like hospitalizations.
DBTest 2013 - In Data Veritas - Data Driven Testing for Distributed SystemsMihir Gandhi
The increasing deployment of distributed systems to solve
large data and computational problems has not seen a con-
comitant increase in tools and techniques to test these sys-
tems. In this paper, we propose a data driven approach to
testing. We translate our intuitions and expectations about
how the system should behave into invariants, the truth of
which can be verified from data emitted by the system. Our
particular implementation of the invariants uses Q, a high-
performance analytical database, programmed with a vector
language.
Sigmod 2013 - On Brewing Fresh Espresso - LinkedIn's Distributed Data Serving...Mihir Gandhi
Espresso is a document-oriented distributed data serving platform that has been built to address LinkedIn’s requirements for a scalable, performant, source-of-truth primary
store. It provides a hierarchical document model, transac-
tional support for modifications to related documents, real-
time secondary indexing, on-the-fly schema evolution and
provides a timeline consistent change capture stream. This
paper describes the motivation and design principles involved
in building Espresso, the data model and capabilities ex-
posed to clients, details of the replication and secondary
indexing implementation and presents a set of experimen-
tal results that characterize the performance of the system
along various dimensions.
March 2001I N S T I T U T E O F M E D I C I N E Shap.docxwkyra78
March 2001
I N S T I T U T E O F M E D I C I N E
Shaping the Future for Health
CROSSING THE QUALITY CHASM:
A NEW HEALTH SYSTEM FOR THE 21ST CENTURY
The U.S. health care delivery system does not provide consistent, high-quality medical care to all people. Americans should be able to count on receiving care that meets their needs and is based on the best scien
tific knowledge--yet there is strong evidence that this frequently is not the
case. Health care harms patients too frequently and routinely fails to deliver
its potential benefits. Indeed, between the health care that we now have and
the health care that we could have lies not just a gap, but a chasm.
A number of factors have combined to create this chasm. Medical sci
ence and technology have advanced at an unprecedented rate during the past
half-century. In tandem has come growing complexity of health care, which
today is characterized by more to know, more to do, more to manage, more to
watch, and more people involved than ever before. Faced with such rapid
changes, the nation’s health care delivery system has fallen far short in its
ability to translate knowledge into practice and to apply new technology
safely and appropriately. And if the system cannot consistently deliver to-
day’s science and technology, it is even less prepared to respond to the ex
traordinary advances that surely will emerge during the coming decades.
The public’s health care needs have changed as well. Americans are
living longer, due at least in part to advances in medical science and techno l
ogy, and with this aging population comes an increase in the incidence and
prevalence of chronic conditions. Such conditions, including heart disease,
diabetes, and asthma, are now the leading cause of illness, disability, and
death. But today’s health system remains overly devoted to dealing with
acute, episodic care needs. There is a dearth of clinical programs with the
multidisciplinary infrastructure required to provide the full complement of
services needed by people with common chronic conditions.
The health care delivery system also is poorly organized to meet the
challenges at hand. The delivery of care often is overly complex and uncoor
dinated, requiring steps and patient “handoffs” that slow down care and de-
crease rather than improve safety. These cumbersome processes waste re-
sources; leave unaccountable voids in coverage; lead to loss of information;
Faced with such
rapid changes, the
nation’s health care
delivery system has
fallen far short in its
ability to translate
knowledge into
practice and to ap
ply new technology
safely and appro
priately.
CARE SYSTEM
Supportive
payment and
regulatory en
vironment
Organizations
that facilitate
the work of
patient-
centered teams
High perform
ing patient-
centered teams
Outcomes:
• Safe
• Effective
• Efficient
• Personalized
• Timely
• Equitable
REDESIGN IMPERATIVES: SIX CHALLENGES
• Reeng.
Use of Electronic Technologies to Promote Community and Person.docxdickonsondorris
Use of Electronic Technologies to Promote Community and Personal
Health for Individuals Unconnected to Health Care Systems
Ensuring health care ser-
vices for populations outside
the mainstream health care
system is challenging for all
providers. But developing
the health care infrastructure
to better serve such uncon-
nected individuals is critical
to their health care status, to
third-party payers, to overall
cost savings in public health,
and to reducing health dis-
parities.
Our increasingly sophisti-
cated electronic technolo-
gies offer promising ways to
more effectively engage this
difficult to reach group and
increase its access to health
care resources. This process
requires developing not only
newer technologies but also
collaboration between com-
munity leaders and health
care providers to bring un-
connected individuals into
formal health care systems.
We present three strate-
gies to reach vulnerable
groups, outline benefits and
challenges, and provide
examples of successful
programs. (Am J Public
Health. 2011;101:1163–1167.
d o i : 1 0. 21 0 5/ A J P H . 2 0 10 .
30 0 00 3 )
John F. Crilly, PhD, MPH, MSW, Robert H. Keefe, ACSW, PhD, and Fred Volpe, MPA
DURING THE PAST DECADE,
the United States has experien-
ced a rapid growth of electronic
health information technology in
hospital and health care provider
systems to enhance access and
quality for service recipients. State
health departments have devel-
oped health information ex-
changes across large health care
networks, insurance providers,
and independent physician prac-
tices, and the use of electronic
health records has greatly accel-
erated.1 These initiatives evince
progress toward achieving a fully
connected national health care
system by 2014.2
Nevertheless, cities and
counties struggle to understand
the health care needs of individ-
uals who do not or cannot easily
access formal health care net-
works but use expensive services
for emergency and routine care.
Health information technology is
currently designed to benefit pri-
marily populations already con-
nected to such systems. As systems
increase their use of health data to
influence treatment and policy,
developing strategies to include
individuals who are largely out-
side health care networks is criti-
cal.
The US health care system has
been criticized for low-quality care
that produces multiple medical
errors3,4 and high-cost services
that limit access to care,5 perpetu-
ating health disparities. Primary
care focused on preventing illness
and death is associated with more
equitable distribution of health
and better outcomes than is spe-
cialty care6---8; countries directing
resources to primary care and
enhancing population health have
lower costs and superior out-
comes.9 Although the United
States has the world’s most ex-
pensive health care system, other
countries regularly surpass the
United States on most health in-
dicators, including quality, access,
efficiency, ...
The global ecosystem analyst - the date broker of personal medical data based on artificial intelligence and blockchain technologies.The personal ecosystem for diagnosing a human body in real time.Finds sources, patterns of development of different diseases and prevents future illnesses. Insurance Health life.
The Role of a General Physician An Overview.pptxAkshay Narawad
This PowerPoint presentation provides an overview of the role of a general physician in healthcare and the challenges they face. It emphasizes the importance of primary care in promoting health and preventing disease, and the skills and qualifications required of general physicians. The presentation also discusses strategies for improving patient outcomes in primary care, such as promoting patient engagement and utilizing technology like telemedicine and electronic health records.
In the realm of healthcare, data is a critical asset that holds the potential to revolutionise patient care, enhance treatment outcomes, and streamline healthcare operations. One of the most valuable resources in this data-driven landscape is healthcare datasets. These datasets encompass a wide range of information, from patient medical records and clinical trial data to health insurance claims and public health statistics.
Healthcare datasets serve as the foundation for evidence-based medicine, enabling researchers and healthcare professionals to analyse trends, identify patterns, and make informed decisions. By delving into these datasets, medical researchers can uncover new insights into disease progression, treatment efficacy, and patient outcomes. This knowledge is crucial for developing more effective therapies, improving diagnostic accuracy, and tailoring treatment plans to individual patients' needs.
Moreover, healthcare datasets play a pivotal role in public health initiatives. By examining data on disease incidence, vaccination rates, and health behaviours, public health officials can design targeted interventions, allocate resources more efficiently, and monitor the impact of public health policies. This data-driven approach helps in controlling the spread of infectious diseases, promoting healthy lifestyles, and ultimately reducing the burden of illness on society.
The integration of healthcare datasets with advanced analytics and machine learning technologies opens up even more possibilities. Predictive models built on these datasets can forecast disease outbreaks, identify high-risk patient populations, and optimise resource allocation in healthcare facilities. These predictive insights are invaluable for proactive healthcare management and ensuring that patients receive timely and appropriate care.
However, the effective use of healthcare datasets is not without challenges. Issues related to data privacy, security, and interoperability need to be addressed to ensure that sensitive patient information is protected and that data from different sources can be integrated seamlessly. Additionally, the quality and completeness of data are crucial for drawing accurate conclusions, necessitating rigorous data management and validation practices.
In conclusion, healthcare datasets are a vital resource that holds immense potential for advancing medical research, improving patient care, and enhancing public health outcomes. As technology continues to evolve, the ability to harness the power of these datasets will become increasingly important in shaping the future of healthcare.
1. Noelani Fox
University of Texas
HIT Institute
How Health Information Technology can Improve
Community Health Outcomes
The Current State of Affairs
An increasing amount of political and popular attentionis being focused on the state of
our national health care system. OrdinaryAmericans are realizing what politicians,
medical experts, and public health authorities have known for a long time: our health
care system is poorly designed to keep our population healthy. The organization of our
health care delivery system today is the result of unplanned construction, and the time
has come to apply intentional reforms and systemic changes that can positively affect
health outcomes. Although we provide top quality medical schools and ground breaking
research, have access to the most effective medical equipment and technology, and
have some of the most skilled specialists in the world, the overall health of our
population compares unfavorably to many other countries with fewer resources. In
order to impact our out-of-control health care costs, elevated chronic disease
prevalence, and declining wellness metrics, we must focus on the fundamental changes
to our health care delivery system that can generate improved community health
outcomes.
A national health care delivery system is anintricatecomposite of many attributes.
Types of providers and care settings, payments structures, quality oversight and
reporting, government policies, and patient attitudes all contribute to the form and
functionality of health care. From the standpoint of a wellness based approach, each of
these areas is deficient in America today. Our focus is on tertiary instead of primary
care, our performance on adverse medical events is very discouraging,and we do not
actively support preventive care, have public policies or coordination of care that
encourage health. Finally, as citizens, we are not encouraged to be proactive in our
own care, and live lifestyles that are hazardous to our health.
There is no easy fix for the multitude of dysfunctional components of American health
care. Recent policies in Washington are beginning to address fundamental failings;
providing increased access to the healthcare system for those to whom care is currently
unavailable, developing measures to improve quality of care, and recognizing the need
for better management of information, both patient specific and up-to-date evidence-
based information. The medical profession is an information intensive industry. A
physician cannot possibly keep current with all the new research, diagnoses, guidelines
2. and best practices that are constantly evolving. Without automated communication, he
cannot know all the details of care a patient is receiving from an array of specialists.
Being that we live in the information age, it is high time we brought medicine out of the
dark ages of paper charts, information silos, and 17 year delays in getting research
findings to the front lines of care.
The United States is experiencing a crisis in chronic illness, and the tertiary focus on
acute care does not support management of these conditions. There are two major
contributors to this predicament. Modern medicine has eliminated most of the acute
illnesses that kept life expectancy low for thousands of years. We have an aging
population, and elderly people are more likely to develop multiple diseases that require
management. Modern efficiencies and commercial interests have also contributed to
our declining health, in that low nutrient convenience foods have replaced whole foods,
very little physical effort is required to work, transport, and care for ourselves, and our
environment is polluted and, often, a contributor to ill health. People are developing
chronic conditions at progressively earlier ages.
In 2007, heart disease, cancer and stroke were the top three causes of death, followed
by lower respiratory diseases and accidents. The Institute of Medicine has estimated
that nearly 100,000 accidental deaths are attributable to medical errors.Prescription
errors and adverse medical events are increasing causes of emergency room visits.
Inadequate management of chronic diseases and iatrogenic injuries are having a huge
impact on our mortality and morbidity statistics, and our national health.
Health Information Technology
There are many ways health information technology can contribute to our healthcare
delivery system. Chronic disease management, improved patient safety, care
coordination, and public health are four main categories of benefits to be directly
derived from widespread use of integrated health information. Immediate results can be
obtained through better chronic disease management and decreased injuries. Long
term benefits can be derived from the genesis of patient centered medical homes,
where care is accomplished through partnership between the patient, all of her
providers, and family, facilitated by information technology. Additionally, de-identified
aggregate information extracted from nationwide databases can contribute to the body
of knowledge and to the management of public health crises and national health.
Patient registries and clinical decision support are functions that have the potential to
significantly augment population health management. Computerized systems can track
and alert providers to the need for vaccinations, preventive screenings, and lifestyle
education and counseling. Once a patient is identified as having a specific condition,his
needs for monitoring and treatment can be automatically linked to current evidence
based care guidelines. On-screen alerts and regular reports can be valuable tools to
help the provider ensure that he is providing high quality care.
3. Electronic prescription management is a measure that is widely acknowledged as
having the potential to prevent adverse events. Electronic medical records have the
capability to check for possible drug interactions at the time of initial prescription;
electronic transmission of the prescription order eliminates concerns of illegibilityand
other translational errors; and, interoperable systems can ensure complete and
accurate information on all medications prescribed to an individual.
Coordination of care across settings is crucial to improving quality and decreasing
duplicated or unnecessary services. Communication with the patient is essential, as is
collective informationamong primary care providers, specialists, hospitals, nursing
homes and home health agencies, ancillary services, and community resources. Health
information exchanges can support partnerships between providers, patients and their
families in the patient centered medical home, and ensure that patients get care when
and where they need it. Open communication and shared information can inform
everyone involved of their roles and responsibilities in the care of the patient, and
increase accountability.
Health and wellness are not solely in the domain of health practitioners. Patients must
be encouraged to take responsibility for their own role in determining their health.
Patient education through counseling, support groups, handouts and internet based
information can empower patients to make choices that prevent potential disease, or to
self-manage disease once it has presented. Providers can be encouraged to provide
preventive and educational measures if the ease of access and distribution is
automated, and if they can be properly compensated through documentation of these
efforts. Additionally, patient adherence to treatment plans can be encouraged through
computerized home monitoring of vital measurements such as glucose levels or blood
pressure and electronic monitoring of prescription bottles, which can also feed data
directly into an EHR and inform the provider. Finally, improved communication between
the patient and provider can be enhanced through patient portals and other electronic
communication technology.
Public policy is being written to support the extensive changes necessary for the
renovation of our healthcare delivery system. A significant component is the investment
in widespread electronic health record implementation and information technology
infrastructure. Complete, accurate,structured, patient-centered information from
multiple sources can be intelligently filtered through up-to-the-minute guidelines
contained in clinical decision support engines to support best practices of quality care.
Patients can be given the appropriate kind and intensity of support to self-manage their
disease under the care of a fully informed physician. Aggregate information from many
sources can provide regional and national planners and policy makers with the
necessary data to inform enhanced preventive measures and public health policies.
Community health outcomes can be positively impacted at the personal level, provider
panel level, and national health level through the widespread adoption of health
information technology.
4. Acknowledgement
Thank you to Dr. Vince Fonseca, Director of Medical Informatics at Intellica Corporation, for his
advice and insight.
References
A Health Care Cooperative Extension Service: Transforming Primary Care and Community
Health, Kevin Grumbach, MD; James W. Mold, MD, MPH, JAMA. 2009;301(24):2589-2591.
HIT Connections: HIT and Flu Preparedness, National Association of Community Health
Centers Newsletter, http://www.nachc.com/magazine-article.cfm?MagazineArticleID=147,
accessed 7/12/2010
CDC, HIT firms working to curb public health crises,Joseph Conn,
http://www.modernhealthcare.com/article/20090501/REG/304309942#, accessed 7/12/2010
e-Prescribing, Efficiency, Quality: Lessons from the Computerization of UK Family Practice,
Schade, CP, et al, Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association, Volume 13, Issue
5, September-October 2006, Pages 470-475
National Vital Statistics Reports: Deaths: Final Data for 2007
http://www.cdc.gov/NCHS/data/nvsr/nvsr58/nvsr58_19.pdf, accessed 7/17/2010