The document discusses colligative properties of solutions, which are dependent on the amount of solute present, including vapor pressure lowering, freezing point depression, boiling point elevation, and osmotic pressure. It explains that vapor pressure decreases with the addition of nonvolatile solutes, following Raoult's law, and describes the process of osmosis as the movement of solvents through a semi-permeable membrane. Key points emphasize the relationship between solute concentration and its effects on solution properties.

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EFFECT OF CONCENTRATION ON THE
COLLIGATIVEPROPERTIESOF SOLUTIONS
Presented by: Lanting, Precious Lyn & Maniego, Kaye Cee
Today’s
lesson
(Vapor Pressure Lowering and Osmotic Pressure)

2. Review:
Solution - a homogeneous mixture of one or more solutes dissolved in a solvent.
Solute - A substance that is dissolved in a solution.
Solvent - the substance in which a solute dissolves to produce a homogeneous mixture
Concentration - is a general measurement unit that reports the amount of solute present in a
known amount of solution.
Ionic Compounds - are compounds made up of ions that form charged particles when an
atom (or group of atoms) gains or loses electrons.
Covalent Compounds - is a chemical bond that involves the sharing of electrons to form electron
pairs between atoms. These electron pairs are known as shared pairs or bonding pairs. The stable
balance of attractive and repulsive forces between atoms, when they share electrons, is known as
covalent bonding

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A C T I V I T Y T I M E !

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A C T I V I T Y T I M E !
Ballroom
Electricfan
remove ‘ ity ‘
Clue: _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ity

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Ready? Let’s Start!

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A C T I V I T Y T I M E !

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A C T I V I T Y T I M E !
Vapor pressure
Vapor pressure

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A C T I V I T Y T I M E !
(remove 'on') (remove 'ket')

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) A C T I V I T Y T I M E !
(remove 'on') (remove 'ket')
Osmotic Pressure
Os mo[on
]
tic[ket]
Pressure

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A C T I V I T Y T I M E !
ativ
e
(clue: other word for
'co-worker' )

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) A C T I V I T Y T I M E !
ativ
e
(clue: other word for
'co-worker' )
Colligative Properties
Colleague
(sounds like 'collig')
properties

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A C T I V I T Y T I M E !
What sound does this animal
make?
remove one letter ' O '
Remove
'ter'

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A C T I V I T Y T I M E !
Osmosis
Os Mo[o] Sis[ter
]

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A C T I V I T Y T I M E !
clue: 100 _ _ _ _ _ s

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A C T I V I T Y T I M E !
Boiling Point
Boiling [100]Point[s]

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A C T I V I T Y T I M E !

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A C T I V I T Y T I M E !
Freezing Point
Freezin
g
Point

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) What is Colligative Property?
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The Colligative properties of solution are those that change depending
on the amount of solute present in the solution.
Colligative properties are properties of a solution that depend only on the
number and not on the identity of the solute particles. Thus, these depend
on the collective effect of the concentration of solute particles present in an
ideal solution. Because of their direct relationship to the number of salute
particles, the colligative properties are very useful for characterizing the
nature of a solute after it is dissolved in a solvent and for determining the
molar masses of substances.

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The Different Colligative Properties of Nonelectrolyte Solution
Vapor Pressure Lowering Freezing Point Depression
Boiling Point
Elevation
Osmotic Pressure

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EffectofSoluteConcentrationontheColligativePropertiesof Solutions
Vapor Pressure Lowering
Vapor pressure is a direct measure of
escaping tendency of molecules. It is
defined as the pressure exerted by the
vapor in equilibrium with its liquid or
solid state. This can be illustrated in volatile
substances, or those that can easily be
converted to gas. These kinds of substances
produce vapors which later exert forces on
the walls of the container known as
pressure.

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EffectofSoluteConcentrationontheColligativePropertiesof Solutions
Vapor Pressure Lowering

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EffectofSoluteConcentrationontheColligativePropertiesof Solutions
Vapor Pressure Lowering
• A substance that has no measurable vapor pressure is
nonvolatile, while one that exhibits a vapor pressure is volatile
• A pure liquid (solvent) in a closed container will establish
equilibrium with its vapor. And when that equilibrium is reached,
the pressure exerted by the vapor is called the vapor pressure.
• The vapor pressure of the solution with a nonvolatile solute is
lower than the vapor pressure of the pure solvent. This occurs
because only the solvent can go into the gas phase while the
nonvolatile solute cannot.

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)EffectofSoluteConcentrationontheColligativePropertiesof Solutions
Vapor Pressure Lowering

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)EffectofSoluteConcentrationontheColligativePropertiesof Solutions
Vapor Pressure Lowering
When a liquid evaporates easily, it will have a large number of its molecules in the gas phase resulting
to a high vapor pressure. The picture (Fig. 1) in the left shows a surface entirely occupied by liquid
molecules, some of which evaporated and form a vapor. On the right, a nonvolatile solute like salt or
sugar has been dissolved into the solvent, having the effect of diluting the water. The addition of a
nonvolatile solute resulted to a lowering of the vapor pressure of the solvent. The lowering of the vapor
pressure depends on the number of solute particles that have been dissolved. The chemical nature of
the solute is not considered because vapor pressure is merely a physical property of the solvent and
does not undergo a chemical reaction with the solvent and does not itself escape into the gas phase.
(Fig. 1)
It is important to note that the reduction
in the vapor pressure of a solution of
this example is directly proportional to
the fraction of the volatile molecules in
the liquid, which is the mole fraction of
the solvent. This reduced vapor
pressure can determined using
Raoult's Law (1886).

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Vapor Pressure Lowering
EffectofSoluteConcentrationontheColligativePropertiesof Solutions

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Vapor Pressure Lowering
EffectofSoluteConcentrationontheColligativePropertiesof Solutions
Raoult's law is use to expressed the lowering of vapor pressure, wherein
the vapor pressure of a solution, P, is given by the vapor pressure of the pure
solvent, P multiplied by the mole fraction of the solvent in the solution, X
o
B :
P = X P
O
Vapor of pressure of solution
Vapor of pressure of pure solvent
Mole fracture of solvent
B
Where:
P =
X =
P =
B
O

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Vapor Pressure Lowering
EffectofSoluteConcentrationontheColligativePropertiesof Solutions
Where:
X
X
P
P
P
O
In a solution that contains only one solute, X = 1 - X , where X is
the mole of fraction of solute. This can be written as follows:
B
B
A A
P = (1- x )P
P = P - X P
P = X P
P - P = P
A
O
O
A
O
A
O
O
A
= mole of fraction of solute
= mole of fraction of solvent
= vapor pressure of pure solvent
= vapor pressure of solution
= vapor pressure lowering or
change in vapor pressure
P is directly proportional to the amount of solute. The greater the amount of solute
added to the solution, the greater will be the decrease in the vapor pressure.

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EffectofSoluteConcentrationontheColligativePropertiesof Solutions
Osmotic Pressure
If a solution is placed on one side
of a membrane and pure solvent is
placed on the other side, there is a
net flow of solvent to the solution
side. This process is called osmosis.
Osmosis is a process of movement
of solvents through a semi-
permeable membrane from a
region of lower solute
concentration to higher solute
concentration.

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EffectofSoluteConcentrationontheColligativePropertiesof Solutions
Osmotic Pressure
Osmotic pressure is the amount of force applied to a
solution that prevents solvent from moving across a
semipermeable membrane.

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) SUMMARY
• Colligative properties of solution are those that change depending on the amount of
solute present in the solution.
• The Different Colligative Properties of Nonelectrolyte Solution are Vapor Pressure
Lowering , Freezing Point Depression , Boiling Point Elevation, and Osmotic Pressure.
• Vapor Pressure the pressure exerted by the vapor in equilibrium with its liquid or solid
state.
• A substance that has no measurable vapor pressure is nonvolatile, while one that
exhibits a vapor pressure is volatile.
• Raoult's law is use to expressed the lowering of vapor pressure.
• The greater the amount of solute added to the solution, the greater will be the decrease
in the vapor pressure.
• Osmosis is a process of movement of solvents through a semi-permeable membrane
from a region of lower solute concentration to higher solute concentration.
• Osmotic pressure is the amount of force applied to a solution that prevents solvent
from moving across a semipermeable membrane.

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Q U I Z T I M E !

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1.The Colligative properties of solution are those that change depending on the amount of
solute present in the solution.
2. Defined as the pressure exerted by the vapor in equilibrium with its liquid or solid state.
3. A substance that has no measurable vapor pressure is nonvolatile, while one that exhibits
a vapor pressure is volatile.
4.This process is called osmosis. If a solution is placed on one side of a membrane and pure
solvent is placed on the other side, there is a net flow of solvent to the solution side.
5. Osmosis is a process of movement of solvents through a semi-permeable membrane from
a region of lower solute concentration to higher solute concentration.
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Q U I Z T I M E !
Word Pool:
• Increased ,
Decreased
• Nonvolatile , Volatile
• Colligative
Properties
• Vapor Pressure
• Osmosi
s
• Highe
r
• Highes
t
• Blood
pressure

34. T H A N K Y O U
Any questions? Feel free to ask