This document discusses cognitive biases in communication. It begins with an introduction to cognitive biases and how they affect how people understand information. It notes that people are often irrational, impulsive, and act automatically without considering biases as the norm. The document then explores how cognitive biases can influence how people think, what they intend to say, what words are said, what words are heard, how words are understood, and the perceived meaning. A number of specific cognitive biases are then defined, including confirmation bias, uniqueness bias, selective perception, fundamental attribution error, choice-supportive bias, loss aversion, recency and primacy bias, availability heuristics, and anchoring effect. The document concludes with recommendations for overcoming cognitive biases such