Colombian cocoa has a distinctive aroma and flavor profile that is recognized as some of the highest quality in the world. There is growing global demand for cocoa that Colombia is well-positioned to meet due to its ideal growing conditions, genetic diversity of cocoa varieties, and government support programs. Investing in Colombian cocoa represents an opportunity to capitalize on the country's competitive advantages in a market with rising demand.
This document provides an overview of OHL Brasil's results and opportunities. It summarizes OHL Brasil's portfolio of toll road concessions in Brazil, which total over 3,000 km and saw vehicle traffic increase by over 15% in the first nine months of 2011 compared to the same period in 2010. The document also outlines OHL Brasil's investment criteria, corporate structure, and macroeconomic factors in Brazil such as GDP growth, inflation, and interest rates, positioning OHL Brasil for continued opportunities in the growing Brazilian economy.
The document provides an overview of OHL Brasil, a Brazilian toll road concession company owned by Spanish infrastructure company OHL. It summarizes that OHL Brasil has a portfolio of over 3,000 km of toll roads in Brazil with remaining concessions averaging 17.5 years. It also provides financial results showing consistent growth in traffic volumes, revenues, margins and EBITDA for OHL Brasil over time. Key metrics on OHL Brasil's performance and portfolio of toll road concessions in Brazil are presented.
The document summarizes the institutional environment of the cocoa sector in Ghana and Cote d'Ivoire. Ghana and Cote d'Ivoire collectively produce nearly 50% of the world's cocoa. The document finds that while both countries have public and private institutions supporting cocoa farmers, farmer cooperatives and empowerment have more room to grow. Ghana's cocoa sector is dominated by the state marketing board, which could be crowding out non-governmental organizations. Cote d'Ivoire has a more developed cooperative system but farmers have yet to fully utilize new legal protections. Overall, greater multi-sector collaboration between governments, businesses, and non-profits may be needed to significantly improve livelihoods and empower
Cocoa, chocolate and the confectionery 2016ProColombia
Colombia produces fine or flavor cocoa and has suitable land for expanding cocoa cultivation. It has a strategic geographic position for cocoa production. The document outlines opportunities for investment in cocoa, chocolate, and confectionery industries in Colombia, such as developing alliances with small cocoa farmers, investing in industrial processing facilities, and accessing international markets through free trade agreements. The main cocoa producing regions and companies in Colombia are identified. Incentives like tax exemptions are available for new cocoa plantations. Related entities that support investment and cocoa sector development are also mentioned.
This presentation from OHL Brasil contains forward-looking statements about the company's prospects that are based on management's expectations and assumptions. These statements depend on factors like market conditions, regulations, competition, and the performance of the Brazilian economy, so they are subject to change.
OHL Brasil operates toll road concessions in Brazil through various subsidiaries. It has a portfolio of over 3,200 km of toll roads with approximately 35 million people living near its highways. Traffic on the toll roads increased in the first nine months of 2011 compared to the same period in 2010. The average remaining concession period is around 16 years.
OHL Brasil is part of the larger OHL Group, an international construction company.
Investment in cocoa, chocolate and the confectioneryProColombia
This document discusses investment opportunities in Colombia's cocoa, chocolate, and confectionery industry. It notes that Colombia produces fine or flavor cocoa and has suitable land for expanding cocoa cultivation. There is expected to be a global cocoa deficit by 2020, presenting opportunities. The country has a strategic geographic position for year-round cocoa production. Major cocoa producing regions and companies in the industry are identified. The document outlines opportunities for greenfield projects, alliances with producers, and investing in genetic materials. Colombia has a trade surplus in confectionery and cocoa products, with potential to access international markets through free trade agreements.
The document summarizes the forestry sector in Colombia. Key points include:
- Colombia has 17 million hectares of land suitable for commercial forestry, but currently only 2% is in use.
- There are over 10 commercial timber species that grow well in Colombia's climate, including pine, eucalyptus, and teak.
- Geographical characteristics allow for high yields and short rotation ages for forestry species.
- Local demand for wood products is currently met through imports, representing an opportunity for forestry projects.
This document provides an overview of OHL Brasil's results and opportunities. It summarizes OHL Brasil's portfolio of toll road concessions in Brazil, which total over 3,000 km and saw vehicle traffic increase by over 15% in the first nine months of 2011 compared to the same period in 2010. The document also outlines OHL Brasil's investment criteria, corporate structure, and macroeconomic factors in Brazil such as GDP growth, inflation, and interest rates, positioning OHL Brasil for continued opportunities in the growing Brazilian economy.
The document provides an overview of OHL Brasil, a Brazilian toll road concession company owned by Spanish infrastructure company OHL. It summarizes that OHL Brasil has a portfolio of over 3,000 km of toll roads in Brazil with remaining concessions averaging 17.5 years. It also provides financial results showing consistent growth in traffic volumes, revenues, margins and EBITDA for OHL Brasil over time. Key metrics on OHL Brasil's performance and portfolio of toll road concessions in Brazil are presented.
The document summarizes the institutional environment of the cocoa sector in Ghana and Cote d'Ivoire. Ghana and Cote d'Ivoire collectively produce nearly 50% of the world's cocoa. The document finds that while both countries have public and private institutions supporting cocoa farmers, farmer cooperatives and empowerment have more room to grow. Ghana's cocoa sector is dominated by the state marketing board, which could be crowding out non-governmental organizations. Cote d'Ivoire has a more developed cooperative system but farmers have yet to fully utilize new legal protections. Overall, greater multi-sector collaboration between governments, businesses, and non-profits may be needed to significantly improve livelihoods and empower
Cocoa, chocolate and the confectionery 2016ProColombia
Colombia produces fine or flavor cocoa and has suitable land for expanding cocoa cultivation. It has a strategic geographic position for cocoa production. The document outlines opportunities for investment in cocoa, chocolate, and confectionery industries in Colombia, such as developing alliances with small cocoa farmers, investing in industrial processing facilities, and accessing international markets through free trade agreements. The main cocoa producing regions and companies in Colombia are identified. Incentives like tax exemptions are available for new cocoa plantations. Related entities that support investment and cocoa sector development are also mentioned.
This presentation from OHL Brasil contains forward-looking statements about the company's prospects that are based on management's expectations and assumptions. These statements depend on factors like market conditions, regulations, competition, and the performance of the Brazilian economy, so they are subject to change.
OHL Brasil operates toll road concessions in Brazil through various subsidiaries. It has a portfolio of over 3,200 km of toll roads with approximately 35 million people living near its highways. Traffic on the toll roads increased in the first nine months of 2011 compared to the same period in 2010. The average remaining concession period is around 16 years.
OHL Brasil is part of the larger OHL Group, an international construction company.
Investment in cocoa, chocolate and the confectioneryProColombia
This document discusses investment opportunities in Colombia's cocoa, chocolate, and confectionery industry. It notes that Colombia produces fine or flavor cocoa and has suitable land for expanding cocoa cultivation. There is expected to be a global cocoa deficit by 2020, presenting opportunities. The country has a strategic geographic position for year-round cocoa production. Major cocoa producing regions and companies in the industry are identified. The document outlines opportunities for greenfield projects, alliances with producers, and investing in genetic materials. Colombia has a trade surplus in confectionery and cocoa products, with potential to access international markets through free trade agreements.
The document summarizes the forestry sector in Colombia. Key points include:
- Colombia has 17 million hectares of land suitable for commercial forestry, but currently only 2% is in use.
- There are over 10 commercial timber species that grow well in Colombia's climate, including pine, eucalyptus, and teak.
- Geographical characteristics allow for high yields and short rotation ages for forestry species.
- Local demand for wood products is currently met through imports, representing an opportunity for forestry projects.
The document discusses the transformation and renaissance of the fine cocoa sector in the Caribbean. It notes that the traditional model of small farmers selling raw cocoa beans to centralized government processing facilities is outdated. Recent innovative projects have improved productivity and efficiency by replacing individual labor with trained specialist teams using modern tools. This has increased yields from 0.3 to 1.5 tonnes per hectare and labor efficiency. The fine cocoa sector has opportunities to add greater value locally through processing and branding to attract higher prices given the premium status of Caribbean fine cocoa. There is potential to leverage the region's genebank and develop geographical indications to further differentiate products.
The document discusses the fine cocoa industries of Jamaica and Trinidad & Tobago. It provides an overview of the global fine cocoa industry and defines fine cocoa. It then details the history and current state of the Jamaican and Trinidadian cocoa industries. Both industries face challenges like declining production volumes and aging farmers. Jamaica's industry is centered around small farmers and centralized processing, while Trinidad has larger farms. The document advocates moving up the value chain through partnerships for processing and new products to improve farmers' incomes. Examples of success through rehabilitation, value-added cocoa products, and a regional approach are presented.
The global cocoa market is experiencing high prices due to rising demand and limited supply. Demand is growing from developing countries as incomes rise and from developed countries as chocolate is seen as an affordable snack. On the supply side, production is constrained by weather issues, underinvestment in cocoa farms, and farmers switching to other more lucrative crops like palm oil. This supply constraint is exacerbated by the fact that cocoa trees have limited productive lifespans and farmers lack incentives to replant given low and volatile cocoa prices. As a result, the world's cocoa supply could be exhausted in 20 years without action to address these issues.
Colombia has invested in developing its biofuels sector since 2005 to promote rural development and jobs. Biofuel production, especially ethanol from sugarcane, has increased substantially in recent years due to blending policies. As production increases to meet domestic demand, Colombia aims to export surplus biofuels. The country has attractive conditions for biofuel investors and feedstock yields compared to other nations. Foreign companies like Mitsubishi have already invested in Colombia's biofuel refineries.
Colombia has significant opportunities in the aquaculture sector due to its ideal climate, available land, and research institutions. Fish and shrimp production has increased substantially in recent decades. The country is a major shrimp producer and exporter, though production has declined since the 1990s. Tilapia, trout and cachama make up most fish breeding. The government aims to boost the sector through partnerships between public and private groups. There are opportunities to invest in reactivating culture areas and developing new projects like mariculture.
This document summarizes an organic rice production project in Colombia using mechanical transplanting systems. The project will produce and export organic rice on 1,000 hectares over 20 years. It will start with 300 hectares and expand in phases. The production will be in Carmen de Bolivar, located near ports for export. The project uses state-of-the-art mechanical transplanting technology and aims to produce 4,300 metric tons annually in an environmentally sustainable way. It expects to achieve profits starting in year 3 and have positive cash flows over the 20 year period.
Connect Agro Summit UKCOL - Information WebinarKTN
This event is for UK AgriTech businesses who are interested in attending Connect Agro Summit UKCOL in March 2021. Connect Agro Summit UKCOL is an exclusive online event that will connect UK businesses and Colombian organisations to accelerate innovation in the AgriTech sector.
This document outlines a proposed NEPAD Bioenergy Facility for West Africa that would promote the development of modern bioenergy in the region. The facility's objectives are to convert agricultural and industrial wastes into household energy and electricity, develop the liquid biofuels sector sustainably, and increase access to modern energy services. It would provide technical assistance, guidelines, and funding to private companies and cooperatives for 80-100 feasibility studies and 30 investment projects. Expected results include strengthened private sector capacity and partnerships, selected sustainable bioenergy business models and investment profiles, and increased local production of energy goods and services in the region. The facility would be managed through a public-private steering committee and project management unit.
Kjell Bjordal - Head Ewos Group/COO Feed Cermaq - Status and development in s...Norwegian Seafood Council
This document discusses the status and outlook of the salmonid feed production industry in 2012. It provides an overview of Cermaq, one of the world's largest producers of salmonid feed, and its EWOS division. It then discusses trends in the global feed and raw material markets, noting expectations for stability in prices. The document emphasizes the value of using functional feeds to improve fish growth and performance, even in a market with low salmon prices. Functional feeds can increase production volume and lower costs per kilo produced through faster growth rates and improved feed efficiency.
Presentation of Antonio D. Santiago for the "2nd Workshop on the Impact of New Technologies on the Sustainability of the Sugarcane/Bioethanol Production Cycle"
Apresentação de Antonio D. Santiago realizada no "2nd Workshop on the Impact of New Technologies on the Sustainability of the Sugarcane/Bioethanol Production Cycle "
Date / Data : Novr 11th - 12th 2009/
11 e 12 de novembro de 2009
Place / Local: CTBE, Campinas, Brazil
Event Website / Website do evento: http://www.bioetanol.org.br/workshop5
This document discusses the potential for green growth in Pacific island countries. It notes that while the Pacific islands are small and vulnerable due to their size and isolation, they have a rich resource base including fisheries and biodiversity. However, high production costs and impacts from climate change have slowed economic growth. The document outlines opportunities for green growth in the Pacific islands, including through sustainable management of marine resources like tuna and coral reefs, developing renewable energy sources, improving food security through local agriculture and fishing, reducing fuel costs through bulk purchasing, and enabling regional cooperation. Government policies like carbon taxes and green budgeting are needed to transition economies to fully green growth.
The aquaculture sector in Colombia has seen significant growth over the past decade. Shrimp farming production peaked in the 1980s-1990s but has declined since, while fish farming has increased substantially from 21,600 tons in 2000 to 84,400 tons in 2013. Tilapia, trout and cachama make up the majority of fish farming. The country has favorable conditions for aquaculture like optimal water temperatures, available land and infrastructure, and research centers. There are opportunities for investment in shrimp and fish farming, as well as processing plants, to increase production and exports. The main government entities that support the sector are listed.
Colombia has suitable climate and pastures for cattle production year-round. Its cattle inventory reached 23 million heads in 2014, with 50% located in three departments. Colombia is certified free of foot-and-mouth disease. Over 60% of cattle are located below 1,000m elevation with temperatures between 23-32°C. Colombia was the fourth largest beef producer in Latin America in 2014 with 947,000 tons. Over 4.3 million head were slaughtered in 2014, a 1.9% growth from 2010. The beef sector offers incentives like free trade zones and reduced import duties to promote investment.
The Colombian government has implemented policies since 2005 to promote the production and use of biofuels in the country. This has led to significant growth in the biofuels sector, with ethanol production increasing from 27,034 thousand liters in 2005 to 369,722 thousand liters in 2012 and biodiesel production increasing from 169,411 tons in 2009 to 489,991 tons in 2012. The biofuels sector provides opportunities for investment in ethanol and biodiesel plants, as well as crops for biofuel production, as domestic demand is expected to continue growing with expanded mixing policies. Large foreign companies like Mitsubishi and Merhav have already invested in biofuels production in Colombia.
This report contributes to research on the cocoa global value chain (GVC). It examines consolidation
patterns in the cocoa industry and their potential impacts on stakeholders along the value chain, in
particular small cocoa farmers who constitute the backbone of cocoa production worldwide. It also
discusses these farmers’ integration into world cocoa markets, highlighting some critical issues they face.
The report finally offers some policy recommendations which may help governments, the private sector,
the international community and producers to foster the development of a sustainable cocoa economy
by empowering farmers, consonant with the Global Cocoa Agenda adopted at the first World Cocoa
Conference in Abidjan in 2012. The report should ultimately contribute to the debate on how to attain
the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) with their commitment to ‘’leave no on behind’’, especially in
cocoa farming communities.
An Overview of Cocoa-based Agricultural Systems,Stylized Rural Transformation,Operationalizing Cameroon's Plan d'Urgence,An Ex Ante Economic Evaluation of Cameroon's Plan d'Urgence
AGRICULTURE IN LIHIR ISLAND-NEW IRELAND PROVINCE - Henry BarakaHenry Baraka
This document summarizes a cocoa program on Lihir Island in New Ireland Province, Papua New Guinea. The program aims to establish 35 nurseries producing 25,000 hybrid cocoa seedlings, plant cocoa on 40 hectares of land, rehabilitate 5 existing cocoa blocks, and train 35 farmers by December 2013. It will work with the Cocoa Coconut Research Institute to obtain seeds and clones and provide training. It expects the program to yield over 46,000 kg of dry cocoa beans by 2018, which will be marketed through various options to provide income and improve livelihoods for farmers.
Costa Rica has developed clusters in industries like software, IT services, medical devices, and animation through promoting foreign direct investment and linkages between multinational companies and local small and medium enterprises. One example is Costa Rica Animation Holding, a consortium that allows animation studios to share resources and collaborate on international projects. It has helped Costa Rica's animation industry grow and win projects, but faces challenges in areas like consolidating its international brand, developing venture capital, expanding education programs, and ensuring sufficient broadband infrastructure.
Ayitika - Presentation ministry of comerce - July 27Marc Sala Casals
Ayitika is proposing to develop Haiti's cocoa sector to take advantage of opportunities in the growing global cocoa market. There is a shortage of cocoa supply as production is decreasing in major producing countries. Haiti has ideal conditions for producing high quality cocoa. Ayitika's model would organize farmers, provide technical support, build a fermentation center, and ensure fair prices. This would boost farmers' incomes while sustainably developing the sector. Ayitika is seeking $200,000 to start cocoa production and a $300,000 knowledge center project to educate farmers and promote Haiti's cocoa.
Dubai aims to become the preferred global investment destination by managing foreign direct investment and investment policies. It helps investors throughout the investment lifecycle and provides services like regulatory compliance and market orientation advice. Dubai has strategic advantages like its location and infrastructure that have made it a major trading and tourism hub. It has a growing knowledge-based economy and is taking steps to become more sustainable.
Dubai Exports Corporate Presentation - Mohammed Ali Al KamaliGabriel Amorocho
Dubai Exports provides export services to help Dubai businesses enter new overseas markets and expand in existing ones. It also advocates on behalf of exporters with foreign governments. Key facts include that imports make up 60% of Dubai's trade, followed by re-exports at 27% and exports at 13%. Dubai Exports targets certain goods and services for export growth and has overseas offices in Cairo, Jeddah, and New Delhi to support exporters. It measures its effectiveness in increasing export values, numbers of new/existing exporters and markets, and building organizational excellence.
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The document discusses the transformation and renaissance of the fine cocoa sector in the Caribbean. It notes that the traditional model of small farmers selling raw cocoa beans to centralized government processing facilities is outdated. Recent innovative projects have improved productivity and efficiency by replacing individual labor with trained specialist teams using modern tools. This has increased yields from 0.3 to 1.5 tonnes per hectare and labor efficiency. The fine cocoa sector has opportunities to add greater value locally through processing and branding to attract higher prices given the premium status of Caribbean fine cocoa. There is potential to leverage the region's genebank and develop geographical indications to further differentiate products.
The document discusses the fine cocoa industries of Jamaica and Trinidad & Tobago. It provides an overview of the global fine cocoa industry and defines fine cocoa. It then details the history and current state of the Jamaican and Trinidadian cocoa industries. Both industries face challenges like declining production volumes and aging farmers. Jamaica's industry is centered around small farmers and centralized processing, while Trinidad has larger farms. The document advocates moving up the value chain through partnerships for processing and new products to improve farmers' incomes. Examples of success through rehabilitation, value-added cocoa products, and a regional approach are presented.
The global cocoa market is experiencing high prices due to rising demand and limited supply. Demand is growing from developing countries as incomes rise and from developed countries as chocolate is seen as an affordable snack. On the supply side, production is constrained by weather issues, underinvestment in cocoa farms, and farmers switching to other more lucrative crops like palm oil. This supply constraint is exacerbated by the fact that cocoa trees have limited productive lifespans and farmers lack incentives to replant given low and volatile cocoa prices. As a result, the world's cocoa supply could be exhausted in 20 years without action to address these issues.
Colombia has invested in developing its biofuels sector since 2005 to promote rural development and jobs. Biofuel production, especially ethanol from sugarcane, has increased substantially in recent years due to blending policies. As production increases to meet domestic demand, Colombia aims to export surplus biofuels. The country has attractive conditions for biofuel investors and feedstock yields compared to other nations. Foreign companies like Mitsubishi have already invested in Colombia's biofuel refineries.
Colombia has significant opportunities in the aquaculture sector due to its ideal climate, available land, and research institutions. Fish and shrimp production has increased substantially in recent decades. The country is a major shrimp producer and exporter, though production has declined since the 1990s. Tilapia, trout and cachama make up most fish breeding. The government aims to boost the sector through partnerships between public and private groups. There are opportunities to invest in reactivating culture areas and developing new projects like mariculture.
This document summarizes an organic rice production project in Colombia using mechanical transplanting systems. The project will produce and export organic rice on 1,000 hectares over 20 years. It will start with 300 hectares and expand in phases. The production will be in Carmen de Bolivar, located near ports for export. The project uses state-of-the-art mechanical transplanting technology and aims to produce 4,300 metric tons annually in an environmentally sustainable way. It expects to achieve profits starting in year 3 and have positive cash flows over the 20 year period.
Connect Agro Summit UKCOL - Information WebinarKTN
This event is for UK AgriTech businesses who are interested in attending Connect Agro Summit UKCOL in March 2021. Connect Agro Summit UKCOL is an exclusive online event that will connect UK businesses and Colombian organisations to accelerate innovation in the AgriTech sector.
This document outlines a proposed NEPAD Bioenergy Facility for West Africa that would promote the development of modern bioenergy in the region. The facility's objectives are to convert agricultural and industrial wastes into household energy and electricity, develop the liquid biofuels sector sustainably, and increase access to modern energy services. It would provide technical assistance, guidelines, and funding to private companies and cooperatives for 80-100 feasibility studies and 30 investment projects. Expected results include strengthened private sector capacity and partnerships, selected sustainable bioenergy business models and investment profiles, and increased local production of energy goods and services in the region. The facility would be managed through a public-private steering committee and project management unit.
Kjell Bjordal - Head Ewos Group/COO Feed Cermaq - Status and development in s...Norwegian Seafood Council
This document discusses the status and outlook of the salmonid feed production industry in 2012. It provides an overview of Cermaq, one of the world's largest producers of salmonid feed, and its EWOS division. It then discusses trends in the global feed and raw material markets, noting expectations for stability in prices. The document emphasizes the value of using functional feeds to improve fish growth and performance, even in a market with low salmon prices. Functional feeds can increase production volume and lower costs per kilo produced through faster growth rates and improved feed efficiency.
Presentation of Antonio D. Santiago for the "2nd Workshop on the Impact of New Technologies on the Sustainability of the Sugarcane/Bioethanol Production Cycle"
Apresentação de Antonio D. Santiago realizada no "2nd Workshop on the Impact of New Technologies on the Sustainability of the Sugarcane/Bioethanol Production Cycle "
Date / Data : Novr 11th - 12th 2009/
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Place / Local: CTBE, Campinas, Brazil
Event Website / Website do evento: http://www.bioetanol.org.br/workshop5
This document discusses the potential for green growth in Pacific island countries. It notes that while the Pacific islands are small and vulnerable due to their size and isolation, they have a rich resource base including fisheries and biodiversity. However, high production costs and impacts from climate change have slowed economic growth. The document outlines opportunities for green growth in the Pacific islands, including through sustainable management of marine resources like tuna and coral reefs, developing renewable energy sources, improving food security through local agriculture and fishing, reducing fuel costs through bulk purchasing, and enabling regional cooperation. Government policies like carbon taxes and green budgeting are needed to transition economies to fully green growth.
The aquaculture sector in Colombia has seen significant growth over the past decade. Shrimp farming production peaked in the 1980s-1990s but has declined since, while fish farming has increased substantially from 21,600 tons in 2000 to 84,400 tons in 2013. Tilapia, trout and cachama make up the majority of fish farming. The country has favorable conditions for aquaculture like optimal water temperatures, available land and infrastructure, and research centers. There are opportunities for investment in shrimp and fish farming, as well as processing plants, to increase production and exports. The main government entities that support the sector are listed.
Colombia has suitable climate and pastures for cattle production year-round. Its cattle inventory reached 23 million heads in 2014, with 50% located in three departments. Colombia is certified free of foot-and-mouth disease. Over 60% of cattle are located below 1,000m elevation with temperatures between 23-32°C. Colombia was the fourth largest beef producer in Latin America in 2014 with 947,000 tons. Over 4.3 million head were slaughtered in 2014, a 1.9% growth from 2010. The beef sector offers incentives like free trade zones and reduced import duties to promote investment.
The Colombian government has implemented policies since 2005 to promote the production and use of biofuels in the country. This has led to significant growth in the biofuels sector, with ethanol production increasing from 27,034 thousand liters in 2005 to 369,722 thousand liters in 2012 and biodiesel production increasing from 169,411 tons in 2009 to 489,991 tons in 2012. The biofuels sector provides opportunities for investment in ethanol and biodiesel plants, as well as crops for biofuel production, as domestic demand is expected to continue growing with expanded mixing policies. Large foreign companies like Mitsubishi and Merhav have already invested in biofuels production in Colombia.
This report contributes to research on the cocoa global value chain (GVC). It examines consolidation
patterns in the cocoa industry and their potential impacts on stakeholders along the value chain, in
particular small cocoa farmers who constitute the backbone of cocoa production worldwide. It also
discusses these farmers’ integration into world cocoa markets, highlighting some critical issues they face.
The report finally offers some policy recommendations which may help governments, the private sector,
the international community and producers to foster the development of a sustainable cocoa economy
by empowering farmers, consonant with the Global Cocoa Agenda adopted at the first World Cocoa
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the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) with their commitment to ‘’leave no on behind’’, especially in
cocoa farming communities.
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Ayitika is proposing to develop Haiti's cocoa sector to take advantage of opportunities in the growing global cocoa market. There is a shortage of cocoa supply as production is decreasing in major producing countries. Haiti has ideal conditions for producing high quality cocoa. Ayitika's model would organize farmers, provide technical support, build a fermentation center, and ensure fair prices. This would boost farmers' incomes while sustainably developing the sector. Ayitika is seeking $200,000 to start cocoa production and a $300,000 knowledge center project to educate farmers and promote Haiti's cocoa.
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Dubai aims to become the preferred global investment destination by managing foreign direct investment and investment policies. It helps investors throughout the investment lifecycle and provides services like regulatory compliance and market orientation advice. Dubai has strategic advantages like its location and infrastructure that have made it a major trading and tourism hub. It has a growing knowledge-based economy and is taking steps to become more sustainable.
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2. Introduction
This document contains information about the advantages of investing in Colombian cocoa, the
benefits that will enhance your investment and the support that Proexport can provide in order to
make your investment in Colombia a reality.
The following are some of the reasons for investing in this sector:
• Colombian cocoa has the best flavor and aroma, a distinction given by the International Cocoa
Organization (ICCO) to only 5% of worldwide beans.
• Cocoa Market Review 2012 has forecast an international deficit of 100,000 tons. Investing in
Colombian cocoa represents a business opportunity to meet world demand.
• Colombian geographical characteristics benefit cocoa plantations. Colombia has a strategic
geographic position. As an equatorial tropical country, Colombia has sunlight throughout the
year. In addition, Colombia boasts a variety of climates and abundant water resources.
•
• Colombia has a potential 2 million hectares for cocoa crops, an area that would place the
country among the world's top cocoa growers.
• Colombia has the necessary genetic material (regional and universal varieties, always of fine or
flavor cocoa) for each of its agro-ecological areas.
• The chocolate and confectionery sectors are part of the Ministry of Commerce, Industry and
Tourism's Productive Transformation Program (PTP). The program strives to enhance industry
competitiveness through public-private alliances and business plans.
• Colombia offers an income tax exemption on late harvest crops and productive alliances for
new plantings established 2003-2014. The new cocoa crops are exempt from net income tax for
a 10-year period starting when production begins 1.
1
Law 939 of 2004
2
3. The following document provides information on cocoa in Colombia, as well as the reasons to
invest in this sector. This study was prepared using information from the FAO, the Ministry of
Agriculture and Rural Development (MADR), the International Cocoa Organization (ICCO), the
National Cocoa Growers' Council, and FEDECACAO.
• "Colombian cocoa: the best flavor and aroma, a distinction given to only 5% of beans
worldwide "(ICCO).
Colombian cocoa has been named fine or flavor cocoa by the ICCO 2. Only 5% of the world's
commercial cocoa beans earn this title.
The quality of cocoa is based on its physical 3, chemical 4, and organoleptic 5 features. This
combination of factors means that Colombian cocoa produces unique sensations with aromatic
properties and chemical traits that make it superior to bulk or ordinary cocoa.
Fine or flavor cocoa is cultivated from the cross cultivation of Criollo and Trinitario varieties of
cocoa trees. In the past ten years, Colombia has planted regional varieties and Trinitario varieties
to guarantee that 100% of production is fine or flavor grade.
Colombian cocoa, in fact, was recognized at the second edition of the "Salon du Chocolat"
international cocoa awards in Paris for its sweet flavor.
• Cocoa Market Review 2012 has forecast an international deficit of 100,000 tons. Investing in
Colombian cocoa represents a business opportunity to meet world demand for fine or flavor
cocoa.
Cocoa supply has fallen short of demand in recent years. The shortage amounted to 82,000 tons in
2009-2010. The Cocoa Market Review projects a shortage of 100,000 tons in 2011-2012.
The United States is one of the largest importers of cocoa and cocoa products in the world. US
demand for cocoa grew 73% between 2007 and 2011. In 2010, the US imported 4.4 billion dollars
worth of cacao. Entire or split cocoa beans, either raw or roasted made up 1.3 billion and 587
million was spent on cocoa butter, fat or oil.
Europe is also a large importer of cocoa and cocoa products. Germany recorded imports in 2010 of
USD $4.1 billion, followed by the Netherlands (USD $3.2 billion), France (USD $2.9 billion), the UK
(USD $2.1 billion) and Belgium (USD $1.7 billion). There is, therefore, a huge opportunity to meet
2
Decree ICC/71/7, Characteristics of fine or flavor cocoa. 2001. Ordinary meeting of the International Cocoa
Council held March 8-11, 2005.
3
Physical qualities refer to: seed index, percentage of shell, pod index
4
Chemical qualities refer to percentage of fat, fiber and protein
5
Organoleptic qualities refer to feel, flavor and aroma
3
4. the demand for fine or flavor cocoa, as Colombia is one of the few countries in the world that
produces this type of bean, representing the top 5% of world production.
Main importers of cacao and its products
2007-2011
Thousands of USD
6,000,000
5,000,000 2007
4,000,000
2008
3,000,000
2009
2,000,000
2010
1,000,000
2011*
-
United States Germany Netherlands France United Kingdom Belgium
Source: Trademap, Proexport calculations
• Colombia has a strategic geographic position. As an equatorial tropical country, Colombia
enjoys strong sunlight year round. In addition, Colombia boasts a variety of climates and
abundant water resources.
Cocoa is native to the Amazon region. Today, it is grown in tropical countries between 18° north
and 20° south of the Equator 6. It is currently cultivated in regions of Colombia that have the
adequate edaphic, physiographic and climatic conditions for cacao cultivation. (Between 0 - 1,100
m.a.s.l, 24 - 28°C, 1,800 - 2,600 mm of annual rainfall)
According to the FAO, the Ivory Coast is the world's largest cocoa producer, with 2,150,000
hectares in 2010, followed by Ghana (1,625,000 ha) and Nigeria (1,344,500 ha).
Ecuador, Colombia, Peru and Venezuela produce 70% of the world's fine or flavor cocoa: Ecuador
with 360,025 ha, Colombia with 143,645 ha, Peru with 77,192 ha, and Venezuela with 48,400 ha.
6
Valle 2007
4
5. Cocoa Growing Regions
Source: Fedecacao, MADR and CORPOICA
• Colombia has a potential 2 million hectares for growing cocoa crops.
Corpoica, Fedecacao, and the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development (MADR)
conducted a study of the zones suited for growing cocoa (scale: 1,100,000) based on edaphic
and climate criteria. The study estimated that Colombia has 2 million hectares that could be
used for cocoa crops (2003), of which 662,669 ha have either no or minor restrictions (A1) 7.
These lands do not require any soil treatment to grow cocoa crops. The other 1.3 million ha
have moderate restrictions (A2) 8.
7
A1 (No or minor restrictions): These lands have no limitations on their sustainable use for growing cocoa,
or they have minor limitations that would not have a significant impact on production and would not require
more supplies or technology than usual. (Corpoica-Minagricultura Agreement No. 034 of 2003)
8
A2 (Moderate restrictions): These lands may have moderate limitations on the sustainable production of
cocoa that would result in reduced yield potential or would require supplies or management practices
beyond those which are normally used (Corpoica-Minagricultura Agreement No. 034/2003).
5
6. Table 1.
Regions by Cocoa Cultivation Potential
Hectares
Department A1 A2daa A2dab A2tea TOTAL
Santander 105,911 351,571 15,857 5,461 478,800
Casanare 134,855 200,842 - - 401,684
Meta 66,159 241,310 - - 307,469
Bolivar 21,458 73,166 5,986 89,050 189,660
Norte de Santander 108,750 68,647 6,128 32 183,557
Antioquia 55,293 50,238 8,547 - 114,078
Arauca 11,705 58,101 973 - 70,779
Cesar 27,263 - 10,889 29,067 67,219
Cundinamarca 46,304 7,311 11,577 - 65,192
Boyaca 31,923 8,421 110 460 40,914
Caldas 34,769 2,190 191 21 37,171
Tolima 20,109 477 9,815 - 30,401
Cauca 5,350 - 18,805 - 24,155
Huila 4,435 - 15,551 - 19,986
Valle del Cauca 4,053 655 14,225 - 18,933
Sucre 5,207 - 9,718 1,073 15,998
Risaralda 4,932 - 2,122 - 7,054
Magdalena 4,193 79 1,568 516 6,356
Quindio - - 145 - 145
Atlantico - - 115 - 115
TOTAL 692,669 1,063,008 132,322 125,680 2,079,666
Source: CORPOICA, FEDECACAO, MADR; “Caracterizacion y zonificacion de areas potenciales para el cultivo de cacao en Colombia."
6
7. Potential Regions for Growing Cocoa
Source: FEDECACAO, CORPOICA, MADR.
Current Growing Areas
Cocoa has traditionally been produced by approximately 25,000 rural families. Ninety percent
(90%) is grown by small farms. Santander is the largest cocoa-producing department, contributing
approximately 38% of Colombia's production.
Table 2. Cocoa Producing Areas
Department 2008 2009 2010 2011*
Santander 47,646 48,044 49,429 53,929
Nariño 9,855 10,458 10,940 12,440
Huila 12,305 11,045 11,200 12,180
Norte de Santander 9,541 9,978 10,190 11,390
Antioquia 7,608 8,045 8,290 10,870
Tolima 9,869 10,006 10,140 10,215
Arauca 8,064 8,304 8,460 8,510
Others 19,141 22,108 22,991 24,111
Total 124,029 127,988 131,640 143,645
Source: MADR- CDP, National Cocoa Growers Council (Consejo Nacional Cacaotero)
*Estimated
Cacao is grown between an altitude of 0 and 1,100 meters. It can adapt to all of Colombia's agro-
ecological environments. With 45,402 cubic meters of water per capita per year, the country sits
7
8. above the South American average, and way above other regions such as North America, Europe
and Asia.
Main Cocoa Growing Regions in Colombia
Source: MADR- CDP, National Cocoa Growers Council (Consejo Nacional Cacaotero)
Santander is the largest established growing area in Colombia with 53,929 hectares of cocoa in
2011, approximately 37% of the national production. The departments of Huila, Tolima, Nariño,
Norte de Santander, Arauca and Antioquia make up approximately 46% of national production.
They have the highest expectations in terms of expanded cocoa cultivation thanks to their soil and
climate.
At the moment, Colombia has 147,000 hectares planted with common, hybrid, and cloned cocoa.
The 2012-2021 National Cocoa Development Plan will address the need to modernize 130,000
hectares and transition all crops to clones in order to guarantee world-class cocoa and increase
current production.
Table 3. Current Production
Hectares in 2010 Production
Evolution of Crops by Material Hectares Planted Kg/ha
Production (Tons)
Common (50s-60s) 40,000 40,000 160 6,400
Hybrids (70s-90s) 40,000 40,000 398 15,920
Clones (2002-2011) 6,7000 21,000 950 19,934
Total 147,000 101,000 419 42,254
Source: National Cocoa Growers Council
• Colombia has the necessary genetic material (regional and universal varieties, always of fine or
flavor cocoa) for each of its agro-ecological areas.
8
9. Colombia has the necessary technology for growing cocoa based on propagation via universal
genetic cloning, planting nearly 1,300 trees per hectare, and using management practices and
organic supplies as part of its agro-forestry system.
Fedecacao, the Ministry of Agriculture, Corpoica, and technical departments from the industry
have identified materials (clones) for planting that are renowned for their production, physical,
and organoleptic (sensory) qualities and thus used in modern crops. Since 2009, studies have been
carried out on descriptive statistics to identify the morpho-agronomic and molecular
characteristics of Criollo, regional, and introduced species so that each one can be classified
according to yield, quality, and resistance to disease.
Regional and universal clones have been defined in Colombia. These have been selected for their
productivity and the results of a physical, morphological, and molecular investigation of the
different varieties of fine and flavor cocoas. The cocoa that is planted in Colombia is cloned from
the Trinitario variety (ICS-TSH), as well as regional varieties selected in Colombia according to the
same standards of quality and productivity.
Introduced Material
Genetic material introduced to Colombia is primarily from Trinidad, Ecuador and Costa Rica. This
material has served as the base for creating hybrid seeds since the 1980s. Field studies have been
conducted on experimental farms run by the ICA, Nacional de Chocolates, and Casa Luker.
Table 4. Clone Nomenclature
Nomenclature Name Origin
ICS 1, 6, 39, 40, 60, 95 Imperial College Selection Trinidad
TSH 565, 792, 812 Trinidad Selection Hybrid Trinidad
EET 8 Estacion Experimental Tropical Ecuador
UF 613 United Fruit Co. Costa Rica
Source: Corpoica and Fedecacao
Yield of Introduced Material
Mass propagation of cocoa clones has taken place in Colombia since 2002 through grafting and the
establishment of large-scale plant bio-factories.
The varieties with the greatest productivity in Colombia were: ICS 39, ICS 1, EET 8, TSH 565, ICS 60,
ICS 95, and CCN 51 (introduced to Colombia in 1998 and planted in independent batches).
Table 5. Yield of Introduced Material
Clone Pods/Tree Monilia % Pod Index * Seed Index**
ICS 39 22 14 14 2
CCN 51 23 8 15 1.5
ICS 1 23 14 17 1.7
EET 8 18 18 15 2
TSH 565 24 16 19 1.3
ICS 60 17 13 15 1.9
ICS 95 22 7 21 1.3
Source: Corpoica and Fedecacao
*Pod Index: Pods necessary for a kilo of cacao
**Seed Index: Number of seeds per pod
9
10. Regional Cocoas
To select the preferred regional species, the following physical, organoleptic, and sensory variables
were considered. A molecular analysis will be performed in the near future.
Table 6.
Selection Guidelines for Regional Cocoas
Indexes and Limits
Descriptor - Variable
1 2 3
No. of pods per tree per year <70 70-100 >101
Pod index >21 16-20 <15
Seed index <1.3 1.4-1.5 >1.6
No. of seeds per pod <35 36-45 >46
Percentage of pods with monilia >16 5-15 <5
Visual indicator (sample of dried seed) Poor-average Good Excellent
Source: Fedecacao, Annual Report, 2005
The best regional material is categorized by agronomic character and quality for detailed
identification purposes.
According to Table 7, the average weight of a dried bean from the sample was 1.8 grams (min. 1.4
g, max. 2.8 g). The number of pods needed to make one kilogram of chocolate was 14.8 (min. 10,
max. 19). The average reported production was 157.9 pods per year (max. 409, min. 78).
Regional material selected for its quality exhibited satisfactory results for the following varieties:
Table 7.
Clone Dried Cocoa kg/ha Pods/Tree Monilia %
FLE 3 2,102 36 6
FLE 2 1,838 27 16
FSA 13 1,673 29 3
FEAR 12 1,462 38 7
FEAR 5 1,430 27 7
SCC 59 1,374 28 6
FSA 11 1,342 26 6
SCC 61 1,299 19 5
FSA 12 1,227 26 3
FTA 1 1,080 19 11
FTA 2 1,128 19 6
Source: Corpoica and Fedecacao
10
11. Table 8. Chemical and Compatibility Characteristics of Cocoa Species in Colombia
Species Origin Compatibility Shell % Fat % Fiber % Ph
Universal - Introduced
ICS-1 Trinidad AC 11.9 52.7 5.6 5.1
ICS-39 Trinidad AI 10.5 54.3 4.8 4.9
ICS-60 Trinidad AI 12.7 54.7 4.7 4.8
ICS-95 Trinidad AC 15.7 53.8 4.3 4.9
EET-8 Ecuador AI 10.9 54.7 6.1 4.9
EET-96 Trinidad AC 12.2 - - -
TSH-565 Trinidad AI 12.2 56.2 6.8 5
IMC-67 Peru AI 15.2 56.8 5.5 4.9
CCN-51 Ecuador AC 13.5 54.6 3.3 4.9
ICS-6 Trinidad AC
TSH-812 Trinidad AI
UF-613 Costa Rica AI
Regional Species
FLE-2 Lebrija AI 12.1 58.4 7.9 5.2
FLE-3 Lebrija AI 14.2 54.9 2.9 5.4
FSA-11 Saravena AI 17.8 54.1 3.1 4.8
FSA-12 Saravena AI 14 55.1 2.9 5.5
FSA-13 Saravena AI 13.7 53.3 3.1 4.8
FTA-1 Tame AI 14.7 56.4 3.1 5
FTA-2 Tame AC 15.4 49.5 2.8 5
FEAR-5 Arauquita AC 10.5 53.9 3.7 5.9
SCC-61 San Vicente AI 10.9 56.5 2.5 5.1
Hybrid 12.7 58.4 2.4 5.2
Source: Corpoica and Fedecacao
The CCN-51 variety, although not fine or flavor cacao due to its quality, is appealing because of its
high fat content, used to make cocoa butter. Regulations exist in Colombia dictating that this bean
be cultivated independently to avoid mixing it with other varieties.
• The chocolate and confectionery sectors are part of the Ministry of Commerce, Industry and
Tourism's Productive Transformation Program (PTP). The program strives to enhance industry
competitiveness through public-private partnerships and industry-specific business plans.
Historically, the agriculture and livestock sector has been one of the primary engines driving
Colombian economic development. It constitutes 9% of the GDP, 21% of exports, 19% of all jobs,
and enormous potential based on competitive and comparative advantages.
Colombia's agricultural sector is extremely attractive for foreign direct investment.
Through the Productive Transformation Program based on a public-private partnership, the
Colombian government is driving development by transforming eight industrial sectors and four
agribusiness sectors (beef; chocolates, confectionery, and related raw materials; fats and oils of
palm; and shrimp farming) into world-class players.
11
12. The goal of the program is to improve productivity, efficiency, quality, research and innovation in
the cacao-growing sector. The 2012-2021 Ten-Year National Cocoa Development Plan strives to
position Colombia as a top producer on the international market for fine or flavor cacao. More
specifically, the plan's objectives are to:
• Increase average productivity from 400 kg/ha/year to 1200 kg/ha/year
• Obtain productivity of 1,800 kg/ha/year from modern crops
• Involve 30,000 families in cacao farming on 120,000 Ha
• Involve 500 business owners in cacao growing on 30,000 Ha
• Modernize 80,000 ha, revitalize 40,000 ha, and rehabilitate 40,000 ha
• Improve the quality of life of 50,000 cacao-farming families
The graph below depicts the projected production after implementing the Plan.
Escenarios de producción 2011-2020
Levels of Production 2011-2020 Sin Plan a
Without
plan
230.000
220.000
210.000
200.000 With
190.000 CON
180.000 Planplan
a
170.000
160.000
150.000
140.000 Domestic
Dmda
demand
130.000
120.000 Interna
110.000
100.000
90.000
80.000
70.000
60.000
50.000
40.000
30.000
20.000
10.000
-
Toneladas
Tons
2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020
Source: National Cocoa Growers Council
The Cacao Processing Industry in Colombia
Cacao is used primarily as a raw material for producing chocolate and confectionery products.
Colombia boasts a thriving chocolate industry led by companies such as Nacional de Chocolates
and Casa Luker. There are an additional 20 chocolate processing and confectionery companies
located near the country's major cities and consumption centers, Medellin, Cali and Bogota.
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13. Table 9. Chocolate and Confectionery Companies
Name City Website
Compañia Nacional de Chocolates S.A.S. Medellin, Antioquia www.chocolates.com.co
Casa Luker S.A Manizales, Caldas www.casaluker.com
Colombina S.A. Cali, Valle del Cauca www.colombina.com
Cadbury Adams Colombia S.A. Cali, Valle del Cauca www.cadburyschweppes.com
C.I. Super de Alimentos S.A. Manizales, Caldas www.superdealimentos.com.co
Comestibles Italo S.A. Bogota D.C., Cundinamarca www.comestibles.com.co
C.I Dulces la Americana S.A. Bogota D.C., Cundinamarca www.dulceslaamericana.com.co
Golosinas Trululu S.A. Cartagena, Bolivar
Industrias Alimenticias Valenpa LTDA Soacha, Cundinamarca
Fabrica de Chocolates Triunfo S.A. Bogota D.C., Cundinamarca www.chocotriunfo.com
Industrial Cacaotera del Huila S.A. Neiva, Huila
Fabrica de Chocolates Andino LTDA Bogota D.C., Cundinamarca
JJ. Marbes Carrillo LTDA Bogota D.C., Cundinamarca
Comercializa LTDA Bogota D.C., Cundinamarca
Industria de Alimentos la Fragancia
Bucaramanga, Santander
LTDA
Dulces Emilita LTDA Bogota D.C., Cundinamarca
Ficas LTDA Bucaramanga, Santander
Comestibles Azucar Limitada Bogota D.C., Cundinamarca
Productos Johnny's de Colombia LTDA Bogota D.C., Cundinamarca
Monteolivar LTDA. Bogota D.C., Cundinamarca
Dulces la Colmena Limitada Bogota D.C., Cundinamarca
Source: BPR Benchmark.
• Incentives for Growing Cacao in Colombia
Income tax exemption
Colombia offers an attractive incentive for investments in late harvest crops, including cacao: a
ten-year income tax exemption, explained below:
Investments in new plantings of late harvest crops, including cacao, are exempt from income tax 9.
This benefit applies to plantings established between January 1, 2003 and December 31, 2014, and
it will be in effect for 10 years from the start of production 10.
9
Other late harvest crops are: palm oil and fruits (including citrus fruits), as defined by the Ministry of Agriculture (Law
939 of 2004, article 1).
10
Tax Code, article 207-2 and Law 939 of 2004, article 2.
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14. To receive this tax benefit, the following must be submitted to the DIAN:
1. A copy of the crop record from the Ministry of Agriculture 11.
2. A certificate issued by the Ministry of Agriculture stating that the crop is a new planting.
3. A property certificate for the field where the crop is planted or the specific deed or contract
under which the field is being used.
4. A certificate issued by the Statutory Auditor and/or Certified Accountant of the project, stating
the value of the income obtained from the new plantings.
5. A certificate issued by the company's Statutory Auditor and/or Certified Accountant stating
that the accounting for the income generated from the new plantings is kept separate from
income obtained from any other company activities.
Finally, beneficiaries of the program must submit an annual technical report to the Ministry of
Agriculture before March 31 of each year about the condition of the crop, its productivity, the
number of jobs created, the financial statements and, when applicable, the environmental impact
of the crop. 12
Productive Partnerships
This program works to engage small producers who own industrial equipment (processors and
packagers) in collective medium- and long-term projects through supply commitments. Up to 30%
of the agricultural value of the project is subsidized.
Support and Benefits
For producers:
• Comprehensive assistance for structuring profitable, sustainable initiatives.
• Inclusion in value chains as providers (business alliances).
• Improved income (by at least two minimum monthly salaries of net income).
• Financial sustainability through a revolving fund.
• Job creation (2.6 jobs for each beneficiary).
For the private and business sectors:
• Guaranteed production (quality, opportunity, planning, loyalty, and stability).
For public and private institutions:
• Proven platform of profitable and sustainable initiatives.
• Less dependence on social assistance programs.
11
Decree 2755 of 2005, article 2.
12
Decree 1970 of 2005, articles 5 and 6.
14
15. The information contained herein is for general informational purposes. Neither PROEXPORT nor any of its
employees shall be liable to you or any other party for decisions or actions taken based on the information
presented herein.
This document reflects current Colombian legislation at the date it was published. It seeks to provide general,
basic information about Colombian law. This message does not constitute or replace legal counsel. To find
specialized legal services, please contact the law firms listed in the Legal Services Directory on PROEXPORT's
website www.proexport.com.co.
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