CNG consumption in Pakistan's satellite towns

CNG CONSUMPTION IN SATELITTE TOWN,
RAWALPINDI
By
MUHAMMAD MUBBIN
Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences
Bahria University, Islamabad
2011
1

Introduction
Natural gas production is at a relatively high level and remaining reserves are estimated
to be about 885.3 billion cu m (2009). Pakistan's gas fields are only expected to last for
about another 20 years at the most due to heavy industrial usage.
The Sui gas field is the biggest natural gas field in Pakistan. It is located near Sui in
Balochistan. The gas field was discovered in the late 1952 and the commercial
exploitation of the field began in 1955. Sui gas field accounts for 26% of Pakistan's gas
production. Remaining reserves are estimated to be at about 800 billion cubic feet (tcf)
and the daily production is around 660 million cubic feet (19,000,000 m3
) of natural. The
operator of the field is Pakistan Petroleum Limited.
What is Compressed Natural Gas (CNG)?
CNG is natural gas that has been compressed into a high-pressure container for
transportation or storage. Since the 1960s, CNG has become a vehicle fuel alternative to
oil-based gasoline and diesel fuel.
CNG Services
The start of CNG as fuel for motor vehicles was started in 1940. Use of CNG slowly
spread worldwide as a substitute fuel and continued to be adopted by the users at an
encouraging pace. In Pakistan, despite plenty of available reservoirs of natural gas, CNG
was first introduced by Hydrocarbon Development Institute of Pakistan in 1982. Due to
lack of resources and scarcity of CNG stations, the adaptation of CNG as a substitute for
fossil fuel was very slow in Pakistan. Recently 2600 CNG stations are working in
Pakistan.
Despite government’s announcing of several incentives for the field, no one from the
private sector was prepared to enter the filed. However, in 1993, WGC stepped forward
and took the credit of launching the first CNG project in the private sector under the
2

name & style of Kandaan Associates (Pvt) Ltd. Kandaan Associates (Pvt) Ltd began the
task of importing CNG kits for petrol vehicles and started to install them on the local
automobiles.
OGRA
Oil and Gas Regulatory Authority (OGRA) has been set up under the Oil and Gas
Regulatory Authority Ordinance dated 28th March 2002 to foster competition, increase
private investment and ownership in the midstream and downstream petroleum industry,
protect the public interest while respecting individual rights and provide effective and
efficient regulations. As laid down in the Ordinance, the Authority comprises one
Chairman and three members. To create a working environment where the interests of all
stakeholders namely the Consumer, Investor & the Government is protected through
Independent & Fair Regulatory practices.
Consequent upon the establishment of OGRA on 28th March, 2002 the Natural Gas
Regulatory Authority (NGRA) was subsumed by the OGRA. All properties and works
done by the NGRA were transferred to and protected under the OGRA Ordinance.
OGRA was, therefore, in a position to start its functions in respect to natural gas
immediately upon its establishment.
List of Imported Approved Equipments
To ensure safety of consumers OGRA ensues that only those equipments are used at
CNG stations and in automobiles, which conform to international quality standards.
Approval of these equipments by HDIP is mandatory before selling in Pakistan market.
Operational CNG Stations in Pakistan
3

CNG development in Pakistan started in mid eighties when HDIP set up two CNG
refueling stations in Karachi and Islamabad. Due to excellent production and distribution
of Natural Gas in Pakistan.
CNG being an alternative fuel and well proven with passage of time has increased its
consumers in Pakistan; almost 900,000 vehicles in last 3 years have converted to CNG;
and these days near around 150,000 vehicles are converting to CNG in a year that makes
Pakistan to be the 3rd largest user of CNG vehicles in the World after Argentina and
Brazil.
CNG refueling stations of Pakistan are equipped with state of the art automatic controls
and systems. High Pressure Compressors installed are of various design types like L-type,
W-type, V-type, and D-type. These Compressors are usually imported from America,
India, New Zealand and China.
Government is taking major steps to promote CNG by exempting all taxes and duties for
the machinery and equipment used for CNG refueling and conversion.
Important Regulations
New policy for issuance of NOC for installations of CNG stations The Federal
Government has recently introduced the following policy regarding issuance of NOCs for
installation of CNG stations:
For installation of a CNG station at existing petrol pumps, there is no need of any
additional NOC except from the Department of Explosives and Third Party certification
from HDIP including a reputable Private Sector Company of high standards.
For installation of a stand-alone CNG station at raw sites/new locations, NOCs only from
the following authorities be obtained: Gas utility Company, Department of Explosives,
4

Civil Defense, Tensile Municipal Officer, and Third Party certification from HDIP
including a reputable Private Sector Company of high standards.
All authorities concerned must decide for issuance of NOC(s) or otherwise within one
month of the receipt of request.
Setting Up of CNG Station
No person can set up CNG station without first obtaining license from the Authority i.e.
Oil and Gas Regulatory Authority Islamabad under Rule 6 of CNG (Production &
Marketing) Rules, 1992. Initially OGRA issues provisional license for a period of 2 years
for setting up CNG station. After obtaining provisional license from the authority, the
licensee is supposed to start construction of the station and also obtain NOCs from the
local authorities and a license from DEPARTMENT OF EXPLOSIVES on form B.
CNG Marketing License
After completion of CNG station, the authority under Rule 7 of CNG Rules 1992, issues
fifteen year Marketing License subject to submission of following documents:
a. Valid explosive license on form B.
b. Satisfactory report of 3rd party inspector regarding construction of CNG works by
the party in accordance with the CNG Rules.
Types of Machinery Equipment Allowed For CNG
5

Only approved CNG equipment/ machinery can be imported and installed at CNG
stations under CBRs SRO No. 373(I)/2002 dated 15-6-2002, as amended from time to
time.
CNG Rules 1992
Government has promulgated CNG Rules 1992 for regulation of all CNG activities. The
rules provide for the procedure for setting up CNG stations and safety code for practice
etc. CNG RULES 1992.Safety is the primary concern of OGRA and HDIP when
regulating the working of CNG usage in Pakistan.
CNG Consumption in Satellite Town Rawalpindi
We started our projected in the name of Allah, the most beneficent the most
compassionate.
In this regard, unique Enterprises and CNG station was our first destination.
We visited unique CNG on 15-10-2010, 15-11-2010 and 15-12-2010 respectively.
Unique CNG is located in D-Block SatelliteTown Rawalpindi, acquiring an area of 80
Marla’s. The CNG has been constructed beautifully and keeping in view the order and
prescription of ‘OGRA’. 40 employees have been working in different areas.
The CNG has a huge consumption of 2500 KG/day, 65000 KG/month respectively.
Unique enterprises are a petrol and diesel pump as well with a considerable consumption
of both. Daily consumption of Petrol is 3500 liter/day and diesel 2000 liter/day
respectively, where as 91000 liter/month and 52000/month respectively.
During our three different visits the prices were in all CNG Station Rs. 57.03(CNG) ,Rs
68.14(petrol), and Rs 74.06 (Diesel).the prices were same on our 1st
and 2nd
visit but
6

different on our 3rd
visit prices were Rs. 57.03(CNG), Rs 73.14(Petrol),Rs 78.56
(Diesel).No discount was being offered by all CNG’s.
Regarding load shedding we were told that Saturday remains off due to gas load
shedding.
Unique CNG (Ph # 051-4853238)
Observation Date Consumption in KG Consumption in Ton Consumption in G.J
15-10-2010 2500 2.5 105
15-11-2010 65000 65 2730
15-12-2010 65000 65 2730
Total 1325000 1325 5565
TOTAL CNG (Ph # 051 4841465)
Total CNG is located in B-Block Satellite Town Rawalpindi, acquiring an area of 30
Marla’s and13 employees have been working.
15-10-2010 1250 1.25 52.5
15-11-2010 32500 32.5 1365
15-12-2010 32500 32.5 1365
Total 66250 66.25 2783
S. Town Station (Ph # 051-4843288)
S. Town CNG is located in D-Block Satellite Town Rawalpindi, acquiring an area of 20
Marla’s and 50 employees have been working in different areas.
15-10-2010 1500 1.5 63
15-11-2010 39000 39 1638
15-12-2010 39000 39 1638
7

Total 79500 79.5 3339
PSO Station & CNG (Ph# 051-4452935)
PSO Station & CNG is located in F-Block Satellite Town Rawalpindi, acquiring an area
of 40 Marla’s. The CNG has been constructed beautifully and keeping in view the order
and prescription of ‘OGRA’ 17 employees have been working in different areas.
15-10-2010 1300 1.3 54.6
15-11-2010 33800 33.8 1420
15-12-2010 33800 33.8 1420
Total 68900 68.9 2894
GASCO Services (Ph # 051-4411841)
GASCO CNG is located in E-Block Satellite Town Rawalpindi, acquiring an area of 35
Marla’s and 8 employees have been working.
15-10-2010 1700 1.7 71.4
15-11-2010 44200 44.2 1856
15-12-2010 44200 44.2 1856
Total 85700 85.7 3599
Amina CNG (Ph # 051-4410120)
Amina CNG is located in E-Block Satellite Town Rawalpindi, acquiring an area of 40
15-10-2010 2000 2 84
15-11-2010 52000 52 2184
15-12-2010 52000 52 2184
8

Total 106000 106 4452
Madina Enterprises (Ph # 051-4425606)
Madina CNG is located in B-Block Satellite Town Rawalpindi, acquiring an area of 20
15-10-2010 950 0.95 40
15-11-2010 24700 24.7 1037
15-12-2010 24700 24.7 1037
Total 50350 50.35 2115
Anique CNG (Ph # 051-4419220)
Anique CNG is located in B-Block Satellite Town Rawalpindi, acquiring an area of 20
15-10-2010 1000 1 42
15-11-2010 26000 26 1092
15-12-2010 26000 26 1092
Total 53000 53 2226
Kandaan CNG (Ph # 051-4412801)
Kandaan CNG is located in B-Block Satellite Town Rawalpindi, acquiring an area of 30
9

15-10-2010 700 0.7 29
15-11-2010 18200 18.2 764
15-12-2010 18200 18.2 764
Total 37100 37.1 1558
Satellite Gas (Ph # 051-4456518)
Satellite CNG is located in B-Block Satellite Town Rawalpindi, acquiring an area of 20
15-10-2010 1500 1.5 63
15-11-2010 39000 39 1638
15-12-2010 39000 39 1638
Total 79500 79.5 3339
Gondal CNG (Ph # 051-4848015)
Gondal CNG is located in B-Block Satellite Town Rawalpindi, acquiring an area of 20
Marla’s and 10 employees have been working in Gondal CNG.
15-10-2010 1100 1.1 46
15-11-2010 28600 28.6 1201
15-12-2010 28600 28.6 1201
Total 58300 58.3 2449
Auto Fuel Station (Ph # 051-4419936)
Auto CNG is located in D-Block Satellite Town Rawalpindi, acquiring an area of 20
Marla’s and 6 employees have been working in Auto Fuel Station.
10

15-10-2010 850 0.85 36
15-11-2010 22100 22.1 928
15-12-2010 22100 22.1 928
Total 45050 45.5 1892
Malang CNG (Ph # 051-4846762)
Malang CNG is located in D-Block Satellite Town Rawalpindi, acquiring an area of 20
Marla’s and 8 employees have been working in Malang CNG.
15-10-2010 800 0.8 33.6
15-11-2010 20800 20.8 874
15-12-2010 20800 20.8 874
Total 42400 42.4 1781
AHMED CNG (Ph # 051-4428912)
Ahmed CNG is located in F-Block Satellite Town Rawalpindi, acquiring an area of 20
Marla’s and 5 employees have been working in Ahmed CNG.
15-10-2010 1700 1.7 71.4
15-11-2010 44200 44.2 1856
15-12-2010 44200 44.2 1856
Total 90100 90.1 3784
Kandaan CNG (Ph # 051-4455118)
11

Kandaan CNG is located in D-Block Satellite Town Rawalpindi, acquiring an area of 40
Marla’s and 18 employees have been working in Kandaan CNG.
15-10-2010 1200 1.2 50
15-11-2010 31200 31.2 1310
15-12-2010 31200 31.2 1310
Total 63600 63.6 2671
Rawal CNG (Ph # 051-4841918)
Rawal CNG is located in D-Block Satellite Town Rawalpindi, acquiring an area of 10
Marla’s and 8 employees have been working in Rawal CNG.
15-10-2010 1050 1.05 44
15-11-2010 27300 73.3 1147
15-12-2010 27300 73.3 1147
Total 55650 55.65 2337
Kandaan CNG
Kandaan CNG is located in B-Block Satellite Town Rawalpindi, acquiring an area of 15
Marla’s and 11 employees have been working in Kandaan CNG.
15-10-2010 2600 2.6 109
15-11-2010 67600 67.6 2839
15-12-2010 67600 67.6 2839
Total 137800 137.8 5788
National CNG 1 (Ph # 051-4843515)
12

National CNG is located in F-Block Satellite Town Rawalpindi, acquiring an area of 20
Marla’s and 11 employees have been working in National CNG.
15-10-2010 1000 1 42
15-11-2010 26000 26 1092
15-12-2010 26000 26 1092
Total 53000 53 2226
National CNG 2 (Ph # 051-4843515)
National CNG is located in F-Block Satellite Town Rawalpindi, acquiring an area of 20
Marla’s and7 employees have been working in National CNG.
15-10-2010 1200 1.2 50
15-11-2010 31200 31.2 1310
15-12-2010 31200 31.2 1310
Total 63600 63.6 2671
National CNG 3 (Ph # 051-4843515)
National CNG is located in B-Block Satellite Town Rawalpindi, acquiring an area of 10
Marla’s and 5 employees have been working in National CNG.
15-10-2010 1000 1 42
15-11-2010 26000 26 1092
15-12-2010 26000 26 1092
Total 1325000 53 2226
13

14
Daily CNG Consumptin in Satellite Town Rawalpindi
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
y
CNG Station
ConsumptionofCNG
Unique Total S.Town PSO Gasco
Amina Madina Anique Kandaan Satellite
Gondal Auto Fuel Malang Ahmed Kandaan
Rawal Kandaan National1 National2 National3
Daily CNG consumption in Ton S.Town Rawalpindi
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
y
CNG Station
CNGConsumptioninTon
Unique Total S.Tow n PSO Gasco Amina Madina
Anique Kandaan Satellite Gondal Auto Malang Ahmed
Kandaan Raw al Kandaan National1 National2 National3
CNG Consumption in G.J in S.Town Rawalpindi
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
y
CNG Stations
CNGcinsumptioninG.J
Monthly Consumption of CNG in S.Town Rawalpindi
0
10000
20000
30000
40000
50000
60000
70000
80000
Y
CNG Stations
CNGConsumptioninKG
CNG Cosumption in Tonin S.Town Rawalpindi
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
y
CNG Stations
CNGConsumptioninTon

15
CNG Consumption in G.J in S.Town Rawalpindi
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
y
CNG Stations
CNGConsumptioninG.J
Total CNG consumption in KG in S.Town Rawalpindi
0
20000
40000
60000
80000
100000
120000
140000
160000
y
CNG Stations
ConsumptioninKG

16
Total CNG Consumption in Ton in S.Town Rawalpindi
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
y
CNG Stations
CNGConsumptioninTon
Total CNG Consumption in GJ in S.Town Rawalpindi
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
y
CNG Stations
CNGconsumptioninG.J

The project which had given to us was Consumption of CNG in Satellite Town
Rawalpindi.
In this regard we visited 20 CNG stations of satellite town. We visited three times all the
CNG stations 0n 15-10-2010, 15-11-2010 and 15-12-2010. The information which we
collected told us the consumption of these CNG’s are 26960 KG on 15-10 2010.
Observation date
Consumption in KG per
Day(20 CNG Stations)
Consumption in Ton per Day
(20 CNG Stations)
Consumption in G.J per
Day(20 CNG Stations)
15-10-2010 29960 29.96 1258
Observation date
Month(20 CNG Stations)
Consumption in Ton per Month
(20 CNG Stations)
15-11-2010 655200 655.2 27518
Observation date
Consumption in Ton per Month
(20 CNG Stations)
15-12-2010 655200 655.2 27518
Total Employee in 20 CNG’s 259
Total Area Covered by 20 CNG’s in Marla’s 530
Here the question arises that the consumption of these 20 CNG’s goes to such a huge
extent. The energy consumption has risen to a very great scale.
Among these CNG’s stations a few where Petrol and Diesel were also available. During
our survey we noted that most of the vehicle depends on CNG fuel. There are few
reasons of a highest use of CNG. It is cheaper as compare to petrol and diesel. A vehicle
easily covered about 20 Km in just one KG. In comparison with petrol a vehicle cover
just 14KM.This is the reason people mostly depend on CNG.
17

If we study the consumption of energy along with environment, no doubt with the
consumption of energy like CNG petrol and Diesel there come a worst effect on
environment. It is observed the CNG pollutes our environment less then petrol and
diesels, and CNG gives better mileage too.
Difference between CNG and Oil Consumption
Compressed Natural Gas
1. (CNG) is a fossil fuel substitute for gasoline (petrol), diesel, or propane/LPG.
Although its combustion does produce greenhouse gases, it is a more
environmentally clean alternative to those fuels, and it is much safer than
other fuels in the event of a spill (natural gas is lighter than air, and disperses
quickly when released). CNG may also be mixed with biogas, produced
from landfills or wastewater, which doesn't increase the concentration of
carbon in the atmosphere.
2. CNG is used in traditional gasoline internal combustion engine cars that have
been converted into bi-fuel vehicles (gasoline/CNG). Natural gas vehicles are
increasingly used in the Asia-Pacific region, Latin America, Europe, and
America due to rising gasoline prices. In response to high fuel prices and
environmental concerns, CNG is starting to be used also in tuk-
tuks and pickup trucks, transit and school buses, and trains.
3. CNG produces significantly lesser emissions of pollutants like carbon
dioxide (CO2), hydrocarbons (UHC), carbonmonoxide (CO),nitrogenoxides (
NOx), sulfuroxides (SOx) and particulate matter (PM), as compared to petrol.
For example, an engine running on petrol for 100 km emits 22,000 grams of
CO2, while covering the same distance on CNG emits only 16,275 grams of
CO2. [CNG is essentially methane, i.e. CH4 with a calorific value of 900
Kj/mol. This burns with Oxygen to produce 1 mol of CO2 and 2 mol of H2O.
By comparison, petrol can be regarded as essentially Benzene or similar,
C6H6 with a calorific value of about 3,300 Kj/mol and these burns to produce
6 mol of CO2 and 3 mol of H2O. From this it can be seen that per mol of CO2
produced, CNG releases over 1.6 times as much energy as that released from
petrol (or for the same amount of energy, CNG produces nearly 40% less
CO2).] The corresponding figures are 78 and 25.8 grams respectively, for
nitrogen oxides. Carbon monoxide emissions are reduced even further. Due to
lower carbon dioxide and nitrogen oxides emissions, switching to CNG can
help mitigate greenhouse gas emissions. The ability of CNG to reduce
greenhouse gas emissions over the entire fuel lifecycle will depend on the
source of the natural gas and the fuel it is replacing.
18

Oil Vs Gas
Oil and gas are used as fuels, and they are non-renewable energy forms.
He Difference between oil and gas is that the term oil refers to hydrocarbon mixtures that
are liquid at room temperature, whereas gas is a mixture of gas formed from the fossil
remains buried deep in the Earth. Gas can be associated with oil, or found alone.
CNG Advantage
Due to the absence of any lead or benzene content in CNG, the lead fouling of spark
plugs is eliminated.
CNG-powered vehicles have lower maintenance costs when compared with other fuel-
powered vehicles.
CNG fuel systems are sealed, which prevents any spill or evaporation losses.
Another practical advantage observed is the increased life of lubricating oils, as CNG
does not contaminate and dilute the crankcase oil.
CNG mixes easily and evenly in air being a gaseous fuel. CNG is less likely to auto-
ignite on hot surfaces, since it has a high auto-ignition temperature (540 °C) and a narrow
range (5%-15%) of flammability.
Pakistan currently has the highest number of vehicles running on CNG in the world
followed by Argentina, Brazil and Iran. Pakistan also has the highest number of CNG
stations in the world numbering more than 2600. Majority of private vehicles have
converted to CNG because of cheaper price as compared to petrol. Only luxury cars and
official vehicles now run on petrol. Recently, new CNG Buses had been introduced
by CDGK in Karachi. Almost all car manufacturers in Pakistan (except Honda) now
produce company fitted CNG kit versions. Recent likes in CNG prices has downplayed
19

the ambitious ventures of some of the stakeholders in this sector. It is expected that price
of the CNG and Kits will come down as competition among manufacturers grows
Disadvantages
Insufficient infrastructure
Every alternative fuel which tries to compete with traditional sources of energy suffers
from a lack of infrastructure necessary for widespread use. In the case of natural gas, the
main problem is the lower number of fuel stations.
a. Higher cost of a vehicle: the conversion of a vehicle to natural gas increases
the price by the cost of installation and certification of an additional fuel
system, serially production vehicles are more expensive (smaller production
run, individual manufacture)
b. The cost of fuel stations is higher, and fuel system components are more
expensive
Because vehicles powered by natural gas are not widespread and are manufactured in a
limited range, the cost is higher. However, as the use of natural gas in transportation
becomes more widespread, the cost should go down. Deterioration of existing comfort.
The fuel system must be regularly inspected. The trunk or the interior space is reduced by
the space necessary for the installation of gas bottles.
This problem can be alleviated by installing gas bottles on the roof (buses), under the
chassis (passenger cars, trucks), or in a different place (spare wheel compartment).
Operating Disadvantages
20

The total weight of a vehicle is increased, reducing the maximum load, due to the
installation of the pressure tank holding the natural gas. This disadvantage can be
minimized by using bottles made of composite materials that can be up to five times
lighter than steel.
Vehicles powered by natural gas are subject to stricter safety measures (use of garages,
repairs, etc.).
The engine power is reduced (5 - 10 %) in the case of converted vehicles. CNG vehicles
have a shorter traveling distance compared to traditional fuels (200 250 km in the case of
an automobile converted for the use of natural gas).
Conclusion
After visited 20 CNG stations we have concluded that:
1. CNG is a cheaper fuel than petrol and diesel in Pakistan.
2. CNG gives more mileage as compared to petrol and diesel.
3. CNG produces hazardous gas lesser than other fuels.
4. Along with the advantages, the CNG is more dangerous (highly explosive) as
compared to petrol and diesel.
5. Some CNG stations are located in highly populated residential areas which
can be dangerous for the surrounding population.
6. The staff working on the CNG station are not been provided with any safety
measures or equipment.
7. The engine life is effected negatively due to non-lubrication when used CNG
as fuel.
21

8. The efficiency of engine is affected and in result the speed and pick of
automobile is affected badly.
Recommendations
1. CNG stations should be equipped with proper safety measures for both staff
and customers.
2. The cylinders and CNG kits installed in automobiles should be properly and
periodically look after.
3. CNG is a fossil fuel and it will be finished after a specific time, so that we
have to make arrangements and research for other sources of energy.
4. Old models of vehicles should be banned because they consume more CNG
along with the engine lubricants which produce more pollution.
5. CNG station should be on proper distance from the residential buildings.
22

References
1. All Pakistan CNG Association
2. Kandaan Association
3. Field Survey conducted by the researchers.
4. Internet
23

CNG consumption in Pakistan's satellite towns

Recommended

Recommended

More Related Content

What's hot

What's hot (6)

Similar to CNG consumption in Pakistan's satellite towns

Similar to CNG consumption in Pakistan's satellite towns (20)

CNG consumption in Pakistan's satellite towns