The document provides a detailed report on research conducted by a group on the Three Kingdoms period in Chinese history. It includes a timeline of major events in the Three Kingdoms period from 184 CE to 280 CE, which was a time of war and conflict between the three states of Wei, Wu, and Shu. The group focused their research on the pivotal Battle of Red Cliffs in 208 CE, where the allied forces of Liu Bei and Sun Quan defeated the larger army of Cao Cao, ensuring the survival of their states. The report also covers the languages, social hierarchy, administration, architecture, and culture of ancient China and the Three Kingdoms period.
The document provides a summary of the Three Kingdoms period in Chinese history from 184 CE to 220 CE. It includes a timeline of major events, descriptions of the social hierarchies and cultures of the three kingdoms of Wei, Wu and Shu. Specifically, it focuses on the Battle of Red Cliffs in 208/9 CE, where the allied forces of Liu Bei and Sun Quan defeated Cao Cao, ensuring the survival of their kingdoms and the later establishment of the Three Kingdoms period. Clothing, tea drinking customs, and the languages spoken in ancient China are also summarized.
The Prophet Muhammad began corresponding with various rulers around Arabia after the Battle of Hudaybiyyah to invite them to Islam. He received mixed responses, with the ruler of Abyssinia accepting Islam, the ruler of Egypt respecting the message but not converting, and the rulers of Persia and Byzantium rejecting it, though the Byzantine ruler showed initial belief. The rulers of Bahrain and Yamama gave conditional acceptances or rejected the message, while the kings of Oman accepted Islam after discussions with Amr bin Al-Aas.
The document provides an overview of Chinese dynasties from 221 BCE to 1912 CE. It discusses the Qin, Han, Sui, Tang, Song, Yuan, Ming, and Qing dynasties. Key points include:
- The Qin dynasty unified China under the First Emperor and built the Great Wall, but quickly fell after his death.
- The Han dynasty ruled for over 400 years and expanded Chinese territory and culture through the Silk Road. However, rebellions led to its decline.
- The Sui dynasty briefly reunified China in 589 CE after centuries of division but heavy taxes caused its downfall.
- The Tang dynasty was a golden age of culture and
In this SECOND jam-packed issue of YANKEE SCOUT (TM), 15 year-old Calif Newton Drew returns to his hometown of Machias, Maine, from logging in the backwoods, only to learn the news relayed by telegraph, that President Lincoln has called fro 75,000 volunteers to join a new Union Army to be deployed to defend Washington D.C. against Secessionists in Virginia and Maryland !! However, because he had been out a few days, his hometown regiment is FULL UP and has already met it's quota ! So Drew and a few friends take the ferry boat up to Eastport, Maine on Moose Island and join the regiment there. Drew strips down to his birthday suit for his physical -- and one of the doctors says he is too young, "You are nothing but a kid !!" and not strong enough to serve -- so Drew lays the Doctor out flat on the floor with one punch !! And he's in the ARMY!! ....
The new soldiers train at Fort Sullivan using tactical manuals and muskets dating all the way back to the War of 1812, and finally are sent on a patriotic tour of American battlefields, as they make their way towards D.C. !!
Find out about the Baltimore Riots of April 19th-20th, the taboo subject of the Confederate burning of the bridges on the P.W.& B.RR line into Baltimore, and the details of the mysterious "Baltimore Plot" to assassinate President Lincoln !!
Finally, on July 20th Drew and his new comrades arrive in Washington, D.C. and are lodged in the old Hall of Congress, and then, the next day, are ordered 6 miles out of Washington to the D.C. perimeter at Chain Bridge ... where they hear the distant cannons sounding at Manassas Junction, the sounds of the Battle of Bull Run !!!
The Battle of Bull Run ended the initial "Ninety-Day War" between the Union and Confederate armies. Though not a decisive battle militarily, it had significant psychological and political consequences for both sides. Later, the Peninsula Campaign led by General George McClellan against Richmond was ultimately unsuccessful due to various compromising factors. The Seven Days Battles in June-July 1862 drove McClellan's Army of the Potomac back from the Peninsula in a costly failure for the Union.
The Battle of Antietam in September 1862 halted General Robert E. Lee's invasion of Maryland and forced his retreat, though it resulted in a high casualty toll. While not a clear Union victory, it allowed President Lincoln to issue the Emancip
In this THIRD ISSUE of YANKEE SCOUT in the Civil War, as Pvt. Drew and his comrades of the 6th Maine Infantry regiment assume their posts on the Maryland side of Chain Bridge, crossing the Potomac to the sacred Soil of Virginia, they are stunned to be met by dozens upon dozens of retreating Union soldiers, fleeing from the Yankees first and most humiliating defeat at Manassas Junction, on the little creek called Bull Run !!
What could have gone wrong? A total lack of proper military training, and no uniformity to the tactical drill, for one thing; then there's those old muskets, and a lack of target practice, and those silly uniforms that the Fire Zouaves wore!!
President Lincoln calls in Gen George B. McClellan from the battefields of West Virginia, and gives him command of the entire Union Army, and charges him with organizing it in the best professional fashion...
McClellan gets busy,. and soon there is a meticulously organized campground, better food, new Springfield 1861 rifles, daily tactical drilling , and new officers appearing in camp. Pvt. Drew and the 6th Maine Infantry regiment luck out, and are assigned to a new brigade formed under Brigadier General Winfield Scott Hancock -- who will go on to become one of the winningest generals in the Civil War. And, heck, that's a pretty good start ... I'll say ....
Revolutionary forces in Libya claimed to have captured parts of a large convention center that Gaddafi loyalists have been using as their main base in Sirte. They have been shelling the city to eliminate snipers as they try to rout remaining forces and take full control of Sirte. However, the battle has been fierce, with 15 fighters killed and 180 wounded on Friday alone as snipers remain positioned in high buildings. Taking Sirte is key to unifying Libya politically and allowing the transitional government to move forward with establishing elections and democracy.
Afghanistan has historically served as a buffer state between major empires due to its strategic central location. In the 19th century, it bordered the Russian Empire, British India, China, and Persia. As Russia expanded southward, Britain feared growing Russian influence and supported Afghan factions to maintain control of the region. This led to three Anglo-Afghan wars between 1839-1919 as Britain and Afghanistan vied for control over Afghan foreign policy and its relations with neighboring empires.
The document provides a summary of the Three Kingdoms period in Chinese history from 184 CE to 220 CE. It includes a timeline of major events, descriptions of the social hierarchies and cultures of the three kingdoms of Wei, Wu and Shu. Specifically, it focuses on the Battle of Red Cliffs in 208/9 CE, where the allied forces of Liu Bei and Sun Quan defeated Cao Cao, ensuring the survival of their kingdoms and the later establishment of the Three Kingdoms period. Clothing, tea drinking customs, and the languages spoken in ancient China are also summarized.
The Prophet Muhammad began corresponding with various rulers around Arabia after the Battle of Hudaybiyyah to invite them to Islam. He received mixed responses, with the ruler of Abyssinia accepting Islam, the ruler of Egypt respecting the message but not converting, and the rulers of Persia and Byzantium rejecting it, though the Byzantine ruler showed initial belief. The rulers of Bahrain and Yamama gave conditional acceptances or rejected the message, while the kings of Oman accepted Islam after discussions with Amr bin Al-Aas.
The document provides an overview of Chinese dynasties from 221 BCE to 1912 CE. It discusses the Qin, Han, Sui, Tang, Song, Yuan, Ming, and Qing dynasties. Key points include:
- The Qin dynasty unified China under the First Emperor and built the Great Wall, but quickly fell after his death.
- The Han dynasty ruled for over 400 years and expanded Chinese territory and culture through the Silk Road. However, rebellions led to its decline.
- The Sui dynasty briefly reunified China in 589 CE after centuries of division but heavy taxes caused its downfall.
- The Tang dynasty was a golden age of culture and
In this SECOND jam-packed issue of YANKEE SCOUT (TM), 15 year-old Calif Newton Drew returns to his hometown of Machias, Maine, from logging in the backwoods, only to learn the news relayed by telegraph, that President Lincoln has called fro 75,000 volunteers to join a new Union Army to be deployed to defend Washington D.C. against Secessionists in Virginia and Maryland !! However, because he had been out a few days, his hometown regiment is FULL UP and has already met it's quota ! So Drew and a few friends take the ferry boat up to Eastport, Maine on Moose Island and join the regiment there. Drew strips down to his birthday suit for his physical -- and one of the doctors says he is too young, "You are nothing but a kid !!" and not strong enough to serve -- so Drew lays the Doctor out flat on the floor with one punch !! And he's in the ARMY!! ....
The new soldiers train at Fort Sullivan using tactical manuals and muskets dating all the way back to the War of 1812, and finally are sent on a patriotic tour of American battlefields, as they make their way towards D.C. !!
Find out about the Baltimore Riots of April 19th-20th, the taboo subject of the Confederate burning of the bridges on the P.W.& B.RR line into Baltimore, and the details of the mysterious "Baltimore Plot" to assassinate President Lincoln !!
Finally, on July 20th Drew and his new comrades arrive in Washington, D.C. and are lodged in the old Hall of Congress, and then, the next day, are ordered 6 miles out of Washington to the D.C. perimeter at Chain Bridge ... where they hear the distant cannons sounding at Manassas Junction, the sounds of the Battle of Bull Run !!!
The Battle of Bull Run ended the initial "Ninety-Day War" between the Union and Confederate armies. Though not a decisive battle militarily, it had significant psychological and political consequences for both sides. Later, the Peninsula Campaign led by General George McClellan against Richmond was ultimately unsuccessful due to various compromising factors. The Seven Days Battles in June-July 1862 drove McClellan's Army of the Potomac back from the Peninsula in a costly failure for the Union.
The Battle of Antietam in September 1862 halted General Robert E. Lee's invasion of Maryland and forced his retreat, though it resulted in a high casualty toll. While not a clear Union victory, it allowed President Lincoln to issue the Emancip
In this THIRD ISSUE of YANKEE SCOUT in the Civil War, as Pvt. Drew and his comrades of the 6th Maine Infantry regiment assume their posts on the Maryland side of Chain Bridge, crossing the Potomac to the sacred Soil of Virginia, they are stunned to be met by dozens upon dozens of retreating Union soldiers, fleeing from the Yankees first and most humiliating defeat at Manassas Junction, on the little creek called Bull Run !!
What could have gone wrong? A total lack of proper military training, and no uniformity to the tactical drill, for one thing; then there's those old muskets, and a lack of target practice, and those silly uniforms that the Fire Zouaves wore!!
President Lincoln calls in Gen George B. McClellan from the battefields of West Virginia, and gives him command of the entire Union Army, and charges him with organizing it in the best professional fashion...
McClellan gets busy,. and soon there is a meticulously organized campground, better food, new Springfield 1861 rifles, daily tactical drilling , and new officers appearing in camp. Pvt. Drew and the 6th Maine Infantry regiment luck out, and are assigned to a new brigade formed under Brigadier General Winfield Scott Hancock -- who will go on to become one of the winningest generals in the Civil War. And, heck, that's a pretty good start ... I'll say ....
Revolutionary forces in Libya claimed to have captured parts of a large convention center that Gaddafi loyalists have been using as their main base in Sirte. They have been shelling the city to eliminate snipers as they try to rout remaining forces and take full control of Sirte. However, the battle has been fierce, with 15 fighters killed and 180 wounded on Friday alone as snipers remain positioned in high buildings. Taking Sirte is key to unifying Libya politically and allowing the transitional government to move forward with establishing elections and democracy.
Afghanistan has historically served as a buffer state between major empires due to its strategic central location. In the 19th century, it bordered the Russian Empire, British India, China, and Persia. As Russia expanded southward, Britain feared growing Russian influence and supported Afghan factions to maintain control of the region. This led to three Anglo-Afghan wars between 1839-1919 as Britain and Afghanistan vied for control over Afghan foreign policy and its relations with neighboring empires.
Winston Churchill was a renowned British statesman and leader. He served as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom twice, from 1940 to 1945 and again from 1951 to 1955. Churchill displayed exceptional leadership during World War II and helped guide Britain and the allied forces to victory over Nazi Germany. He is widely considered one of the most influential leaders of the 20th century.
The Impact of Clientelism on Sudan and the Implications for a Sustainable Pea...Geoff Campbell
The document provides context on Sudan's political history from colonial times through the signing of the Comprehensive Peace Agreement in 2005. It discusses how Sudan was ruled by various groups, including a period of British-Egyptian rule after the Mahdist Revolt was defeated in 1898. Independence in 1956 failed to resolve issues around the country's structure and identity. This led to instability, civil war and the rise of Islamist rule under Bashir in 1989. International sanctions and support for rebel groups increased pressure for a peace agreement. The Machakos Protocol of 2002 represented progress by addressing key issues, and ultimately led to the 2005 peace deal. However, clientelism has historically promoted conflicts by prioritizing certain groups over others.
Liu Bei was born in the declining Han Dynasty and sold shoes to support himself. He met Guan Yu and Zhang Fei and they became sworn brothers. Liu Bei helped suppress rebellions and established himself in Xu Province. He was defeated several times and lacked territory until Zhuge Liang joined him and advised dividing China into three parts. Liu Bei allied with Sun Quan against Cao Cao at the Battle of Red Cliffs. Later, Liu Bei expanded his territory by taking Yi Province and Hanzhong Commandery. When Cao Cao's son declared himself emperor, Liu Bei established the state of Shu Han to continue the Han Dynasty lineage.
The Zhou Dynasty ruled China from 1040 BC to 221 BC. It began when the Zhou overthrew the Shang Dynasty due to the Shang emperor's immoral behavior. The Zhou established a feudal system to control its large territory. However, later emperors like Zhou Youwang performed poorly, angering citizens. Youwang was killed in an invasion, signaling the Zhou had lost the Mandate of Heaven. This led to wars between seven provinces as they fought for control. Eventually the Qin province emerged victorious, ending the wars and establishing the Qin Dynasty to rule all of China.
During Thomas Jefferson's presidency, he sought to reduce the size and role of government by cutting the budget and reducing the army and navy. The Supreme Court gained power during this time through the Marbury v. Madison ruling, which established the principle of judicial review allowing the Court to declare laws unconstitutional. Jefferson also orchestrated the lucrative Louisiana Purchase, doubling the size of the U.S. and allowing Lewis and Clark to explore the new territory to the Pacific Ocean with the help of Sacagawea and York.
The Emancipation Proclamation freed all slaves in rebel states on January 1, 1863, making the abolition of slavery an official Union war goal. While it did not immediately free any slaves, it ensured no European nations would support the Confederacy and allowed freed slaves to join the Union army. The Battle of Chancellorsville in May 1863 was a major Confederate victory where General Robert E. Lee defeated a larger Union army through clever tactics and the flanking maneuvers of General Stonewall Jackson, though Jackson was accidentally killed by his own troops. It was a devastating defeat for the Union and a demonstration of Lee's brilliant military leadership.
Aisha was the daughter of Abu Bakr, one of Muhammad's most trusted companions. She married Muhammad after his first wife Khadija passed away. Aisha played an important political and social role in early Islam and was considered Muhammad's favorite wife by Sunnis. Later in life, Aisha was accused of adultery but was cleared of wrongdoing. She retired from public politics after a military defeat but still maintained influence. Aisha died at her home in Medina at age 64.
Hazrat Aisha was born in 613 CE, the daughter of two of Muhammad's most trusted companions. She married Muhammad and was considered his favorite wife by Sunnis. Aisha was later falsely accused of adultery but was cleared of charges. After Muhammad's death, Aisha played a role in the succession conflict and Battle of the Camel but later retired from public politics. She died in 678 CE at age 67 in Medina.
The Mud March campaign launched by General Ambrose Burnside in January 1863 as a winter offensive to revive the Army of the Potomac ended in disaster. Burnside planned feints and a cavalry raid to surprise the Confederates, but two of his staff officers betrayed the plans to political leaders in Washington. When heavy rains fell, turning the ground to mud, Burnside's army became stuck and had to retreat without engaging the enemy. The failed campaign destroyed the troops' confidence in Burnside, prompting his resignation as commander of the Army of the Potomac.
This document summarizes:
1) A massacre that occurred in Jhansi, India on June 8, 1857 where British officials, soldiers and their families were killed by rebel sepoys and locals.
2) A list of the Europeans and Anglo-Indians who were murdered in the massacre, totaling over 20 men, women and children.
3) Details of the burial of the victims, where a memorial wall and obelisk were planned to be built in remembrance.
Female US military personnel commandeered over 150 US military aircraft and used them to conduct airstrikes on North Korean military bases while also dropping food and supplies. This helped spark a popular uprising in North Korea that ultimately led to the death of Kim Jong-un and the overthrow of his regime. The female-led mission, dubbed "Mothers of Mention", was planned and led by Major General Gladys Duryea and helped bring freedom to North Korea and relief around the world.
The document summarizes key events in the American Civil War from 1861-1862 in 3 chapters:
1) The early battles in 1861 resulted in some Union victories but also losses, lowering Northern morale. General George McClellan took command of the Army of the Potomac.
2) In 1862, Confederate general Thomas "Stonewall" Jackson achieved victories in the Shenandoah Valley while the Union had some successes elsewhere. The Seven Days Battles forced a Union retreat from Richmond.
3) At the battles of Second Bull Run and Antietam, the Union and Confederacy inflicted heavy casualties on each other, though Lee was able to retreat. Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation, changing the war's
The document provides an overview of key events and battles in the early years of the American Civil War, including Lincoln's inauguration, the attack on Fort Sumter which marked the start of the war, Virginia's secession, the First Battle of Bull Run, the roles of generals McClellan and Grant, and the importance of the Battle of Shiloh. It examines these topics through a series of questions and answers supported by descriptive paragraphs.
Temujin, who would later be known as Genghis Khan, was born in 1155 to a noble family in Mongolia. After his father's death, his family fell into poverty and he had to fight for survival. Over time, Temujin united the Mongol tribes and established himself as a powerful leader. He then conquered neighboring territories including Western Xia, Jin China, and the Khwarezmid Empire through effective military strategy. Genghis Khan died in 1227 after defeating the Tangut Western Xia dynasty who had betrayed their alliance.
The Zhou Dynasty came into power in 1150 BC after attacking the Shang Dynasty. The Zhou established a feudal system where nobles ruled land and peasants farmed in exchange for military service to the king. Over time, the power of the Zhou kings weakened as the nobility grew stronger. King You falsely claimed attacks were coming to test the nobles' loyalty, but when a real invasion came the nobles did not help and King You died, beginning the Warring Kingdoms period as central control collapsed.
Temujin was born around 1165 in Mongolia and later became known as Genghis Khan. As a child, his father was poisoned and he became the chief of his tribe. By 1205, through forming alliances and organizing an army with strict discipline, he had vanquished all rivals. The following year, he was proclaimed Chinggis Khan and united the steppe tribes under one nation. As ruler, Genghis Khan established laws and policies to suppress causes of warfare between tribes and granted religious freedom. Through his military strategy and tactics, he went on to conquer much of Eurasia over the next two decades, creating the largest contiguous land empire in history.
The “Caliphate Question”: British Views and Policy toward Pan-Islamic Politic...S K
This document summarizes the British perspective and policies toward the caliphate from World War 1 until 1924 when the Ottoman caliphate was abolished. It discusses how the British initially supported the idea of an Arab caliphate led by King Hussein of Hejaz during World War 1 to counter the Ottoman sultan, but later distanced themselves from Hussein in 1924 due to concerns about reactions from Muslim subjects in British-controlled India. The document also provides background on the shifting meaning of the caliphate in Islamic history and how the British previously used their alliance with the Ottoman Empire and recognition of the sultan as caliph to gain support from Muslims in British India.
The Battle of Antietam in September 1862 was the bloodiest single-day battle of the American Civil War. General Lee's Confederate forces invaded Maryland but were confronted by General McClellan's Union army near Sharpsburg. Over 23,000 soldiers were killed, wounded, or captured in the day-long battle, which ended in a tactical draw. Though Lee retreated, McClellan failed to pursue aggressively. The battle halted Lee's invasion and provided an opportunity for Lincoln to announce the Emancipation Proclamation, shifting the purpose of the war to ending slavery.
The Sui Dynasty was established in 581 CE after Yang Jian seized the throne from the Northern Zhou dynasty and unified China under his rule. During its peak, the Sui Dynasty achieved many accomplishments like constructing the Grand Canal and standardizing coinage and measurements. However, Emperor Yang Guang led a lavish lifestyle and launched costly wars that overtaxed peasants, causing famine and rebellion. By 618 CE, discontent was widespread and Li Yuan seized control, establishing the Tang Dynasty and ending the Sui Dynasty.
The document provides information on major dynasties that ruled China from 150 BC to 1911 CE. It discusses key emperors and periods of each dynasty, including the Shang Dynasty from 1600-1046 BC, the Zhou Dynasty from 1046-256 BC, the Qin Dynasty from 221-206 BC which first unified China, the Han Dynasty from 206 BC-220 AD which was considered a golden age, and later dynasties like the Tang, Song, Yuan, Ming and Qing dynasties up until the fall of the Qing in 1911 and establishment of the Republic of China. The document also covers the Mandate of Heaven principle used to justify imperial rule in China.
The Zhou dynasty was founded in 1076 BC after overthrowing the Shang dynasty. It introduced the concept of the Mandate of Heaven to justify the ruler's power. Politically, it established a feudal system with the king at the top ruling through relatives in different regions, weakening central authority over time. Socially, it was divided into classes of nobles, peasants, and slaves. The Eastern Zhou period saw the rise of regional lords and periods of warfare between states seeking dominance. This eventually led to the Warring States period where seven major powers fought for control until the Qin state unified China in 221 BC, ending the long period of conflict.
Winston Churchill was a renowned British statesman and leader. He served as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom twice, from 1940 to 1945 and again from 1951 to 1955. Churchill displayed exceptional leadership during World War II and helped guide Britain and the allied forces to victory over Nazi Germany. He is widely considered one of the most influential leaders of the 20th century.
The Impact of Clientelism on Sudan and the Implications for a Sustainable Pea...Geoff Campbell
The document provides context on Sudan's political history from colonial times through the signing of the Comprehensive Peace Agreement in 2005. It discusses how Sudan was ruled by various groups, including a period of British-Egyptian rule after the Mahdist Revolt was defeated in 1898. Independence in 1956 failed to resolve issues around the country's structure and identity. This led to instability, civil war and the rise of Islamist rule under Bashir in 1989. International sanctions and support for rebel groups increased pressure for a peace agreement. The Machakos Protocol of 2002 represented progress by addressing key issues, and ultimately led to the 2005 peace deal. However, clientelism has historically promoted conflicts by prioritizing certain groups over others.
Liu Bei was born in the declining Han Dynasty and sold shoes to support himself. He met Guan Yu and Zhang Fei and they became sworn brothers. Liu Bei helped suppress rebellions and established himself in Xu Province. He was defeated several times and lacked territory until Zhuge Liang joined him and advised dividing China into three parts. Liu Bei allied with Sun Quan against Cao Cao at the Battle of Red Cliffs. Later, Liu Bei expanded his territory by taking Yi Province and Hanzhong Commandery. When Cao Cao's son declared himself emperor, Liu Bei established the state of Shu Han to continue the Han Dynasty lineage.
The Zhou Dynasty ruled China from 1040 BC to 221 BC. It began when the Zhou overthrew the Shang Dynasty due to the Shang emperor's immoral behavior. The Zhou established a feudal system to control its large territory. However, later emperors like Zhou Youwang performed poorly, angering citizens. Youwang was killed in an invasion, signaling the Zhou had lost the Mandate of Heaven. This led to wars between seven provinces as they fought for control. Eventually the Qin province emerged victorious, ending the wars and establishing the Qin Dynasty to rule all of China.
During Thomas Jefferson's presidency, he sought to reduce the size and role of government by cutting the budget and reducing the army and navy. The Supreme Court gained power during this time through the Marbury v. Madison ruling, which established the principle of judicial review allowing the Court to declare laws unconstitutional. Jefferson also orchestrated the lucrative Louisiana Purchase, doubling the size of the U.S. and allowing Lewis and Clark to explore the new territory to the Pacific Ocean with the help of Sacagawea and York.
The Emancipation Proclamation freed all slaves in rebel states on January 1, 1863, making the abolition of slavery an official Union war goal. While it did not immediately free any slaves, it ensured no European nations would support the Confederacy and allowed freed slaves to join the Union army. The Battle of Chancellorsville in May 1863 was a major Confederate victory where General Robert E. Lee defeated a larger Union army through clever tactics and the flanking maneuvers of General Stonewall Jackson, though Jackson was accidentally killed by his own troops. It was a devastating defeat for the Union and a demonstration of Lee's brilliant military leadership.
Aisha was the daughter of Abu Bakr, one of Muhammad's most trusted companions. She married Muhammad after his first wife Khadija passed away. Aisha played an important political and social role in early Islam and was considered Muhammad's favorite wife by Sunnis. Later in life, Aisha was accused of adultery but was cleared of wrongdoing. She retired from public politics after a military defeat but still maintained influence. Aisha died at her home in Medina at age 64.
Hazrat Aisha was born in 613 CE, the daughter of two of Muhammad's most trusted companions. She married Muhammad and was considered his favorite wife by Sunnis. Aisha was later falsely accused of adultery but was cleared of charges. After Muhammad's death, Aisha played a role in the succession conflict and Battle of the Camel but later retired from public politics. She died in 678 CE at age 67 in Medina.
The Mud March campaign launched by General Ambrose Burnside in January 1863 as a winter offensive to revive the Army of the Potomac ended in disaster. Burnside planned feints and a cavalry raid to surprise the Confederates, but two of his staff officers betrayed the plans to political leaders in Washington. When heavy rains fell, turning the ground to mud, Burnside's army became stuck and had to retreat without engaging the enemy. The failed campaign destroyed the troops' confidence in Burnside, prompting his resignation as commander of the Army of the Potomac.
This document summarizes:
1) A massacre that occurred in Jhansi, India on June 8, 1857 where British officials, soldiers and their families were killed by rebel sepoys and locals.
2) A list of the Europeans and Anglo-Indians who were murdered in the massacre, totaling over 20 men, women and children.
3) Details of the burial of the victims, where a memorial wall and obelisk were planned to be built in remembrance.
Female US military personnel commandeered over 150 US military aircraft and used them to conduct airstrikes on North Korean military bases while also dropping food and supplies. This helped spark a popular uprising in North Korea that ultimately led to the death of Kim Jong-un and the overthrow of his regime. The female-led mission, dubbed "Mothers of Mention", was planned and led by Major General Gladys Duryea and helped bring freedom to North Korea and relief around the world.
The document summarizes key events in the American Civil War from 1861-1862 in 3 chapters:
1) The early battles in 1861 resulted in some Union victories but also losses, lowering Northern morale. General George McClellan took command of the Army of the Potomac.
2) In 1862, Confederate general Thomas "Stonewall" Jackson achieved victories in the Shenandoah Valley while the Union had some successes elsewhere. The Seven Days Battles forced a Union retreat from Richmond.
3) At the battles of Second Bull Run and Antietam, the Union and Confederacy inflicted heavy casualties on each other, though Lee was able to retreat. Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation, changing the war's
The document provides an overview of key events and battles in the early years of the American Civil War, including Lincoln's inauguration, the attack on Fort Sumter which marked the start of the war, Virginia's secession, the First Battle of Bull Run, the roles of generals McClellan and Grant, and the importance of the Battle of Shiloh. It examines these topics through a series of questions and answers supported by descriptive paragraphs.
Temujin, who would later be known as Genghis Khan, was born in 1155 to a noble family in Mongolia. After his father's death, his family fell into poverty and he had to fight for survival. Over time, Temujin united the Mongol tribes and established himself as a powerful leader. He then conquered neighboring territories including Western Xia, Jin China, and the Khwarezmid Empire through effective military strategy. Genghis Khan died in 1227 after defeating the Tangut Western Xia dynasty who had betrayed their alliance.
The Zhou Dynasty came into power in 1150 BC after attacking the Shang Dynasty. The Zhou established a feudal system where nobles ruled land and peasants farmed in exchange for military service to the king. Over time, the power of the Zhou kings weakened as the nobility grew stronger. King You falsely claimed attacks were coming to test the nobles' loyalty, but when a real invasion came the nobles did not help and King You died, beginning the Warring Kingdoms period as central control collapsed.
Temujin was born around 1165 in Mongolia and later became known as Genghis Khan. As a child, his father was poisoned and he became the chief of his tribe. By 1205, through forming alliances and organizing an army with strict discipline, he had vanquished all rivals. The following year, he was proclaimed Chinggis Khan and united the steppe tribes under one nation. As ruler, Genghis Khan established laws and policies to suppress causes of warfare between tribes and granted religious freedom. Through his military strategy and tactics, he went on to conquer much of Eurasia over the next two decades, creating the largest contiguous land empire in history.
The “Caliphate Question”: British Views and Policy toward Pan-Islamic Politic...S K
This document summarizes the British perspective and policies toward the caliphate from World War 1 until 1924 when the Ottoman caliphate was abolished. It discusses how the British initially supported the idea of an Arab caliphate led by King Hussein of Hejaz during World War 1 to counter the Ottoman sultan, but later distanced themselves from Hussein in 1924 due to concerns about reactions from Muslim subjects in British-controlled India. The document also provides background on the shifting meaning of the caliphate in Islamic history and how the British previously used their alliance with the Ottoman Empire and recognition of the sultan as caliph to gain support from Muslims in British India.
The Battle of Antietam in September 1862 was the bloodiest single-day battle of the American Civil War. General Lee's Confederate forces invaded Maryland but were confronted by General McClellan's Union army near Sharpsburg. Over 23,000 soldiers were killed, wounded, or captured in the day-long battle, which ended in a tactical draw. Though Lee retreated, McClellan failed to pursue aggressively. The battle halted Lee's invasion and provided an opportunity for Lincoln to announce the Emancipation Proclamation, shifting the purpose of the war to ending slavery.
The Sui Dynasty was established in 581 CE after Yang Jian seized the throne from the Northern Zhou dynasty and unified China under his rule. During its peak, the Sui Dynasty achieved many accomplishments like constructing the Grand Canal and standardizing coinage and measurements. However, Emperor Yang Guang led a lavish lifestyle and launched costly wars that overtaxed peasants, causing famine and rebellion. By 618 CE, discontent was widespread and Li Yuan seized control, establishing the Tang Dynasty and ending the Sui Dynasty.
The document provides information on major dynasties that ruled China from 150 BC to 1911 CE. It discusses key emperors and periods of each dynasty, including the Shang Dynasty from 1600-1046 BC, the Zhou Dynasty from 1046-256 BC, the Qin Dynasty from 221-206 BC which first unified China, the Han Dynasty from 206 BC-220 AD which was considered a golden age, and later dynasties like the Tang, Song, Yuan, Ming and Qing dynasties up until the fall of the Qing in 1911 and establishment of the Republic of China. The document also covers the Mandate of Heaven principle used to justify imperial rule in China.
The Zhou dynasty was founded in 1076 BC after overthrowing the Shang dynasty. It introduced the concept of the Mandate of Heaven to justify the ruler's power. Politically, it established a feudal system with the king at the top ruling through relatives in different regions, weakening central authority over time. Socially, it was divided into classes of nobles, peasants, and slaves. The Eastern Zhou period saw the rise of regional lords and periods of warfare between states seeking dominance. This eventually led to the Warring States period where seven major powers fought for control until the Qin state unified China in 221 BC, ending the long period of conflict.
The document summarizes the end of the Han dynasty in China and the ensuing period of conflict. It describes how rebellions in 184 AD led to the repeal of restrictions on weapons. This empowered militias that warlords later used to seize power. In 189 AD, eunuchs at the imperial court were killed amid political intrigue, leaving the throne vacant. This led to fighting between warlords like Cao Cao and Yuan Shao for control of the emperor and kingdom. By 220 AD, Cao Pi had formally replaced the Han dynasty by becoming emperor himself, dividing China between three states.
Emperor Wen of Sui was the founder and first emperor of the Sui Dynasty which reunified China in 589 after centuries of division. As a Northern Zhou official, Yang Jian seized power as regent when Emperor Xuan died in 580 and later established the Sui Dynasty, becoming its first emperor. During his reign, the Sui Dynasty prospered economically and militarily as Emperor Wen defeated threats from neighboring tribes and the construction of the Grand Canal began. He encouraged the spread of Buddhism and had relatively few concubines compared to other Chinese emperors.
This document provides a historical biography of Emperor Tang Taizong (Li Shimin) of China from 613-650 CE. It summarizes the emperor's quest for the throne from 613-626, which involved wars against neighboring Koguryo in 613 and struggles against other rivals for power within the Sui dynasty. The first part describes Emperor Yang's launching of a new invasion against Koguryo in 613 from his capital in Luoyang and the initial battle for Liaodong City, a strategic Koguryo outpost, which the Sui forces besieged for 23 days.
The Zhou Dynasty in China was a turbulent period characterized by constant warfare. The dynasty began in the 11th century BC and was split into two periods - the Western Zhou and Eastern Zhou periods. During these periods, the dynasty faced invasions, civil wars, and power struggles that weakened the government and led to a feudal system with little freedom for common people. By the end of the Eastern Zhou period in the 3rd century BC, the dynasty had collapsed into a state of chaos and war between seven remaining states.
The Han Dynasty ruled China from 206 BC to 220 AD and was preceded by the Qin Dynasty. It was founded by Liu Bang and established its capital in Chang'an (modern Xi'an). The dynasty is divided into two periods - the Western Han from 206 BC to 9 AD and the Eastern Han from 25 AD to 220 AD. Some key accomplishments of the Han Dynasty include establishing the Silk Road, advances in papermaking, glazed pottery, and seismology. The dynasty eventually declined due to peasant rebellions and China fragmented into the Three Kingdoms period.
1) China has one of the world's oldest continuous civilizations dating back to around 1500 BC along the Yellow River and Yangtze River valleys.
2) Early dynasties included the Shang Dynasty which established the first Chinese civilization, and the Zhou Dynasty which expanded Chinese rule and developed the concept of the Mandate of Heaven.
3) The Qin Dynasty in the 3rd century BC was the first to unify China under an emperor, standardizing laws, currency, and language.
4) The long-lasting Han Dynasty expanded China territorially and economically along the Silk Road, though it eventually collapsed due to corruption and loss of control.
The document provides background information on a group project for a Culture and Civilization class. The project requires students to examine similarities and differences between Eastern and Western civilizations by researching the Three Kingdoms period in Chinese history. The group researched characters and plots from the Three Kingdoms story and Three Kingdoms movie to develop a script for a short dramatization. They summarized their research, outlined a storyline, and included the script and descriptions of costumes and props for key characters like Liu Bei, Guan Yu, Zhang Fei, Zhu Ge Liang, Sun Quan, Cao Cao, and Zhou Yu.
The document summarizes the history of the Shang Dynasty in China. It states that the Shang Dynasty was established around 1675 BC by King Tang after overthrowing the tyrannical last emperor of the previous Xia Dynasty. The Shang Dynasty lasted over 600 years and had its capital in Yin (now known as Anyang City, Henan Province). It was ruled by 30 emperors and saw developments in bronze casting, music, and fishing industries.
A brief history of the Chinese Dynasties. It was done on a short notice. I hope you enjoy and please feel free to correct any mistakes I made or comment. if you wish.
The Era of Disunity lasted from 220AD to 589AD in China and followed the fall of the Han Dynasty. During this time, China was split into several different kingdoms like Wei, Wu, and Shu Han instead of being unified under one dynasty. While it was a period of civil war, culture and technology still advanced. Wei briefly reunited China from 265-317 AD but northern nomadic groups took over areas and the Jin Dynasty moved its capital south, dividing China into northern and southern dynasties until 589 AD when Yang Jian reunified China under the Sui Dynasty.
Revisiting the Three Kingdoms Quarterly is a pdf ezine dedicated to the advocacy and increase general awareness of Romance of the Three Kingdoms period.
Historical Articles:
Cao Cao's Ambition
Jiao, Shen, and Ling
Dong Zhuo, the Tyran
Peach Garden Oath theme deck
FUDGE - Revisiting the Three Kingdoms in a nutshell
1) The Qin Dynasty (221-206 BC) was the first to unify China under Qin Shihuangdi, who standardized laws, currency, and script. Though short-lived, Qin built infrastructure like the Great Wall and Terra-Cotta Army.
2) The Han Dynasty (206 BC-220 AD) adopted Confucianism and developed bureaucracy, education, arts, and science like acupuncture. The Silk Road connected China to Rome under Han.
3) The Han collapsed due to northern invaders, dividing China into the Three Kingdoms of Wei, Shu Han, and Wu until reunification in 280 AD. This era saw the
The founding of the qiang state of later qin an annotated translation of ji...qianghistory
Chapters 116 – 119 of the Jin Shu are all accounts of the state of Later Qin (384-417 AD) and its rulers, the Yao (姚) family of Qiang origin. Chapter 116, translated here, covers events leading to the founding of the Later Qin state by Yao Chang, son of Yao Yizhong.
7 SS -- Ancient Chinese Civilizations (Chapter 4.1)Anthony_Maiorano
Ancient Chinese civilization extended back nearly 4,000 years and was ruled by a succession of dynasties. Key dynasties included the Xia, Shang, Zhou, Qin, and Han dynasties. The Han Dynasty ruled for 400 years and made important contributions such as developing the Silk Road, expanding trade, and establishing a strong central government. Chinese philosophy and religion also developed, with Confucianism, Daoism, and Buddhism influencing Chinese thought and culture.
The document provides a list of terms and concepts from Chinese history that the student is expected to identify and summarize. These include:
1. The civil service examination system and Jinshi degree from Imperial China which aimed to create a meritocratic government.
2. Several dynasties that ruled China such as the Liao, Jin, Yuan, and Ming dynasties as well as key figures like Genghis Khan and Khubilai Khan.
3. Significant events and locations in Chinese history like the Ming treasure voyages led by Zheng He, the construction of the Great Wall, and the Opium Wars between China and Western powers.
The document summarizes important events in China from 1900 to 1927. It describes the Boxer Rebellion in 1900, Sun Yatsen founding the Tongmenghui secret society in 1905 to overthrow the Qing dynasty, Puyi becoming emperor in 1908 after the death of Empress Dowager Cixi, the Wuchang Uprising in 1911 that led to the end of the Qing dynasty in 1912, Yuan Shikai becoming president and later trying to declare himself emperor from 1912 to 1916 which failed after his death, and China splitting into areas controlled by the central government, Guangdong militias loyal to Sun Yatsen, and other warlords from 1916 to 1927 during a period of warlord rule.
The multipurpose auditorium has a rectangular shaped ceiling pattern that enhances the modern design of the hall. The hall can be used for various purposes and has a ceiling with a geometric pattern that fits with the contemporary style of the building.
The document is a post card showing a detailed view of some stairs. The stairs are made of red bricks with gaps between them that provide natural lighting and ventilation to whoever uses the stairs. The post card contains initials that are likely the photographer or sender of the card.
Maranatha Hall is a building used for English speaking church services. It has a modern design with simple, geometrical structures. A post card was sent from the hall with the initials G T P J.
The Chinese Hall post card depicts a rectangular shaped hall for Chinese services that has soundproof boards complimenting its modern design. The hall has a rectangular shape and modern design with soundproof boards.
The post card depicts a fountain that symbolizes the Christian practice of water baptism. Water baptism is used in Christianity as a ritual to welcome new members and cleanse them of sins. The initials at the bottom are likely those of the artist or sender of the post card.
The document describes a post card showing a cross at the top of a church building, representing the symbolism of Christianity. The cross is a prominent symbol used by churches to represent Jesus Christ's crucifixion and resurrection.
The garden chapel post card shows an outdoor wedding chapel with a whitish, triangular shaped roof. The chapel provides a location for outdoor weddings under a roof structure with a triangular shape made of white material.
The fish window post card represents Jesus' disciples as 'fishers of men' who were called by Jesus to be followers. The window also serves a practical purpose by allowing natural light into the building. The letters G T P J at the end may be initials but provide no other context.
The lobby entrance features a cross detailing symbolizing the church. The design contrasts red bricks with white walls. Initials G T P J are written on a post card.
The document describes a prayer tower with prayer rooms at the highest level. It notes the smart use of timber flooring that compliments the bricked wall. The initials G T P J are also included.
This document appears to be a design process journal (DPJ) created by Sufina Abu Bakar for her Introduction to Design module. It includes sketches and notes from her design process as well as samples of work from concept to schematic proposals. The portfolio contained in the DPJ aims to showcase her process and form making through the selected works. The DPJ compilation covers requirements for the portfolio assignment such as a 150-200 word write up, selected sketches, curriculum vitae, and reflection on the module.
1. The document lists 6 student ID numbers.
2. It provides definitions and formulas for calculating the surface area and volume of cylinders, including examples of working through sample problems.
3. It also defines what a circle is and provides formulas for calculating the area of a circle and sectors.
Hemophilia is a genetic disorder that impairs the body's ability to control blood clotting, which can cause excessive bleeding from minor injuries that lasts for days or weeks. A survey of male and female students found that most had a good understanding of general hemophilia information but less understanding of its effects. The survey also showed that students correctly understood hemophilia is an inherited condition and that people with it should exercise, though a minority incorrectly believed it could not cause death or be cured.
This document summarizes the results of a survey conducted by students to analyze public understanding of hemophilia in Malaysia. 250 students (125 male, 125 female) from Taylor's University participated in the survey. The survey included 15 multiple choice questions about hemophilia. The students' responses were analyzed and categorized by gender. Overall, female students displayed a slightly higher level of understanding about hemophilia than male students across several key areas such as the definition of hemophilia, whether it is inherited or contagious, its symptoms, and effects. The survey findings provide insight into the general public's current knowledge of hemophilia in Malaysia.
This document contains a survey about hemophilia. It begins with demographic questions about gender, age, education level, and whether the respondent or any family members have hemophilia. The main part of the survey consists of 15 multiple choice questions about hemophilia, including what it is, whether it is inherited, the different types, its symptoms, treatment options, and risk factors. The questions cover topics like whether hemophilia is more common in males, if it can cause death, and typical locations of bleeding episodes in hemophiliac patients.
This document outlines an assignment for students to learn about the design process through developing a hanging mobile display for a Lego miniature character. It consists of 4 parts where students research their character, generate design ideas from keywords, investigate what makes a good mobile display, and compile their work. Students will thoroughly understand their character, explore design elements and principles, present initial hanging display ideas, and submit a portfolio compiling their process work. The assignment aims to familiarize students with design investigation, exploration, and interpreting ideas through a simple project. Students will be assessed on demonstrating their understanding of tasks, the depth and relevance of content, and the originality and quality of their work.
The document provides instructions for a two-part design project. Part 1 involves groups transforming words into 3D geometric artworks through exploration of shapes, forms, and materials. Students will present their best model. Part 2 tasks individuals with creating a hanging mobile display for a Lego miniature using design elements and principles. It outlines objectives, learning outcomes, tasks, submission requirements, assessment criteria, and a marking rubric for both parts of the project.
This document outlines a design project with two parts for students. Part 1 involves individually sketching natural and built environment elements and producing abstract artworks. Part 2 involves working in groups to create 9 simple abstract artworks using daily items to demonstrate design principles. Students will present their work along with boards explaining the principles, elements and composition used. They will be assessed on their understanding and application of design concepts, the quality and creativity of their artworks, and the clarity of their presentation.
This document discusses a nutritious congee recipe that provides a healthy breakfast option. Congee is a rice porridge dish that is easy to digest and contains nutrients from the rice and additional ingredients like eggs or meat. Eating congee for breakfast is presented as a way to begin the day with a warm, nourishing meal.
This document provides a compare and contrast essay analyzing the action comedy films Kick-Ass and Ant-Man. It summarizes that the films have similarities as comic book-based superhero movies but differ in their storylines, climaxes, endings, and themes. Kick-Ass begins with the protagonist creating his own superhero identity, while Ant-Man starts with the backstory of its shrinking technology. The climaxes of the films also differ, with Kick-Ass focusing on helping an ally and Ant-Man showing a fight to rescue the protagonist's daughter. The endings also contrast, with one hinting at an upcoming villain and the other introducing a new superhero. Overall, the document analyzes how the films have visible contrasts
Gender and Mental Health - Counselling and Family Therapy Applications and In...PsychoTech Services
A proprietary approach developed by bringing together the best of learning theories from Psychology, design principles from the world of visualization, and pedagogical methods from over a decade of training experience, that enables you to: Learn better, faster!
The chapter Lifelines of National Economy in Class 10 Geography focuses on the various modes of transportation and communication that play a vital role in the economic development of a country. These lifelines are crucial for the movement of goods, services, and people, thereby connecting different regions and promoting economic activities.
LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UPRAHUL
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
This presentation was provided by Rebecca Benner, Ph.D., of the American Society of Anesthesiologists, for the second session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session Two: 'Expanding Pathways to Publishing Careers,' was held June 13, 2024.
A Visual Guide to 1 Samuel | A Tale of Two HeartsSteve Thomason
These slides walk through the story of 1 Samuel. Samuel is the last judge of Israel. The people reject God and want a king. Saul is anointed as the first king, but he is not a good king. David, the shepherd boy is anointed and Saul is envious of him. David shows honor while Saul continues to self destruct.
1. MESSAGES FROM THE PAST
CULTURE AND CIVILIZATION (FDES 0815)
REPORT COMPILATION OF
TEAM CHINA
LECTURERS:
MS IDA MARLINA MAZLAN AND MS SUFINA ABU BAKAR
GROUP LEADER:
SAW E SEAN
GROUP MEMBERS:
VANESSA TAN CHERILYN CHIA MAYCHEN MELVYN POH
OW XUN CONG HONG SHILIK TEOH JUN XIANG
2. Table of contents
no Title Pages
1 Introduction 1
2 Time line of the three kingdoms 1-4
3 The battle of red cliff 4-5
4 Languages of China 5
5 Social Hierarchy of China 5
6 Social Strata of the three kingdoms 6-8
7 Culture and tradition 9-12
8 History/Myths of three kingdoms 12-19
9 Administration 20
10 Architecture 21
11 Inspiration of movies 21-23
12 Our research characters in the battle of red cliff 24-27
13 Plot 28-29
14 The Key frames of the storyboards 29-32
15 Idea and sketches of costumes and props 32-33
16 The process of making costume 34-36
17 The process of making props 37-40
18 The props explanation 41-45
19 The script 46-52
20 Our video trailer and poster 53
21 Our padlet 54
22 Reflection 55
23 Reference link 56
3. Research report
Introduction
By the end of August, our lecturer’s Ms Ida and Ms Sufina gave a brief lecture on our
second project for culture and civilization. The project is about filming a 20 minutes
video that relates to history and culture of different countries. Each group are consists of
6 to 8 members. For our group, we have 8 members which consists of Saw E Sean,
Melvyn Poh, Teoh Jun Xiang, Maychen, Cherilyn, Vanessa, Ow and Shilik. Our group
chosen China as our focus to film the video. China has tons of history, after we gather and
brainstormed, we decided to choose the time line of Three kingdoms in the battle of the
red cliff as our main focus. We chose Three Kingdoms because of its well-known history
and interesting stories and characters. The Three kingdoms is an epic war between three
state which were Wei,Wu and Shu. The reasons for the war was because the emperor of
Wei wanted power to rule the whole land therefore went war against the kingdom of Wu
and Shu. In this report, we are ask to research on the time line . Culture, architecture,
languages, social strata,administration and plot of the country that we got it from.
Sketches of clothing and story line are also include in the report.
Time line of the three kingdoms
Year Major events
184 Yellow Turban Rebellion
189
Emperor Ling of Han dies;
Liu Bian is enthroned as Emperor Shao of Han;
Power struggle between He Jin and the Ten Eunuchs;
Dong Zhuo takes control of the imperial court and deposes Emperor Shao;
Liu Xie is enthroned as Emperor Xian of Han;
Lü Bu kills Ding Yuan and defects to Dong Zhuo
4. 190
Dong Zhuo murders the deposed Emperor Shao;
A coalition of warlords and regional officials launch a campaign against Dong
Zhuo
191
Battle of Jieqiao between Yuan Shao and Gongsun Zan;
Sun Jian is killed in action at the Battle of Xiangyang against Liu Biao
192 Lü Bu kills Dong Zhuo
193
Cao Cao invades Xu Province;
Battle of Yan Province between Cao Cao and Lü Bu
194
Sun Ce's conquests in Jiangdong begin;
Liu Bei succeeds Tao Qian as Governor of Xu Province
196
Cao Cao finds Emperor Xian of Han in the ruins of the old capital Luoyang and
brings him to Xuchang, where the new capital was established;
Lü Bu seizes control of Xu Province's capital Xiapi from Liu Bei
197
Battle of Wancheng between Cao Cao and Zhang Xiu;
Campaign against Yuan Shu begins
198 The combined forces of Cao Cao and Liu Bei defeat Lü Bu at the Battle of Xiapi
199
Yuan Shao eliminates Gongsun Zan in the Battle of Yijing;
Yuan Shu is defeated and dies in Shouchun;
Liu Bei seizes Xu Province from Cao Cao;
Cao Cao defeats Liu Bei and retakes Xu Province;
Guan Yu surrenders to Cao Cao and temporarily serves the latter
200
Sun Ce is assassinated;
Sun Quan succeeds Sun Ce as warlord of Jiangdong;
Battle of Guandu between Cao Cao and Yuan Shao
202 Cao Cao's campaigns to reunify northern China begin
203 Battle of Xiakou between Sun Quan and Liu Biao
207
Northern China is united under Cao Cao's control after the Battle of White Wolf
Mountain;
Zhuge Liang presents the Longzhong Plan to Liu Bei and comes to serve the
latter
208
Battle of Jiangxia between Sun Quan and Liu Biao;
Liu Cong surrenders Jing Province to Cao Cao;
Battle of Red Cliffs between Cao Cao and the combined forces of Liu Bei and
Sun Quan
211
Battle of Tong Pass between Cao Cao and a coalition force led by Ma
Chao and Han Sui;
Cao Cao's campaigns in northwestern China begin
212 Liu Bei's takeover of Yi Province begins
213
Emperor Xian of Han enfeoffs Cao Cao as "Duke of Wei" and grants him
the nine bestowments
5. 215
Liu Bei takes complete control of Yi Province from Liu Zhang;
Zhang Lu surrenders Hanzhong to Cao Cao after the Battle of Yangping;
Battle of Xiaoyao Ford between Cao Cao and Sun Quan
216 Emperor Xian of Han promotes Cao Cao to "King of Wei"
217
Liu Bei launches the Hanzhong Campaign against Cao Cao;
Battle of Ruxu between Cao Cao and Sun Quan
219
Liu Bei emerges victorious in the Hanzhong Campaign and declares himself
"King of Hanzhong";
Battle of Fancheng between the forces of Cao Cao and Liu Bei;
Lü Meng's invasion of Jing Province;
Guan Yu is captured and executed by Sun Quan
220
Cao Cao dies;
Cao Pi forces Emperor Xian of Han to abdicate the throne to him and ends
the Han Dynasty;
Cao Pi establishes the state of Wei;
Sun Quan becomes a vassal under Wei;
Start of the Three Kingdoms period
221 Liu Bei declares himself emperor and establishes the state of Shu
222
Liu Bei is defeated by Sun Quan's forces at the Battle of Xiaoting;
Sun Quan declares independence from Wei and rules as "King of Wu"
223
Liu Bei dies;
Liu Shan becomes emperor of Shu;
Shu and Wu reaffirm their alliance;
Battle of Jiangling between Wei and Wu
225 Zhuge Liang's Southern Campaign
226
Cao Pi dies;
Cao Rui becomes emperor of Wei
228
Zhuge Liang's Northern Expeditions begin;
Battle of Jieting between Wei and Shu;
Battle of Shiting between Wei and Wu
229 Sun Quan proclaims himself "Emperor of Wu"
234 Zhuge Liang dies at the Battle of Wuzhang Plains;
238 Sima Yi's Liaodong campaign
239
Cao Rui dies;
Cao Fang becomes emperor of Wei
245 Goguryeo–Wei War ends
247 Jiang Wei's Northern Expeditions begin
249 Sima Yi seizes power from Cao Shuang in the Incident at Gaoping Tombs
251 Wang Ling rebels in Wei
6. This is the summarize version of The three kingdoms period. It has a 100 years of history.
Most of the time was war and battle. Since the period was too long, we chose to focus on
the battle in red cliff.
The battle of red cliff
The Battle of Red Cliffs, otherwise known as the Battle of Chibi, was a decisive battle
fought at the end of the Han dynasty, about 12 years prior to the beginning of the Three
Kingdoms period in Chinese history. It was fought in the winter of 208/9 CE between the
allied forces of the southern warlords Liu Bei and Sun Quan and the numerically superior
forces of the northern warlord Cao Cao. Liu Bei and Sun Quan successfully frustrated
Cao Cao's effort to conquer the land south of the Yangtze River and reunite the territory
of the Eastern Han dynasty. The allied victory at Red Cliffs ensured the survival of Liu
Bei and Sun Quan, gave them control of the Yangtze, and provided a line of defence that
was the basis for the later creation of the two southern states of Shu Han and Eastern Wu.
252
Sun Quan dies;
Sun Liang becomes emperor of Wu;
Battle of Dongxing between Wei and Wu
254
Cao Fang is deposed by Sima Shi;
Cao Mao becomes emperor of Wei
255
Sima Shi has surgery to remove a tumor affecting his eyes;
Guanqiu Jian and Wen Qin rebel in Wei;
Sima Shi dies and leaves power in Sima Zhao's hands;
Battle of Didao between Wei and Shu
258
Zhuge Dan rebels in Wei and the revolt is suppressed;
Sun Liang is deposed by the regent Sun Chen;
Sun Xiu becomes emperor of Wu
260
Cao Mao is killed in a coup to seize back state power from Sima Zhao;
Cao Huan becomes emperor of Wei
263
Conquest of Shu by Wei;
Liu Shan, emperor of Shu, surrenders to Sima Zhao, ending the state of Shu;
Cao Huan names Sima Zhao Duke of Jin
264
Sima Zhao dies and is replaced by his son, Sima Yan;
Sun Xiu dies;
Sun Hao becomes emperor of Wu
265
Sima Yan forces Cao Huan to abdicate the throne to him and ends the state
of Wei;
Sima Yan founds the Jin Dynasty
280
Conquest of Wu by Jin;
End of the Three Kingdoms period
7. The images above shows the battle take place in red cliff
Languages in China
The Languages of China are the languages that are spoken by China's 56 recognized
ethnic groups. The predominant language in China, which is divided into seven major
dialect groups, is known as Hanyu(simplified Chinese: 汉语; traditional Chinese: 漢
語; pinyin: Hànyǔ). and its study is considered a distinct academic discipline in
China.Hanyu, or Han language, spans eight primary dialect groups, that differ from each
other morphologically and phonetically to such a degree that dialects from different
regions can often be mutually unintelligible. The languages most studied and supported
by the state include Chinese,Mongolian, Tibetan, Uyghur and Zhuang. China has
292 living languages according to Ethnologue.
Standard Chinese (known in China as Putonghua), a form of Mandarin Chinese, is the
official national spoken language for the mainland and serves as a lingua franca within
the Mandarin-speaking regions (and, to a lesser extent, across the other regions
of mainland China). Several other autonomous regions have additional official languages.
Language laws of China do not apply to either Hong Kong or Macau and hence have
different official languages (Cantonese, English and Portuguese) than the mainland. For
example, Tibetan has official status within the Tibet Autonomous Region and Mongolian
has official status within Inner Mongolia.
Social Hierarchy of ancient China
8. The diagram about shows the social hierarchy of ancient China where the Emperor has
the highest position and the slaves had the lowest status.
Social Strata of the three kingdoms.
The kingdom of Wu
Emperors (Sun Quan)
Sons/rulers (Sun Liang,Sun Xiu,Sun Hao)
Empress Lady Xie
Lady Xu
Lady Bu
Lady Wang.....
Advisors (Zhang Zhao,Zhang Hong, Zhou Yu)
Elders (Cheng Pu, Ding Feng,Han Dong,Huang Gai, Zhu Zhi,Lusu)
Integral generals (Sun Jian, Cheng Pu, Huang Gai, Han Dang, Zu Mao)
Regents (Sun Chen, Sun Jun,Zhuge Ke)
Peasants (Tenants farmers and landowner)
Artisan and craftsman (superior merchant)
Merchants
Wage laborers
Slaves
9. The Kingdom ofShu
Emperor (Liu Bei) (Liu Shan)
Liu Bei sons (Liu Deran),Liu Yong, Liu Li,Liu Feng
Empress Gan
Second wife (Lady Mi)
Third (Lady Sun)
Empress Wu(forth wife)
Imperial guard (Liu Xioing)
Important Advisors (Zhugeliang, Jiang Wan,Fei Yi,Dong Yun)
Advisors(Chen Deng,Chen Gui,Fa Zheng,Huang Hao,........)
Regent (General in Chief) and Eunuch (court official)
Impoortant Generals (Guan Yu, Zhang Fei,Zhao Yun,Ma Chai,Huang Zhong)
Generals (Chen Shi, Fei Guan,Fu Shiren.....)
Peasants (Tenants farmers and landowner)
Artisan and craftsman (superior merchant)
Merchants
Wage laborers
Slaves
10. The kingdom of Wei
Emperors (Cao Cao),
His sons and rulers
(Cao pi),(Cao Rui),(Cao Fang),(Cao Mao),(Cao Mao)
The empress (Lady Ding)(Empress Dowager Bian)
Concubine(Lady Liu)(Wang Zhaoyi)(Lady Huan)(Sunji)and many more........
Princess Anyang,Cao Xian, Cao Jie,Cao Hua, JinXiang (Cao Cao daughters)
Generals(Zhang liao, Yue Jin, Yu jin, Zhang He, Xu Huang)
Tiger riders(Cao Ren,Cao Hong,Cao Zhen,Cao Chun,Cao Xiu,Xiahou Dun,Xiahou
Yuan,Xiahou Shang)
9 courageous Advisors (Xun Yu,Xun You,Jia Xu,Guo Jia,Chneg Yu,Xi Zhicai,Liu Ye,
Jiang Ji,Sima Yi.)
Peasants (refuge, farmer)
Artisan and craftsman
Merchant
Slaves
11. Culture and tradition
Clothing
The second great change in ancient Chinese clothes occurred during the Wei (220-
265), Jin (265-420), Southern and Northern Dynasties (420-589) owing to the
northern ethnic groups' invasion into the Central Plain Area (the middle and lower
reaches of the Yellow River), when Hufu became the most commonly seen clothes with a
slight change in style, featuring narrow sleeves, a close-fitting yi and a slit shang. Another
type of Han Chinese Shenyi (深衣) commonly worn from the pre-Shang periods to the
Ming Dynasty. This form is known as the zhiju (直裾) and worn primarily by men. Two
traditional forms of ruqun (襦裙), a type of Han Chinese clothing worn primarily by
women. Cuffs and sleeves on the upper garment may be tighter or looser depending on
style. A short skirt or weighted braid (with weight provided by a jade or gold pendant) is
sometimes worn to improve aesthetics or comfort of the basic ruqun.
Tea Drinking Customs
As a sign of respect, in Chinese society, the younger generation shows respect to the
older generation by offering a cup of tea. Inviting and paying for their elders to go to
restaurants for tea is a traditional activity on holidays.
In the past, people of lower rank served tea to higher ranking people. Today, as
Chinese society becomes more liberal, parents may pour a cup of tea for their children, or
a boss may even pour tea for subordinates at restaurants. The lower ranking person
should not expect the higher ranking person to serve him or her tea in formal occasions,
however.
The Chinese make serious apologies to others by pouring them tea. This act is taken
as a sign of regret and submission.
In the traditional Chinese marriage ceremony, both the bride and groom kneel in front of
their parents and serve them tea as an expression of gratitude. The customary phrase
12. spoken to the parents during this ritual can be translated as "Thank you for bringing us
up. Now we are getting married. We owe it all to you." The parents will usually drink a
small portion of the tea and then give the couple a red envelope, which symbolizes good
luck.
The tea ceremony during weddings also serves as a means for both parties in the wedding
to meet with members of the other family. As Chinese families can be rather extended, it
is entirely possible during a courtship to not have been introduced to someone. This was
particularly true in older generations where the patriarch may have had more than one
wife and not all family members were always on good terms. As such, during the tea
ceremony, the couple would serve tea to all family members and call them by their
official title. Drinking the tea symbolized acceptance into the family. Refusal to drink
would symbolize opposition to the wedding and is quite unheard of since it would result
in a loss of "face". Older relations so introduced would give a red envelope to the
matrimonial couple while the couple would be expected to give a red envelope to younger
relations.
Poetry
Historical records indicate Cao Cao (155 – 220), the father of the well-known poets
Cao Pi (187 – 226) and Cao Zhi (192 – 232), was himself a brilliant ruler and poet. Cao
Pi is known for writing the first Chinese poem using seven syllables per line (七言詩),
the poem 燕歌行. Cao Zhi demonstrated his spontaneous wit at an early age and was a
favorite candidate for the throne; his brother Cao Pi quickly took control after their
father’s death and Cao Zhi was never allowed to enter politics. Instead, he devoted his
ability to Chinese literature and poetry, and surrounded himself with a group of poets and
officials with literary interests. The poems of Cao Zhi, Cao Cao, and Cao Pi were
representative of the solemn and stirring jian'an style (建安風骨), a transition from
earlier folksongs into scholarly poetry. Lament over the ephemerality of life was a central
theme of works from this period. More than 60 of the 90 poems by Cao Zhi still in
existence are five-character poems (五言詩), considered to have strongly influenced the
later development of five-character poetry.
13. Calligraphy
Part of the scroll for Admonitions of the Instructress to the Palace Ladies, a Tang
Dynasty duplication of the original by Gu Kaizhi.
In ancient China, painting and calligraphy were the most highly appreciated arts in court
circles and were produced almost exclusively by amateurs, aristocrats and scholar-
officials who had the leisure to perfect the technique and sensibility necessary for great
brushwork. Calligraphy was considered the highest and purest form of painting. The
implements were the brush pen, made of animal hair, and black inks, made from pine soot
and animal glue. Writing as well as painting was done on silk until the invention of paper
in the first century. Original writings by famous calligraphers have been greatly valued
throughout China's history.
Seven Sages of the Bamboo Grove, an Eastern Jin (265-420) tomb painting from Nanjing,
now located in the Shaanxi Provincial Museum and Strolling About in Spring, by Zhan
Ziqian, artist of the Sui Dynasty (581–618).
Music
In ancient China is not all about wars, they also appreciate music. This can be shown
when military leaders like Zhou Yu and Cao Cao appreciating art and music as Zhou Yu
and ZhuGe Liang plays on their guqin to communicate with each other.
14. Religion
Influence of Buddhism
A Chinese Northern Wei Buddha Maitreya, 443 C.E. Buddhism arrived in China
around the first century C.E. (although some traditions tell of a monk visiting China
during Asoka's reign), and for the next seven centuries China became very active in the
development of Buddhist art, particularly in the area of statuary. Strong Chinese traits
were soon incorporated in Buddhist artistic expression.From the fifth to sixth century, the
Northern Dynasties, physically distant from the original sources of inspiration, developed
symbolic and abstract modes of representation with schematic lines. Their style is solemn
and majestic. The lack of corporeality of this art, and its distance from the original
Buddhist objective of expressing the pure ideal of enlightenment in an accessible,
realistic manner, progressed towards more the natural and realistic expression of Tang
Buddhist art.
History/Myths of three kingdom
184
Everything started from the Yellow Turban Rebellion. The power of Eastern Han dynasty
faced a lot of trouble due to the political and economical problem after the death in 105 of
the Emperor He.vA forced which lead by Zhang Jiao rised and attacked the government
of Eastern Han at 184.This incident cause the war era for almost 100 years.
During the Yellow Turban Rebellion, the prefecture of ”You” Province--- Liu Yan made
a notice to recruit army forced from people in the state.
At that time, Liu Bei, Guan Yu and Zhang Fei meet and formed a army forced
together.They also sworn as brother which Liu Bei be the big brother, Guan Yu be the
second and Zhang Fei be the third brother.Hence three of these brother help Liu Yan to
stop the rise of Yellow Turban forced.After the combination of all source of power,the
Yellow Turban Rebellion was finally end in 189.
15. 189
In the same year,Emperor Ling died, and there some conflict happen between the court
eunuchs for control of the imperial family.This incident cause He Jin and the Ten
Attendants all killed and give the chance for Dong Zuo to enter the Imperial court and
control it. Although this incident ended the century-long feud between the eunuchs and
the imperial family,however, this event prompted the invitation of Dong Zhuo to the
outskirts of Luoyang from the northwest boundary of China.
190
The control of Dong Zhuo in the imperial court cause a lot of troubles and hence cause
lots of people start to antipathy him. On 28 September, Dong Zhuo deposed Liu Bian
from the imperial Han throne in favor for Liu Xie.A combination forced to defeated Dong
Zhuo hence formed by Sun Jian,Yuan Shao,Cao Cao and lots of others.
Sun Jian Yuan Shao Cao Cao
191
The combination forced which name ”KwangTung Army” start to attack Dong Zhuo. The
attack forced Dong Zhuo to burn most of the area in Luo Yang and step back to Chang
An. The incident of “Three Heroes Combating Lü Bu” happen in the war also which Liu
Bei,Zhang Fei,Guan Yu three brothers fight the strongest fighter in Three Kingdoms ---
Lü Bu.
”KwangTung Army”
“Three Heroes Combating Lu Bu”
However, Due to some conflict between Cao Cao and Yuan Shao,”KwangTung Army”
disband at last.
16. 192
In the following year, Lü Bu assassinated Dong Zhuo.After Dong Zhuo dead,the imperial
court become a mess and all of the feudalists getting stronger.All of these formed the
Separatist warlords situation.
199
With the advantages of “Emperor to the nobility”,Cao Cao defeat most of the feudalists
and his power getting stronger.Same as Yuan Shao,after defeated GongSunZhan, he
amassed a large army and camped along the northern bank of the Yellow River.Both of
them formed two strongest power in the North China Plain at that time.
200
Both of the power started to clashed, and on the one of the most famous war in Three
Kingdoms History which is the Battle of Guandu. Cao Cao defeated Yuan Shao.
Battle of Guandu,Cao Cao vs Yuan Shao
In other story ,Sun Quan continue his father and brother power which is Sun Jian and Sun
Ce.He start to established his authorities with the help of his minister like Zhou Yu and
Lu Su.At that time he just 18 years old.
207
Cao Cao achieved complete dominance of the North China Plain.He now controlled
China's heartland, including Yuan Shao's former territory, and half of the Chinese
population.
Cao Cao forced(Blue) after defeated Yuan Shao
17. 208
Sun Quan now held control over the territories south of the Yangtze. Nevertheless, he
would soon come under the threat of Cao Cao's larger armies.
At the Autumn in this year,The Governor of Jing Province---Liu Biao passes away. and
was succeeded by his youngest son Liu Zong over the eldest son Liu Ji through political
maneuvering.
At that time,Liu Bei faced a lot of defeated and flee away from Cao Cao domination with
his followers.He come to the power of Liu Biao. At that time, Liu Bei had become the
head of the opposition to a surrender when Cao Cao's army marched southward to
Jing.Liu Zong surrender to Cao Cao and hence Cao Cao take control of the Jing
Province.After that,Liu Bei retreated and sought support from Sun Quan.
Cao Cao occupied the naval base at Jiangling on the Yangtze River.He would now begin
proceeding eastwards towards Sun Quan with his armies and new fleet, while sending
messengers to demand Sun Quan's surrender.
In other story, “Three Humble Visits to a Thatched Cottage” also happen at that time.This
is the incidents where Liu Bei and his other two brothers Guan Yu and Zhang Fei visit
Zhu Ge Liang for three times to invited him to enter his power.Zhu Ge Liang which
named as the most intelligent people in Three Kingdoms History state the “Longzhong
policy” to Liu Bei.This policy impact a lot for China to go through the path of Three
Kingdoms .
Battle of Red Cliffs
Zhou Yu
One of the most famous and important war in Three Kingdoms History.To fight with Cao
Cao which having the most power at that time,Zhu Ge Liang advice Liu Bei to cooperate
with Sun Quan .Zhu Ge Liang get help from his friend that under Sun Quan forced ---Lu
Su to meet up with Sun Quan.After the persuade of Zhu Ge Liang and advice of Lu
Su,Sun Quan decided to combine forced with Liu Bei.With the active perform of some
general of Liu Bei and Sun Quan especially Zhou Yu the Captaincy for this
battle,Combination of Liu-Sun get a big win on Cao Cao forced in the Battle of Red
18. Cliffs.The Fire Plan by Liu-Sun side sucessed to forced Cao Cao to retreat back to the
North. The allied victory at Red Cliffs ensured the survival of Liu Bei and Sun Quan, and
provided the basis for the states of Shu and Wu.
209
After the Battle of Red Cliff, the Three Kingdoms started to slowly appear. Liu Bei 刘备
and Shun Quan 孙权 started to conquer different parts of Jingzhou separately.
211
Liu Bei accepted the invitation of Liu Zhang 刘璋 to visit Yi province to assist Liu
Zhang against the invasion from the North of Yi province.
Officials in Liu Zhang’s court wised that Liu Bei could replace Liu Zhang as the ruler of
Yi province. This was because Liu Zhang was considered unfit to rule such a big territory
as he was not visionary and spent most of his time drawing rather than paying attention to
his administrative duties.
A few conflicts occurred which were mainly caused by the widespread rumours of the
officials in Liu Zhang’s court. They rumoured that Liu Bei may seize control over Yi
province and encouraged Liu Zhang to attack Liu Bei.
The conflict turned into a war in which Liu Bei’s military strategist 庞统 Pang Tong was
killed. In revenge, Liu Bei pledged war and controlled Yi province.
Meanwhile, Cao Cao from the North started attacking and conquered lands all the way to
the South, threatening Liu Bei in the South.
Cao Cao progressively increased his titles and power under the puppet Emperor Xian. He
became the Chancellor in 208, the Duke of Wei in 214, and the King of Wei in 217
庞统 Pang Tong
19. 214
Sun Quan 孙权 and Cao Cao 曹操 fought each other over the years to gain more
territory. As they were unsuccessful, Sun Quan turned his attention to the West. He
realised Liu Bei’s territory increased tremendously. He sent Lu Meng to capture some of
Lu Bei’s territory. Liu Bei reacted with another counterattack led by Guan Yu. After the
event, both sides negotiated peacefully.
Liu Bei and
Liu
Zhang
219
This year, Liu Bei seized control over Hanzhong and claimed himself as King of
Hanzhong. Throughout the years, Sun Quan’s officer, Lu Su maintained peace with Liu
Bei’s forces. As such, Jingzhou still remained under Liu Bei’s rule. However, all that
changed when Lu Su was succeeded by Lu Meng. He launched an attack towards Guan
Yu in Jingzhou to reclaim Jingzhou. Guan Yu was defeated and his army surrended. Lu
Meng executed Guan Yu without the permission of Sun Quan.
220
At the beginning of 220, Cao Cao died and was succeeded by his son Cao Pi. He
proclaimed himself as the Emperor of Wei. Liu Bei responded by proclaiming himself as
the Emperor of Han on May 15 221. Sun Quan however claimed himself as the King Of
Wu.As such, the three kingdoms were officially formed.
20. 221-223
At the end of 221, Shu invaded Wu in response for Guan Yu's killing and the loss of Jing
Province by Wu’s conquest. Guan Yu was Liu Bei’s sworn brother. As such, Liu Bei’s
anger made him irrational and he himself led his army to attack Wu of the East.
Sun Quan dispatched Lu Xun to command over the defense of Wu against the invasion
by Shu.
Lu Xun defended Wu and defeated Han in a series of victories. In 223, Liu Bei retreated
to Bodi and he passed away with regret. He asked Zhuge Liang to take care of his child,
Liu Shan and the government of Shu.
Shu and Wu resumed their diplomatic relations by re-establishing peace and alliance in
the winter of 223.
Liu Bei’s irrational act of attacking Wu resulted in most of Shu’s funds and wealth
depleted drastically. Shu’s power was weakening.
224-225
During his southward campaigns, Zhuge Liang conquered the southern territories up to
Lake Dian in Yunnan.
226
Cao Pi died (aged 40) and was succeeded by his eldest son Cao Rui (aged 22). Sima Yi,
one of the elder generals was appointed to help Cao Rui in his duties as the Emperor of
Wei. Sima Yi was a successful military strategists and he helped Wei conquer vast lands.
Zhuge Liang
21. 227-234
Zhuge Liang led the Shu army to attack Wei of the North as he believed that it was the
perfect time to conquer the North and unify China. Zhuge Liang almost won a few wars,
however, supply problems limited the capacity for success. The Shu army retreated and
withdrew in the end. Zhuge Liang tried his best to fulfil the wish of his former master,
Liu Bei, which is to restore the glory of the Han dynasty. However, the failures of the
Northern conquest made him ill and weak. He died at 234.
235-238
In 238, Cao Rui perished at age 35. He was succeeded by his adopted son Cao Fang
(aged 7), who was a close member of the imperial family.
238-late 230s
Tensions between the Cao clan as well the Sima clan in the imperial court rose and
escalated. Factionalism was evident between the Cao family as well as Sima Yi. As Sima
Yi was a capable strategist and politician, he helped prevent rebellions. Little by little, the
Sima clan was in control of the imperial court.
258
After the death of Zhuge Liang, the Kingdom of Shu was near its end. Corruption rose
and the kingdom could not improve its conditions although there were some attempts
mad by Zhuge Liang’s successors.
260
Cao Huan succeeded the throne of Wei after Cao Mao was killed by Sima Zhao, Sima
Yi’s son. Soon after, Sima Zhao died and he was succeeded by his son Sima Yan.
263
Wei launched 3 attacks on Shu. The Shu army was forced to retreat and in the end,
Emperor Liu Shan surrendered after the capital Chengdu fell. The state of Shu had come
to an end after 43 years.
264-280
Sima Yan seized the throne from Cao Mao. He overthrew the Wei dynasty and
established the Jin dynasty in 264. Following Sun Quan’s death, the throne was
succeeded by Sun Liang in 252. Later, the throne was succeeded by Sun Xiu and Sun Hao
respectively. In the winter of 279, Sima Yan launched 5 simultaneous attacks on Wu. The
Wu collapsed and fell in the third month of 280. At last, the Three Kingdoms period
ended.
22. Administrations
KINGDOM CAO WEI Bureaucracy
The system of government in Wei inherited many aspects from that of the Eastern Han
dynasty. During his reign, Cao Pi established two separate government bodies - the
Central Inspectorate (中書監) and the Mobile Imperial Secretariat (行尚書臺) — to
reduce the authority of the Imperial Secretariat (尚書臺) and consolidate the power of the
central government. During this time, the minister Chen Qun developed the nine-rank
system for civil service nomination, which was adopted by later dynasties until it was
superseded by the imperial examination system in the Sui dynasty. Cao Pi felt that the
Han dynasty collapsed because the Governors (州牧) of the various provinces wielded
too much power and fell out of the control of the central government. He reduced the role
of a Governor to that of an Inspector (刺史), and permitted the Inspectors to administer
only civil affairs in their respective provinces, while military affairs were handled by
military personnel based in regional offices or in the capital. The leader (中领军) &
Zhong Hu Jun (中护军) controls the central military. They appoint Generals of the North,
South, East & West during wartime.
KINGDOM SHU HAN Bureaucracy
Shu Wei did not implement the kind of Nine Bureaucracy like Cao Wei, therefore its
bureaucracy is similar to the Eastern Han Dynasty.
Head of ministers: Prime Minister
The ministers in Shu Wei uses the Han system, so their names follow their ranking
amongst the officers. Three departments of Lang: LangJiang, Central LangJiang,
Left&right LangJiang.
KINGDOM EASTERN WU Bureaucracy
DongWu’s central bureaucracy is similar to Shu Han & Cao Wei. The prime minister is
also the head of all the ministers, only manage routines in the government but not
involved inmajor government decisions. The military advisor, Auxiliary and Elliott are
under the Prime minister. Important roles in the politics is the Grand Marshall, the great
general, etc. JeonNong Comander is in charged of military foods and does not belong to
the Dasinong, which differs from the Wei System. The prince’s 4 friends are officers
Zhuofu, Youbi, Puzheng, Yizheng. The prince’s guests are Shuzi, Zhong Shuzi, Officer
Puyi. Military Officers are made up of the leading generals, left and right leader, central
Hujun ,left and right Hujun, the Code army, left and right Code army. There are Fu Jun
general, Southern, Northen, Western generals, but no Eastern generals, there Pingnan
general, Pingxi general, Pingbei generals but no Pingdong generals.
23. Architecture
In this report, we research on the architecture of ancient China, basically the architecture
during the tree kingdom period. Ancient Chinese architecture is mainly timber work.
Wooden posts, beams, lintels and joists make up the framework of a house. Walls serve
as the separation of rooms without bearing the weight of the whole house, which is
unique to China. As a famous saying goes, 'Chinese houses will still stand when their
walls collapse.' The specialty of wood requires antisepsis methods to be adopted, thus
develops into Chinese own architectural painting decoration. Colored glaze roofs,
windows with exquisite applique design and beautiful flower patterns on wooden pillars
reflect the high-level of the craftsman's handicraft and their rich imagination.
The layout of a courtyard complex is also unique to China. The main structure is located
on the central axis of a court while less-important structures are located to the left and right.
The whole layout is symmetrical. Compared with European architectural style which is
open and shut, a courtyard is like a hand scroll of painting which should be unfolded little
by little. The scenery is different in each courtyard. Even in moving several steps within
the court yard, you will be surprised at the changing of prospects. Likewise from the interior
of the buildings the view from no two windows is the same.
Intricate painted ceiling of a pavilion Symmetrical layout of a courtyard
Inspiration of movies
Red Cliff (2008-2009)
24. Red Cliff is a Chinese epic war film from 2008-2009, based on the Battle of Red
Cliffs (208–209 AD) and the events at the end of the Han dynasty and immediately prior
to the Three Kingdoms period in ancient China. The film was directed by John Woo, In
the summer of 208, towards the end of the Eastern Han dynasty, the Chancellor, Cao Cao,
leads the imperial army on a campaign to eliminate the southern warlords Sun
Quan and Liu Bei, whom he denounces as "rebels". Emperor Xian reluctantly approves
the campaign. Cao Cao's mighty army swiftly conquers Jing Province. The Battle of
Changban is ignited when Cao Cao's cavalry starts attacking civilians on an exodus led
by Liu Bei. During the battle, Liu Bei's followers, including his sworn brothers Guan
Yu and Zhang Fei, give an excellent display of their combat skills by holding off the
enemy while buying time for the civilians to retreat. The warrior Zhao Yun fights bravely
to rescue Liu Bei's entrapped family but only succeeds in rescuing Liu's infant son.
Following the battle, Liu Bei's advisor, Zhuge Liang, goes on a diplomatic mission
to Jiangdong to form an alliance between his lord and Sun Quan against Cao Cao. Sun
Quan was initially in the midst of a dilemma of whether to surrender or fight back, but his
decision to resist Cao Cao hardens after Zhuge Liang's clever persuasion and a
subsequent tiger hunt with his viceroy Zhou Yu and his sister Sun Shangxiang.
Meanwhile, Cai Mao and Zhang Yun, two naval commanders from Jing Province, pledge
allegiance to Cao Cao, who puts them in command of his navy.
After the hasty formation of the Sun–Liu alliance, the forces of Liu Bei and Sun Quan
call for a meeting to formulate a plan to counter Cao Cao's army, which is rapidly
advancing towards their base at Red Cliff from both land and water. The battle begins
with Sun Shangxiang leading some riders to lure Cao Cao's vanguard force into the
allies' Bagua Formation. The vanguard force is defeated by the allies but Cao Cao shows
no disappointment and proceeds to lead his main army to the riverbank directly opposite
Red Cliff, where they make camp. While the allies throw a banquet to celebrate their
victory, Zhuge Liang conceives a plan to send Sun Shangxiang on an espionage mission
to Cao Cao's camp. They maintain contact by sending messages via a pigeon. The film
ends with Zhou Yu lighting his miniaturised battleships on a map based on the battle
formation. While in the second part is the main battle of the red cliff where alliance of
Shu and Han plan to attack Cao Cao’ army with fire. Unfortunately, the wind is going in
wrong direction that will cause the fire to react in their disadvantage. But Zhu GeLiang
knew how the whole atmosphere works and he knew when would the wind change.
Hence he told General Zhou Yu that he has the abilities to change the wind direction.
When the time is right, he wave his fan and the wind change. The alliance charge to
attack Cao Cao’s army base. In the end Cao Cao’s army was defeated and Cao Cao were
ask to go back where he came from.
25. Three Kingdom (TV series)
Three Kingdoms is a Chinese television series based on the events in the late Eastern Han
dynasty and the Three Kingdoms period. The plot is based on Luo Guanzhong's classical
novel Romance of the Three Kingdoms, the historical text Records of the Three
Kingdoms, and other related stories. Although it is a TV series that explain the whole era
of the three kingdoms, we chose the series where they fought the battle in red cliff. This
is where our role plays are related to that moment. Their story of battling in red cliff has a
slight difference comparing to the Red Cliff film. The story is that after the defeat of Cao
Cao, Cao Cao tried to escape but Zhuge Liang order Guan Yu and his army to wait and
ambush him. When Cao Cao and Guan Yu met, he knew he will lose to Guan Yu’s army
but his advisers advice him that in the past Cao Cao has help Guan Yu a lot. In
persuasion, Guan Yu allowed him to pass and escape because Guan Yu is a fair and kind
person.
26. Our research characters in the battle of red cliff
1. Cherilyn Chia
I will be role-playing a character from the Three Kingdoms of ancient China which is Lu
Su courtesy name Zijing, was a politician, diplomat and military general serving under
the warlord Sun Quan in the late Eastern Han dynasty. He was recommended by Zhou
Yu as a talent to Sun Quan in 200 CE when Sun had just taken over the reins of power
from his elder brother and predecessor. Through the research on his costume, Lu Su
wears blue or black shirts most of the times to show his intelligence and kindness.
2. Chang May Chen
I will be role-playing a character from the Three Kingdoms of ancient China which is Zhu
ge Liang, courtesy name Kong Ming, was a chancellor of the state of Shu Han during
the Three Kingdoms period. He is recognised as the greatest and most accomplished
strategist of his era, and has been compared to another great ancient Chinese
strategist, Sun Tzu. The costumes that Zhu GeLiang wear is white in color. It is because
the white represent his calmness and peace. It is also showed that his intelligence is
through his calm state of mind.
27. 3. Hong Shi Lik
I will be role-playing a character from the Three Kingdoms of ancient China which is
Zhou Yu, courtesy name Gongjin, was a military general and strategist serving under the
warlord Sun Ce in the late Eastern Han dynasty. He continued serving under Sun Quan,
Sun Ce's younger brother and successor, after Sun Ce died in 200 CE. Around late 208,
the northern warlord Cao Cao led his forces south with the intention of conquering the
Jiangdong region, where Sun Quan's territories were based, but was defeated by Sun's
forces under Zhou Yu's command at the decisive Battle of Red Cliffs. Zhou Yu served as
the frontline commander of Sun Quan's forces at the Battle of Jiangling and defeated Cao
Cao's forces again. Zhou Yu's victories helped to solidify the survivability of Sun Quan's
regime, which would serve as the foundation of the state of Eastern Wu in the Three
Kingdoms period (220–280). He died in 210 at a relatively young age of 35 while
preparing for a conquest of the Bashu region (covering present-day Sichuan and
Chongqing). The character of Zhou Yu costumes shows crimson and black. Its a sign of
dominance and power.
4. Vanessa Tan
I will be role-playing a character from the Three Kingdoms of ancient China which is
Xiao Qiao who was married to the general Zhou Yu, who served Sun Ce and his
successor Sun Quan. Xiao Qiao costume does not really have a specific color, but through
her beauty and happiness, we decided to chose a light yellow color for her.
28. 5. Teoh Jun Xiang
I will be role-playing a character from the Three Kingdoms of ancient China which is Cao
Cao, courtesy name Mengde, he was a warlord and the penultimate Chancellor of
the Eastern Han dynasty who rose to great power in the final years of the dynasty. Cao
Cao costume also shows dominance because he is the supreme ruler of Kindom Wei. We
also chose red and black to match his fierceness and superiority.
6. Saw E Sean
I will be role-playing a character from the Three Kingdoms of ancient China which is
Huang Gai, courtesy name Gongfu, was a military general serving under the warlord
Sun Quan in the late Eastern Han dynasty. He previously served under Sun Quan's
predecessors – Sun Jian (Sun Quan's father) and Sun Ce (Sun Quan's elder brother). The
costume of Huang gai in that period was mostly brown and red. It is the color of their
Kindom Wu to show loyalty and bravery.
29. 7. Melvyn Poh
I will be role-playing a character from the Three Kingdoms of ancient China which is
Guan Yu, courtesy name Yun Chang, he was a general serving under the warlord Liu
Bei in the late Eastern Han dynasty. He played a significant role in the civil war that led
to the collapse of the dynasty and the establishment of the state of Shu Han – founded by
Liu Bei – in the Three Kingdoms period. Guan Yu famous of his green robe and his Green
Dragon Crescent Blade due to its righteousness and skill in combat.
8. Ow Xun Cong
I will be role-playing a character from the Three Kingdoms of ancient China which is Sun
Quan, courtesy name Zhong Mou, was the founder of the state of Eastern Wu during the
Three Kingdoms period. He ruled from 200-222 as the "Marquis of Wu", from 222 to 229
as the "King of Wu" and from 229 to 252 as the "Emperor of Wu". The Emperor Sun
Quan does not have a specific color, but we chose blue to show his intellect as an
emperor and a crown for his superiority.
30. Plot
Exposition
After Cao Cao appointed himself as the Chancellor of the Imperial Court, he led his army
to conquer the Southern state of Jingzhou. Fancheng as well as Jingzhou fell into the
hands of Cao Cao, and he only had to conquer Dong Wu to unite China. Lu Bei led his
people to seek refuge in the South and Cao Cao was ready to attack Dong Wu at Red
Cliff.
Rising Action
Lu Su, an official of Dong Wu, went to visit Zhuge Liang to discuss about the formation
of an alliance between Liu Bei and his lord, Sun Quan. As their forces were weak, Lu Su
suggested that they work together to defeat Cao Cao. The Marquis of Dong Wu, Sun
Quan, was still indecisive on whether to attack or surrender To Cao Cao. Zhuge Liang
was successful in persuading Sun Quan in forming an alliance. When preparing for the
war, Zhou Yu and Zhuge Liang faced some difficulties, such as the lack of arrows and the
conditions of the weather. However, Zhuge Liang’s intelligence and knowledge helped
them solved every problem. On the other hand, Cao Cao felt confident in winning the
battle. Just before the war, Xiao Qiao, Zhou Yu’s wife appeared in Cao Cao’s camp to
persuade him to end the war. As Cao Cao admired her for a long time, Xiao Qiao
attempted to distract him and give the alliance more time to attack Cao Cao’s army.
Climax
The battle of Red Cliff started off with Huang Gai’s ship burning the navy ships of Cao
Cao. Cao Cao’s army was unprepared as the enemy made full use of the weather to attack
him first. The alliance attacked Cao Cao’s army using fire, resulting in a massive fire that
instantly burned all his ships.
31. Falling Action
The alliance won the battle of Red Cliff. Cao Cao and his men fled away to Hua Rong
Road, only to see Guan Yu blocking their way. Cao Cao persuaded Guan Yu emotionally
by stating that he helped Guan Yu escaped before and so Guan Yu should do the same.
Guan Yu, a warrior who emphasized on loyalty and morality, felt guilty and eventually,
he let Cao Cao escaped.
Denouement
After the great battle, both Zhou Yu and Zhuge Liang talked about current affairs. They
both acknowledged that they we will be enemies one day in the chaotic situation of the
Three Kingdoms.
The key frames of the storyboards
32. Explanation of the storyboard
1st Scene
Cao Cao dominated the North of China and Planning to rule the whole China.
Lu Su comes to meet Zhu Ge Liang about combination forces of Liu Bei and Sun Quan to
fight Cao Cao.
2nd Scene
Lu Su brings Zhu Ge Liang to meet Sun Quan. He convince Sun Quan for combination
but Sun Quan still can’t make up his mind.
Zhou Yu comes in and successfully convince Sun Quan to join the army to fight.
3rd Scene
Zhou Yu and Zhu Ge Liang meet and talk about the arrows issue. Zhu Ge Liang promise
that he will prepare 100 thousand arrows in 3 days. Zhou Yu agreed to lend him 20 boats.
Zhu Ge Liang then invited Lu Su for a boat ride.
A thick ,ist had spread over the surface of the river. The people could hardly see each
other on the river.
Zhu Ge Liang
Zhu Ge Liang ordered his soldiers to shout and beat drums to fake an attack. Zhu Ge
Liang and Lu Su just sat on the boat and drink wine together.
Cao Cao ‘s armies saw the enemies boat, but they can’t really see them clearly, so they
gathered 3000 bowmen to shoot the arrows.
33. All those arrows were shot to the scarecrow that was plan by Zhu Ge Liang. Zhu Ge
Liang ask the boats to go back to base. They compiled and collected more than 100,000
arrows.
4th Scene
In their meeting, Huang Gai came out the idea to surrender to Cao Cao and then try to
burn Cao Cao boat when he pretend to surrender to him. However, Zhou Yu realize that
the wind direction is not suitable for fire attack.
Zhu Ge Liang said that he can change the wind direction by prepare a 7 altar.
5th Scene
Zhou Yu worry that the wind direction could not change in time before Cao Cao starts to
attack the Sun Quan camp. Xiao Qiao came to meet Zhou Yu and said that she will delay
Cao Cao until the wind direction change.
Zhou Yu disagreed because he thinks that it si dangerous for Xiao Qiao to enter the
enemy camp alone.
6th Scene
Zhou Yu pretend to hit Huang Gai in public, so that Cao Cao will receive the message
that Huang Gai is currently unhappy at Sun Quan side.
7th Scene
Cao Cao receive the letter from Huang Gai that he wants to join Cao Cao forced. Cao Cao
do not trust Huang Gai at first until he heard somebody said that Zhou Yu hit Huang Gai
in public.
8th Scene
Zhou Yu came back and realize that Xiao Qiao already leave to meet Cao Cao. She wrote
a letter to Zhou Yu.
9th Scene
Although he felt depressed, but Zhou Yu still do his job by leading the army through to
prepare for the battle.
10th Scene
Zhu Ge Liang start the action to call the wind.
11th Scene
Xiao Qiao came to meet Cao Cao and delayed his time. Suddenly, the wind direction
changed. His soldiers came to report to Cao Cao. Cao Cao was shocked and went out to
see the situation.
34. 12th and 13th Scene
Cao Cao side start to panic, and at that time Huang Gai boat is coming, Cao Cao thought
that he came to surrender. When the boat came near Huang Gai light the fire. Cao Cao
camp start to burn.
14th Scene
Cao Cao realize that he is in trouble and he started to run away, Huang Gai chase Cao
Cao but get hit by Cao Cao army with arrows, hence an explosion blew him away. Sun
Quan witness the situation and ask the troop to keep going.
16th and 17th Scene
Huang Gai woke up in the army camp, he ask Han Dang that does the team win the battle,
Han Dang said yes and he shout due to his happiness;
Lu Su worry that Cao Cao will run away, he went to talk to Shu Ge Liang. Zhu Ge
Liang said that he already sent some people to stop Cao Cao. Lu Su clap that Cao Cao’s
life has finally came to the end, but Zhu Ge Liang still not sure about that.
17th and 18th Scene
After Cao Cao run away from the Sun-Liu army, he meets Guan Yu. Guan Yu defeats all
Cao Cao remaining troops. They met and started talking. In the end, Guan Yu let Cao Cao
free.
After the battle between Sun-Liu army and Cao Cao army, Zhou Yu said this victory is
just the starting, he knows one day he will faces Liu Bei army and Zhu Ge Liang. Zhu Ge
Liang also knows that and he starts to think about the future.
Idea and sketches of costumes and props
Before we start making the props and costumes, we brainstorm and research on all the
costumes and weapons. We draw it out and state what materials are suitable for the props
and costumes.
35. After we drew it out and colored out drawings, we started label the drawings that what
materials will be use for each costumes and props. We labeled numbering on different
color cloth. We also cut our some drawings to make the paper dolls.
36. The process of making costume
In the beginning We use the Majiok paper to cut out the size of the collar before start doing
the costume.
After that, let the group members try the “Majiok Paper Costume” and take down the
sizes form each of them.
Next, measure the height from each of them. The height and width will determine their
own costume sizes.
37. we used masking tape to mark down the size of the shoulder.
We started to cut the cloth according the sizes.
We try the half complete costume to confirm the sizes.
38. We finish the costume and ask the group members to try it on but we still done some
touch up such as add colours and patterns.
This is all our group members we took a group photos without wearing the costumes but
one of the group members tried it on first.
This is the final outcome of our costume design. We took a group photo to show our
costumes and some props.
39. Process of making props
In the beginning we brought and used a lot of recycle card boards to make our props.
Next, we research on the design and history of the props.
We measure the width of every member’s head sizes and starting cutting the card boards.
40. After cutting out the card boards, we started shaping the hats. We also sticks color papers
for the props.
Later we add some final touches to the hat design.
We also paint the hats with water color.
41. We also cut out a boat like shape from the card boards. We painted it so it looks more like
a boat.
Besides that, we also measure the size of the weapons and cut it out.
This is the final outcome of the blade
42. We also tried to make beards by cutting out the parcel strings. Due to its smell from the
black spray and weight, we decided to use black plastic bag instead.
This is the final outcome of the beard by using black plastic bag.
In the end we put all the props into a box for safe keeping.
43. The props explanation
A jue is a shape of Chinese ritual bronze, a tripod vessel or goblet used to serve or warm
wine. It was used for ceremonial purposes by the Chinese of the Xia, Shang,
and Zhou dynasties. Often the jue had a handle, sometimes in the shape of a dragon. It also
has two protuberances on the top of the vessel, which were probably used when lifting the
vessel out of heat.
A helmet that wore by Huang Gai who was a military general serving under the
warlord Sun Quan in the late Eastern Han dynasty.
Bronze Jians and Daos, as well as steel Jians, are completely replaced by steel Daos.
Forge-welding (using higher carbon steel for the cutting edge and lower carbon steels for
the core or sandwich plates, depending on the design) introduced, a standardized process
for later Chinese blades for almost 2,000 years.
44. Map of Jingzhou or Jing Province was one of the Nine Provinces of ancient China
referenced in Chinese historical texts such as the Tribute of Yu, Erya and Rites of Zhou. It
became an administrative division during the reign of
Emperor Wu in the Western Han dynasty.
A hat that wore by Lu Su who was a politician, diplomat and military general serving
under the warlord Sun Quan in the late Eastern Han dynasty. He was recommended
by Zhou Yu as a talent to Sun Quan.
A helmet that wore by Zhou Yu who was a military general who lived in the late Eastern
Han dynasty and early Three Kingdoms period. He the Viceroy of Kingdom Wu and the
spouse of Xiao Qiao
45. A hat that wore by Cao Cao who was a warlord and the penultimate Chancellor of
the Eastern Han dynasty who rose to great power in the final years of the dynasty.
A king crown that wore by Sun Quan who was formally known as Emperor Da of
Wu "Great Emperor of Wu", was the founder of the state of Eastern Wu during
the Three Kingdoms period. He ruled as the "Emperor of Wu".
A hat that wore by Zhuge Liang who was a chancellor of the state of Shu Han during
the Three Kingdoms period. He is recognised as the greatest and most accomplished
strategist of his era, and has been compared to another great ancient Chinese
strategist, Sun Tzu.
46. A hat that wore by Guan Yu who was the General of state Shu Han during the Three
Kingdom period. He is reconised as one of the greatest and righteous general of his era.
A sword that use by the Emperor of Wu who is Sun Quan.
Zhuge Liang often depicted wearing a robe and holding a hand fan made of crane
feathers.
47. A legendary sword that was used by Mighty General Guan Yu. This blade or pole arm
was feared by many enemies.
Bow that use by the army which made by wood while for the arrow, the front part was
made by steel.
This is a typical wooden boats for the army or people to travel on water.
48. The script
Script of The Battle of RedCliff
In 208 B.C, Cao Cao appointed himself as the Chancellor of the Imperial Court. After
unifying the Northern parts of China, he led his army to conquer the Southern state of
Jingzhou. Liu Bei adhered to Zhugeliang’s decision to abandon Fancheng and lead his
refugee population of civilians and soldiers to Jiangling, Jing Province. At that time, Li
Biao, the Governor of Jing Province died and his youngest son, Li Cong succeeded him.
His eldest son, Liu Qi, assumed a commandery in Jiangxia. Liu Bei led his people to Liu
Cong’s city and begged him to allow his people to seek refuge in the city. However, he
was rejected by Liu Cong. Liu Cong later surrendered to Cao Cao and Jing Province was
under Cao Cao’s control. Desperate, Liu Bei travelled south to seek refuge in Jiangxia.
Cao Cao’s army attacked Liu Bei which resulted in high numbers of casualties. Although
a lot of people advised him to abandon his people, Liu Bei was persistent that he would
not abandon his people.
Scene 1
Lu Su: Are you Zhuge Liang?
Zhuge Liang: Apparently, I am. May I ask what is the reason for Lu Su to come here all
the way from Dong Wu?
Lu Su: Cao Cao’s massive army has invaded Jing Province, and his next target must be
Jiangdong. We can’t depend on our own forces to defeat Cao Cao. Moreover, there is a
difference in opinion among the court officials as the military officials are for war and the
civil officials are against war. Our lord is also indecisive in this matter.
Zhuge Liang: So, what’s your idea regarding this matter?
Lu Su: I definitely do not want the late Sun Jian’s works and accomplishments to
disappear just like that. I came here to ask your lord, Liu Bei, to form an alliance with our
forces to increase the chances of defeating Cao Cao. Therefore, I intend on using this
reason to advice my lord, Sun Quan to not give up on the accomplishments of our
ancestors.
Zhuge Liang: Lu Su’s thoughts are similar to mine. I will inform my lord about this
matter.
Lu Su: Very well, I sure hope that Zhugeliang can come to our land and persuade our
marquis regarding this matter.
Zhuge Liang: Promise!
Scene 2
(The next day, Zhou Yu had a discussion with Sun Quan.)
Sun Quan: Gong Jin, Cao Cao’s massive army are keen on conquering Jiangdong. If we
are to face his army, I’m afraid that we don’t have the power to do so. If we are to
surrender, it means that we are giving up on the accomplishments of our ancestors. What
must I do?
Zhou Yu: Cao Cao’s forces may be strong, however…
(At this time, Lu Su brought Zhuge Liang to meet Sun Quan and Zhou Yu.)
Lu Su: Gong Jin, you are here as well? Good! Cao Cao’s massive army intend on
attacking Jiang Dong. Do you think we should go to war or surrender?
49. (Zhou Yu took a look at Zhuge Liang and said)
Zhou Yu: Cao Cao used the Emperor’s name to attack us. Moreover, his army is too
strong and we will definitely lose the battle. As such, I intend on advising our lord to
surrender.
Lu Su: How can this be accepted? We should go to war, and not think about surrendering
like a coward! My lord, we should form an alliance with Liu Bei and defeat Cao Cao
together!
Zhou Yu: The truth does not lie, we should surrender!
(Zhugeliang, who sat at the side, gave a cold laugh)
Zhou Yu: Why are you laughing?!
Zhuge Liang: I’m laughing at Lu Su for not recognising the truth. I have an idea: We just
need two people toallow Cao Cao’s army to retreat. Cao Cao wanted to get the two most
beautiful women in Dong Wu, who are Da Qiao and Xiao Qiao. If we send both of them
to him, Cao Cao will allow his army to retreat.
Zhou Yu: Cao Cao you scrupulous thief! Don’t you know, Da Qiao is General Sun Ce’s
wife and Xiao Qiao is my wife?
Zhuge Liang (Who pretended to be fightened): Zhou Yu… I’m so..so..sorry, I shouldn’t
have gave such an unwise remark.
Zhou Yu: Haha, I was just testing you just now. Actually, I wanted to defeat Cao Cao long
ago. Cao Cao’s army are not good at sea warfare and this may be beneficial to us. If we
form the Sun-Liu alliance, we can defeat Cao Cao.
Zhuge Liang: With your words, I, Kong Ming, will feel assured.
(Sun Quan gave a long and deep thought)
(The next morning, Sun Quan held a court conference)
Sun Quan: My beloved officials, are there any issues to be brought up and discussed?
Zhou Yu: My lord, Dong Wu is facing a threat from Cao Cao’s army. I believe that he
army of Wu has an advantage and I am willing to sacrifice my life to defeat the enemies.
Civil official: My lord, I object. Even though Liu Bei is willing to help us, we still…
Sun Quan: (Cuts the table using his sword) Whoever brings up the issue of surrendering
to Cao Cao, his head will have the same consequences as this table!
Scene 3
Zhou Yu: Zhuge Liang, if we are to fight Cao Cao’s army, which will be our weapon of
choice?
Zhuge Ling: The most obvious choice will be arrows as the war will take place on the
river.
Zhou Yu: Zhuge Liang’s thinking is similar to mine. As such, I would like to ask you to
make ten thousand arrows to act as our weapon during the war. As this is an official task,
I hope that you would not have any objections.
Zhuge Liang: I will fulfil the General’s tasks. May I ask when should the arrows be
completed?
Zhou Yu: In ten days.
Zhuge Liang: If we wait for ten days, we may miss a few opportunities during the war. In
my suggestion, I think it will take us three days the most to complete the task.
Zhou Yu: There are no jokes in the military!
50. Zhuge Liang: If I fail to deliver ten thousand arrows in three days, I will be punished.
(As such, Zhuge Liang asked Lu Su to prepare twenty boats. Each boat was decorated
with green cloths and hay. After three days, Zhuge Liang will deliver ten thousand
arrows. After Lu Su made all the preparations, Zhuge Liang was inactive for two days. At
midnight on the third and final day, thick mist enveloped the entire river.
Zhuge Liang: Lu Su, let’s retrieve some arrows. (After awhile) Soldiers, please row the
boats towards Cao Cao’s army opposite of this river bank.
Soldier: I sure can’t see anything as there is thick mist above the river.
Zhuge Liang: My soldiers, please form a row of twenty boats. Shout and hit the drum
according to my command.
(The sound of drumming and shouting)
Lu Su: If Cao Cao’s army attacks, what are we going to do?
Zhuge Liang: Haha, we should only care about enjoying this wine and not bother about
other things.
Cao Cao’s soldier: Chancellor, there is trouble!
CaoCao: If our enemies attack us all of a sudden, there must be an ambush. Send my
words and command the archers to shoot at will.
Zhuge Liang: My soldiers, please turn the boats around.
(After the mist cleared, ZhugeLiang obtained ten thousand arrows.)
Zhuge Liang: Lu Su, let’s return to our base camp.
Lu Su: Vey well.
Soldiers: Thank you chancellor for your arrows!
Cao Cao: Oh dear! We have been deceived!
(After returning to the base camp, Zhuge Liang had obtained more than ten thousand
arrows)
Lu Su: General, Kong Ming is definitely one of a kind.
Zhou Yu: (Sigh) I didn’t know that Zhuge Liang was this intelligent.
Scene 4
(That night, a group of generals gathered and discussed about the strategy to defeat Cao
Cao)
Zhou Yu: Zhuge Liang, I have a plan to defeat Cao Cao. However, I am unsure whether
you agree with me or not.
Zhuge Liang: Please don’t say it first. We shall write the word on our palms and see if
they are similar.
(Both of them put their hands together and showed their palms with the word “Fire”
written on them.)
(Guan Yu nodded his head)
Guan Yu: I heard that Cao Cao’s army connected their ships together to prevent
themselves from having seasick. If we launch a fire attack in accordance to the wind
direction, we can burn the connected ships.
Huang Gai: General, this is a brilliant idea! I will pretend to surrender myself to Cao Cao
to get close enough to Cao Cao’s ships and burn them!
(Zhou Yu took a glance out the window with a thoughtful expression.)
Zhuge Liang: If we want to defeat Cao Cao’s army, we must launch a fire attack;
everything is fully prepared, what’s lacking is the Eastern wind.
51. (All generals present suddenly realised something)
Sun Quan: The wind direction… the wind direction is not in our favour. If we launch a
fire strike, it will hurt our own forces instead.
(Zhuge Liang looked out the window)
Zhuge Liang: I may not be a genius, but I can summon the wind and the rain. I will be
pleased if a Seven Star Altar can be built for me to complete a ritual for three days and
three nights to borrow the Eastern wind. That way, it may help the Great General to
defeat Cao Cao’s enemy.
Zhou Yu: Are you speaking the truth?
Zhuge Liang: Of course, if everyone present is willing to trust me. Besides, all of us have
a common target, which is to defeat Cao Cao.
(Everyone looked at each other and nodded their heads)
Zhou Yu: Prepare a Seven Star Altar for Zhuge Liang.
(Zhou Yu looked at Zhuge Liang and Zhuge Liang gave him a confident look)
Scene 5
(Zhou Yu returns home)
Xiao Qiao: My dear, what are you worrying about? Didn’t Zhuge Liang promise that he
will help the Wu army borrow the Eastern wind?
Zhou Yu: Although Zhuge Liang can borrow the Eastern wind, I am still afraid that Cao
Cao will strike us first before the Eastern wind blows.
Xiao Qiao: I’ve heard that Cao Cao craves for me and my sister. My dear, should I go to
Cao Cao’s camp and try to delay his plans?
Zhou Yu: No! Definitely not! How can I allow my wife to step into the camp of Cao Cao?
Don’t you ever think about it again!
(After saying that, he returned to his table and continued his work)
Scene 6
(The second day, Zhou Yu held a discussion)
Zhou Yu: My dear generals, is there issue to be discussed?
Huang Gai: Great general, I personally think that we should surrender to Cao Cao’s army!
Zhou Yu: Someone, please “serve” him with one hundred canes!
(The people who saw the incident started discussing about it)
Scene 7
Messenger: Chancellor, there is a confidential letter for you.
Cao Cao: Huang Gai said that he wanted to join our forces. Why should I believe him?
Messenger: Chancellor, it was said that Zhou Yu publically caned Huang Gai a few days
earlier.
Cao Cao: Is it? Very well indeed! This will definitely give Sun Quan’s forces a hard blow.
Scene 8
Zhou Yu: My dear, I am back.
(Xiao Qiao was missing and Zhou Yu discovered a letter on his table)
Xiao Qiao(letter): My dear, please forgive my impulsiveness and let me be selfish just for
once. I hope that you will come back triumphantly.
52. Scene 9
(Worship of the god of the sky)
Zhou Yu (stern face): My warriors, keep your focus, we shall not fear of death and I
swear that we will give Cao Cao a big defeat.
Warriors: Great general, mighty, mighty!!
Scene 10
Zhuge Liang: (Movement) Everything is fully prepared, what’s lacking is the Eastern
wind. My Great General, I can only help you till here. (The wind blows, Zhuge Liang
smiles)
Scene 11
(Footage of sand dial)
Cao Cao’s army: Chancellor, someone is here to see you.
(Cao Cao sees Xiao Qiao)
Cao Cao: What’s your intention of coming here?
Xiao Qiao: I’m here to advise you.
Cao Cao: Advise me to do what?
Xiao Qiao: To advise you to stop this war. You’ve already won, why start another war?
Cao Cao: I want Zhou Yu to kneel in front of me and surrender.
Xiao Qiao: (Kneels down immediately)
Cao Cao: What are you doing?
Xiao Qiao: I’m not doing this for Zhou Yu, I’m doing this for the sake of everyone.
Cao Cao: What if I don’t stop this war?
Xiao Qiao: (Pulls out Cao Cao’s sword)
Cao Cao: Stop playing a fool.
(After awhile, Xiao Qiao prepares the tea set)
Cao Cao: After I am victorious in this war, I will slowly enjoy the tea you’ve prepared.
Xiao Qiao: Try a cup of tea to relax yourselves a bit.
Cao Cao: Uhm.
Xiao Qiao: Ey, don’t rush. Observe the colour of the tea first, then smell the aroma of the
tea.
Cao Cao: Oh.
Cao Cao’s army: Chancellor, there seems to be trouble! The direction of the wind has
changed! It’s the Eastern wind!
(Cao Cao was shocked and rushed out his camp)
(Xiao Qiao looked out the window and gave a smile)
Scene 12
Huang Gai: Listen, when the ships reach Cao Cao’s fleet afterwards, if their ships do not
burn, nobody is allowed to jump off the ship. Do you guys have any questions? Have you
guys written your letters for your families? (Takes out the letters, tears it, throws it away)
Huang Gai: Start the journey, start the journey.
(Cao Cao was in the state of panic)
Cao Cao’s army: Chancellor, it’s Huang Gai’s ship.
53. Cao Cao: Huang Gai is definitely here to surrender, make way for his arrival.
(Huang Gai’s ship slowly approaches)
Huang Gai: Light up the fire!
(The front part of Huang Gai’s ship was lit on fire. His ship crashed into Cao Cao’s
fleet.)
(Cao Cao’s expression changed immediately)
Scene 13
The ships burn.
Scene 14
Cao Cao: Go back to our base camp and guard the gates with your lives!
Huang Gai: Sail towards Cao Cao’s main warship!
(Shouting)
Sun Quan: Everybody march forward!
Cao Cao’s army: Chancellor, I think we should just retreat.
Cao Cao: Draw back! Draw back!
Huang Gai: Cao Cao, don’t you think you can run away!
(Huang Gai rushed forward to chase after Cao Cao. However, his shoulder was shot by an
arrow which caused him to be unable to move due to his injury.)
Huang Gai: Ahhhh!
Sun Quan: Huang Gai!
(The ship beside Huang Gai exploded due to the force of the explosion. Huang Gai got
thrown into the river.
(Sun Quan’s emotions were affected, but he still remained calm)
Sun Quan: My warriors! Continue to march forward! Don’t let your comrades sacrifice
with vain! March!
(Zhou Yu pulled out his sword and led his army into the battlefield)
(The Battle of Red Cliff caused Cao Cao’s massive 800, 000 army to lose half of his men.
The alliance of Sun Quan and Liu Bei defeated Cao Cao’s army in a big victory. It was an
infamous war that not only provided a basis for the emergence of the Three Kingdoms,
but it clearly depicted that a weaker force was able to defeat a much bigger force. This is
also the most famous battle among the “Three Great Battles” during the Three Kingdoms
period.)
Scene 15
(Army camp)
Huang Gai: (Blinking) Wow, I’m still alive! How long have I been asleep? Han Dang, did
we win the war?
Han Dang: Yes, we won.
Huang Gai: We triumphed! We triumphed! Huhuhuhuhu
Scene 16
Lu Su: Zhuge Liang, will we be unsuccessful to capture Cao Cao if he escapes in this
manner?
Zhuge Liang: Rest assured Lu Su, I already arranged a person to prevent his escape.
54. Lu Su: Very well, Cao Cao has enjoyed his glorious days for so many years. Now, all
this has finally come to an end.
Zhuge Liang: (Deep thought) I don’t think so…
Scene 17
Cao Cao: Let’s take this small trail.
(They walked for a few moments and Guan Yu appeared right in front of them)
Cao Cao’s army: That’s… Green Dragon Crescent Blade… it’s Guan Yu!! (Terrified)
Protect the chancellor!
(The soldiers ran towards him but Guan Yu defeated them one by one)
Cao Cao: It’s been a long time since I’ve met you, Yun Chang. After so many things, we
still got the opportunity to meet each other here. I think that’s what we call- Fate.
(Guan Yu was silent)
Cao Cao: Do you want to kill me?
Guan Yu: I came to the Hua Rong passageway under the direct order of my military
strategist to kill you.
Cao Cao: Haha… Do you still remember the incident whereby you passed 5 gates and
killed 6 generals? They all seem to have happened yesterday. You really are Guan Yu, the
one who killed so many of my warriors with such ease. I never doubted your abilities. It’s
just a pity that I couldn’t persuade you stay after I rewarded you with so many wealth.
(The two of them were silent)
Cao Cao: Make your move. I will have no regrets dying under your sword. Everything
has to come to an end.
(Guan Yu was silent for a moment)
Guan Yu: (Places his sword to let Cao Cao pass) Just go. This will be the last time, if we
do meet again, I will not hesitate.
Cao Cao: Haha… we shall meet again
(Cao Cao bowed and walked away slowly)
Scene 18
Huang Gai met Zhou Yu at the river bank.
Zhou Yu: Are you recovering from your injuries?
Huang Gai: I am pretty much fine. Great general, Liu Bei and Sun Quan had a
disagreement on the allocation of Jing Province’s land. If this situation continues, I’m
afraid that our alliance will face problems.
Zhou Yu: There are no eternal friends or eternal enemies on the battlefield. This war is
only the beginning. Eventually, we will have to face Liu Bei and Zhuge Liang in battle
one day. That is a never-changing fact.
Huang Gai asked Zhou Yu to be dismissed…before he left…
Lu Su: Zhuge Liang and Zhou Yu are two of the most intelligent people of our generation.
The coorperation between the two of you ensured the success of the Battle of Red Cliff.
However, if the both of you face each other in battle, what will be the outcome?
Zhuge Liang: (Feeding the ducks and looking up upon the sky)
--THE END--
55. Our video trailer and poster
Our video trailer can be found in youtube
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=B06VwYkwS4g&feature=youtu.be
Our poster
This is an additional poster that we made. We made it because it can be use for our e-
portfolio and make it more interesting for our movie screening.
56. Our padlet website
Our padlet website contains most of the information and sketches it can be found in
http://padlet.com/cncchinateam/jk58b38jaf4a
57. Reflection
From the sections that we read of the novel, we were highly impressed with how
often the film Red Cliff in China history. And the story of the Battle of Red Cliff, presents
some key themes in Chinese culture, including the value of Confucianism. They were
really strong in their culture. And the people in Han Dynasty acknowledge their respect
for one another in the story but also that they will some day have to battle each other. The
Chinese were also held a great respect for nature. Such as Zhuge Liang pays close
attention to the weather—when a fog is coming, when the wind will change—all things
that will work in their favor. All of these aspects of Chinese culture were worked into the
film to portray the Chinese as a disciplined, respectful, observant civilization that we
could learned from the film. However difficult the tasks were taken by the ancient people
in the Battle of Red Cliff, the Chinese still won’t give up on their life easily. We
appreciate what they bring to us in this contemporary life. After we finish this
assignment, we also learn that time management and planning are essential. Teamwork is
also important, we need to communicate well in order to get the job done and fast. We
really enjoy the time we spent together and film a video that is related to our culture and
tradition.