Nepal has diverse climates depending on altitude, ranging from subtropical in the south to an alpine climate in the Himalayas. The climate varies from hot summers and mild winters in the south to cool summers and severe winters in the north. Most of Nepal experiences a summer monsoon from June to September, bringing heavy rainfall. Temperatures decrease with increasing altitude, dropping 6°C for every 1,000 meter increase. Cities like Kathmandu and Pokhara experience temperate climates with warm summers and cold winters while higher altitudes often see below freezing temperatures and snow year-round.
The Seasons Of United Kingdom And India by Bhanu YadavBhanu Yadav
In this Presentation , you can learn about the climate, weather, and the seasons of India And UK. Its a complete pack with all the custom animation , background animation and sound effects.So download it and enjoy and gain more marks in your School Projects.
The Seasons Of United Kingdom And India by Bhanu YadavBhanu Yadav
In this Presentation , you can learn about the climate, weather, and the seasons of India And UK. Its a complete pack with all the custom animation , background animation and sound effects.So download it and enjoy and gain more marks in your School Projects.
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In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
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This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
Design and Analysis of Algorithms-DP,Backtracking,Graphs,B&B
climate of Nepal.pdf
1. Climate of Nepal
In northern Nepal summers are cool and winters are
severe, while in the south, summers are very hot while
winters are mild to cold. Nepal has five seasons: spring,
summer, monsoon, autumn and winter.
In Nepal, there are different climates according to
altitude:
Sub-tropical climate with a rainy season in the southern
flat strip, Tarai
Temperate climate in the low mountains, between 4,000
and 7,000 feet in the mid-mountain region,
Cold mountain climate in the peaks of the Himalayas. in
the higher parts of mountains between 7,000feet
2. Sub tropical climate
In the thin southern plain,a region known as Tarai,
In winter, it's sunny and mild, pleasantly warm during
the day but cool at night, sometimes even cold.
The average temperatures in January is around 15 °C
(59 °F). By March, the temperature rises considerably
and it begins to be hot, while from April to June it's
scorching hot, and highs can reach or exceed 40 °C (104
°F).
The highest temperature ever recorded in Nepalgunj
was 45.0 °C (113.0 °F) on 16 June 1995, while the
lowest temperature ever recorded was −0.3 °C (31.5
°F) on 9 January 2013.
3. Nepalganj - Average temperatures
Month
Min
(°C)
Max (°C)
Mean
(°C)
Min (°F) Max (°F)
Mean
(°F)
January 9 21 15 48 70 58.9
February 12 25 18.4 53 77 65.1
March 16 31 23.4 60 88 74
April 21 36 28.6 69 98 83.6
May 25 37 31 76 99 87.8
June 26 36 31.4 80 98 88.6
July 26 33 29.8 80 92 85.7
August 26 33 29.7 80 91 85.5
September 25 32 28.8 77 90 83.8
October 21 31 26 69 88 78.8
November 15 28 21.6 59 82 70.8
December 10 23 17 51 74 62.5
Year 19.4 30.7 25 66.9 87.3 77
Nepalganj
the average temperatures of Nepalganj
4. In June, the summer monsoon arrives, characterized by
heavy rains, in the form of downpours and
thunderstorms.
The monsoon arrives first in the east, in early June,
while in the west it comes in the middle of the month
or so. The temperature decreases, with the maximum
dropping to around 32 °C (90 °F) in July and August, but
the humidity increases, making the heat muggy.
The rains are intense especially in July and August,
when they exceed 300 millimeters (12 inches) per
month, but in certain areas at the foot of the
mountains, especially in the east of the country, they
can exceed 600 mm (23.5 in) per month.
5. Nepalganj - Average precipitation
Month Millimeters Inches Days
January 20 0.8 1
February 25 1 1
March 9 0.4 1
April 8 0.3 1
May 30 1.2 4
June 155 6.1 10
July 310 12.2 17
August 325 12.8 17
September 215 8.5 10
October 40 1.6 4
November 7 0.3 1
December 8 0.3 1
Year 1150 45.4 68
6. Temperate climate (Mountain
Region, Hills-valleys )
Above 800/1,000 meters (2,600/3,300 feet), the
climate is temperate.
Average temperatures in Nepal drop 6°C in every 1,000
m high altitude.
In hills and valleys, summers are temperate while
winter temperatures can plummet to sub zero.
The Kathmandu Valley has a pleasant climate with
average summer temperatures of 20°C – 35°C and 2°C –
12°C in winter
In Pokhara, at 800 meters (2,600 feet), the average
temperature ranges from 13.5 °C (56 °F) in January to
26 °C (79 °F) in July and August.
7. Pokhara - Average temper
Month Min (°C)
Max
(°C)
Mean
(°C)
Min
(°F)
Max (°F) Mean (°F)
January 7 20 13.4 45 67 56.1
February 9 22 15.7 49 72 60.3
March 13 27 19.8 55 80 67.6
April 16 30 22.8 60 86 73
May 18 30 24.2 65 86 75.6
June 21 31 25.8 70 87 78.4
July 22 30 26 72 86 78.8
August 22 30 26.1 72 86 79
September 21 29 25 69 85 77.1
October 17 28 22.1 62 82 71.8
November 12 24 18 53 75 64.4
December 8 21 14.4 46 69 57.8
Year 15.5 26.8 21.1 59.9 80.2 70
8. Pokhara is the rainiest city of Nepal because it is
located at the foot of the Annapurna Range
Rainfall amounts to 3,900 mm (153 in) per year,
including up to 940 mm (37 in) in July and 865 mm (34
in) in August.
In winter the rains are rare, but there can be some
atmospheric instability already in spring, with
significant thunderstorms in April and May.
9. Pokhara-Average Precipitation.
Month Millimeters Inches Days
January 25 1
February 35 1.4
March 60 2.4
April 130 5.1
May 360 14.2
June 670 26.4
July 940 37
August 865 34.1
September 640 25.2
October 140 5.5
November 20 0.8
December 20 0.8
Year 3900 153.5
10. Annual rainfall amounts of Kathmandu is 1,400 mm (55
in), of which 115 mm (4.5 in) fall already in May (due to
thunderstorms that precede the monsoon),
up to 360 mm (14.2 in) in July, which is the rainiest
month.
In September, still 185 mm (7.3 in) of rain fall, and 60
mm (2.4) in October, concentrated in the first part of
the month, before the monsoon withdraws.
11. Kathmandu - Average
precipitation
Kathmandu - Average precipitation
Month Millimeters Inches Days
January 15 0.6 2
February 15 0.6 3
March 30 1.2 4
April 55 2.2 6
May 115 4.5 12
June 255 10 17
July 360 14.2 23
August 315 12.4 22
September 185 7.3 15
October 60 2.4 4
November 10 0.4 1
December 15 0.6 1
Year 1425 56.1 110
12. In Kathmandu, and in Nepal in general, the sun shines
quite often in winter and very often in spring, before
the monsoon.
In contrast, in the rainy season, especially from July to
September, the sky is often cloudy, so it's difficult to
spot the highest mountains of the Himalayas.
13. Average sunshine hours per day in
Kathmandu.
Month Average Total
January 6.5 200
February 6 175
March 8 250
April 9.5 290
May 6.5 205
June 5.5 170
July 3 100
August 3 95
September 4 125
October 6 185
November 6 175
December 5.5 175
Year 5.9 2145
14. Cold Mountain Climate
The temperature and rainfall vary with altitude and
with slope exposure. Most of the mountains of Nepal are
situated on the southern side, the temperature is
relatively mild even at high altitudes.
The annual mean temperatures(AMT) of Jumla, located
at 2,300 meters (7,500 ft) is 12.8ºC
15. Month
Min
(°C)
Max (°C)
Mean
(°C)
Min (°F) Max (°F) Mean (°F)
January -5 14 4.4 23 57 40
February -3 15 6 26 59 42.7
March 0 18 9.4 33 65 48.9
April 4 22 12.6 38 71 54.8
May 8 24 15.9 46 75 60.6
June 13 26 19.4 55 79 67
July 16 25 20.3 60 77 68.5
August 15 25 20 60 76 67.9
September 12 24 18.3 54 76 64.9
October 4 22 13 40 71 55.5
November -2 19 8.6 29 65 47.4
December -4 16 5.8 24 61 42.4
Year 4.9 20.8 12.8 40.8 69.5 55
Jumla - Average temperatures
16. In inland areas, the summer monsoon penetrates with
more difficulty, precipitation doesn't go above 100/150
mm (4/6 in) per month in the rainiest months(July and
August) .
Some particularly sheltered inland valleys which are in
the rain shadow behind the mountains receive lower
amount of rainfall, and have a desert or semi-desert
landscape, such as the kingdom of Mustang.
17. The average temperature in January drops below
freezing (0 °C or 32 °F) above 3,000 meters (9,800 ft).
Above 3,600 meters (11,800 ft), where the average
temperature of the warmest month does not exceed 10
°C (50 °F).
Perennial snows in Nepal are found at very high
altitudes, around 6,000 meters (20,000 feet).
18. At the base camp of Mount Everest, in the Khumbu
glacier, 5,300 meters (17,400 ft) above sea level, only
450 mm (17.5 in) of rain or snow fall per year.
The average temperature is around -18 °C (0 °F) in
January and -2 °C (28 °F) in July, while at the Everest's
summit it's around -36 °C (-33 °F) in January and -18 °C
(0 °F) in July. On the highest peaks of Nepal, terrible
wind storms occur, especially in winter.