4. About the company:
Prior to Indian independence, a company was founded in 1938 Bombay (Mumbai)
(British India) by two Danish engineers, Henning Holck-Larsen and Søren Kristian
Toubro
Headquartered in Mumbai, Larsen & Toubro Limited is one of the largest and most
respected companies in India's private sector. With over 75 years of a strong,
customer focused approach and a continuous quest for world-class quality, L&T has
unmatched capabilities across Technology, Engineering, Construction and
Manufacturing, and maintains a leadership in all its major lines of business.
Larsen & Toubro is a major technology, engineering, construction, manufacturing
and financial services conglomerate, with global operations. L&T addresses critical
needs in key sectors - Hydrocarbon, Infrastructure, Power, Process Industries and
Defence - for customers in over 30 countries around the world.
5. About the company:
L&T is engaged in core, high impact sectors of the economy and our integrated capabilities
span the entire spectrum of ‘design to deliver’. With over 7 decades of a strong, customer
focused approach and a continuous quest for world-class quality, it have unmatched
expertise across Technology, Engineering, Construction, Infrastructure Projects and
Manufacturing, and maintain a leadership in all our major lines of business.
Every aspect of L&T's businesses is characterized by professionalism and high standards of
corporate governance. Sustainability is embedded into our long-term strategy for growth.
The Company’s manufacturing footprint extends across eight countries in addition to
India. L&T has several international offices and a supply chain that extends around the
globe. The company has business interests in engineering, construction, manufacturing
goods, information technology, and financial services, and also has an office in the Middle-
East and other parts of Asia.
L&T is India's largest engineering and construction company. Described by NDTV in 2013
as a "bellwether of India's engineering & construction sector", L&T was recognized as the
Company of the Year in Economic Times 2010 awards.
7. INTRODUCTION
This industrial training is done at Larsen & Toubro Construction, Rehabilitation of
Bhagirathi WTP C/o. DJB Bhagirathi WTP, Gokalpuri New Delhi-110094 it
undertakes the work of Water treatment of the river water Bhagirathi (Ganga) for
then further supply by Delhi JAL Board to Various regions of Delhi.
8. Plant Inauguration:
On Feb 18, 2010 Delhi Chief Minister Sheila inaugurated the Bhagirathi WTP C/o.
DJB Bhagirathi WTP, Gokalpuri New Delhi-110094 made by Larsen & Toubro
Constructions under the Delhi Jal Board.
9. Water treatment:
• Water treatment is any process that makes water more acceptable for a specific
end-use. The end use may be drinking, industrial water supply, irrigation, river
flow maintenance, water recreation or many other uses including being safely
returned to the environment. Water treatment removes contaminants or reduces
their concentration so that the water becomes fit for its desired end-use.
10. History of water supply and sanitation:
• Water supply and sanitation has been a primary logistical challenge since
the dawn of civilization. Where water resources or infrastructure or
sanitation systems are insufficient for the population, people fall prey to
disease, dehydration, and in extreme cases, death.
• Major human settlements could initially develop only where fresh
surface water was plentiful, such as near rivers, but far more often close
to natural springs. Throughout history people have devised systems to
make getting water into their communities and households, and disposing
(and later also treating) wastewater more convenient.
11. Treatment for drinking water production:
• Treatment for drinking water production involves the removal of contaminants from
raw water to produce water that is pure enough for human consumption without any
short term or long term risk of any adverse health effect. Substances that are removed
during the process of drinking water treatment include suspended solids, bacteria,
algae, viruses, fungi, and minerals such as iron and manganese.
13. Pretreatment:
• Pumping and containment – The majority of water must be pumped from its source
or directed into pipes or holding tanks. To avoid adding contaminants to the water, this
physical infrastructure must be made from appropriate materials and constructed so
that accidental contamination does not occur.
• Screening – The first step in purifying surface water is to remove large debris such as
sticks, leaves, rubbish and other large particles which may interfere with subsequent
purification steps. Most deep groundwater does not need screening before other
purification steps.
14. Pretreatment:
Storage – Water from rivers may also be stored in bankside reservoirs for periods
between a few days and many months to allow natural biological purification to take
place. This is especially important if treatment is by slow sand filters. Storage
reservoirs also provide a buffer against short periods of drought or to allow water
supply to be maintained during transitory pollution incidents in the source river.
15. pH adjustment:
• Pure water has a pH close to 7 (neither alkaline nor acidic). Sea water can have pH
values that range from 7.5 to 8.4 (moderately alkaline). Fresh water can have widely
ranging pH values depending on the geology of the drainage basin or aquifer and the
influence of contaminant inputs (acid rain). If the water is acidic (lower than 7), lime,
soda ash, or sodium hydroxide can be added to raise the pH during water purification
processes
16. Sedimentation:
• Waters exiting the flocculation basin may enter the sedimentation basin,
also called a clarifier or settling basin. It is a large tank with low water
velocities, allowing floc to settle to the bottom. The sedimentation basin
is best located close to the flocculation basin so the transit between the
two processes does not permit settlement or floc break up. Sedimentation
basins may be rectangular, where water flows from end to end, or
circular where flow is from the center outward. Sedimentation basin
outflow is typically over a weir so only a thin top layer of water—that
furthest from the sludge—exits.
18. Sludge storage and removal:
1 = Raw wastewater inlet pipe 2 = Inlet stilling well (baffle) 3 = Clarified water overflow weir
4 = Primary sludge outlet pipe
19. Floc blanket clarifiers:
• A subcategory of sedimentation is the removal of particulates by entrapment in a layer
of suspended floc as the water is forced upward. The major advantage of floc blanket
clarifiers is that they occupy a smaller footprint than conventional sedimentation.
Disadvantages are that particle removal efficiency can be highly variable depending on
changes in influent water quality and influent water flow rate.
21. Filtration:
• After separating most floc, the water is filtered as the final step to remove remaining
suspended particles and unsettled floc.
22. Rapid sand filters:
• The most common type of filter is a rapid sand filter. Water moves
vertically through sand which often has a layer of activated carbon or
anthracite coal above the sand. The top layer removes organic
compounds, which contribute to taste and odor. The space between sand
particles is larger than the smallest suspended particles, so simple
filtration is not enough. Most particles pass through surface layers but are
trapped in pore spaces or adhere to sand particles. Effective filtration
extends into the depth of the filter. This property of the filter is key to its
operation: if the top layer of sand were to block all the particles, the filter
would quickly clog.
26. Chlorine disinfection:
• The most common disinfection method involves some form of chlorine or its
compounds such as chloramine or chlorine dioxide. Chlorine is a strong oxidant that
rapidly kills many harmful micro-organisms. Because chlorine is a toxic gas, there is a
danger of a release associated with its use.
27. Water Chlorination:
• Water chlorination is the process of adding chlorine (Cl2) or hypochlorite to water.
This method is used to kill certain bacteria and other microbes in tap water as chlorine
is highly toxic. In particular, chlorination is used to prevent the spread of waterborne
diseases such as cholera, dysentery, typhoid etc.
28. Pre-chlorination:
• Pre-chlorination is a process that involves adding chlorine to the
collection system of industrial plants and other industrial settings, mainly
for corrosion and odor control. At times, it is also applied for the purpose
of disinfection and for the removal of oil particles.
• It is also used in water treatment to control aquatic growth as well as
taste, and as an aid in settling and coagulation.
• Chlorination is the addition of chlorine into water, usually to achieve
corrosion control and disinfection.
30. Post chlorination:
• Post chlorination is the final step in the treatment of water. It is a method of adding a
minimum level of chlorine into the water mainstream down to distribution. The
purpose of it is to remove pathogenic microorganisms, which can cause a variety of
diseases, and also to prevent the growth of harmful microorganisms by maintaining
low levels of chlorine in pipelines and home plumbing.
31. Coagulation (water treatment):
• In coagulation, we add a chemical such as alum which produces positive charges to
neutralize the negative charges on the particles. Then the particles can stick together,
forming larger particles which are more easily removed.
32. What is meant by flocculation?
• Flocculation is when microscopic particles bind together to form larger particles in
liquids. It occurs naturally or artificially in water as well as other solutions.
Flocculation is used in applications such as water purification, sewage treatment,
cheese production, and brewing.
33. Desalination:
• Desalination is a process that removes minerals from saline water. More generally,
desalination refers to the removal of salts and minerals from a target substance, as in
soil desalination, which is an issue for agriculture.
34. CITY WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM (Delhi):
INTRODUCTION
• Delhi is situated along a perennial source of water, the river Yamuna. The
river divides the city into East Delhi known as Trans Yamuna Area, and
New Delhi. The National Capital Territory of Delhi (NCTD) has an area
of 1483 km2 and comprises of three constituents MCD (1297.29 km2),
NDMC (42.74 km2) and DCB (42.97 km2) respectively. This chapter
presents historical overview of water supply system, present status of
production and demand, extent of coverage and agencies involved in
transmission and distribution of water.
35.
36. HISTORY OF DELHI WATER SUPPLY:
• Delhi depends largely on river Yamuna and partially on river Ganga for its share
of water. The flow of the river is regulated at Tajewala Barrage (subsequently by
Hathinikund barrage) and the dry weather flow is entirely diverted into Eastern
Yamuna Canal for UP and the Western Jamuna Canal (WJC) for Haryana,
UP,Rajasthan and partly for Delhi. Whatever flow appears at Wazirabad, the
intake works for Delhi Water Works, is out of regeneration of sub surface
drainage.
37. PRODUCTION SYSTEM:
• Sources of Water
• River Yamuna, Western Jamuna Canal (a carrier of Yamuna waters as also Bhakra
waters) and the Upper Ganga Canal, are surface water sources for Delhi. Around 446
tube wells drilled in Yamuna bed and areas within city to meet the water requirement.
• Treatment System
• DJB is equipped to treat 790 MGD of water inclusive of about 100 MGD of ground
water abstraction. However the actual production is 735 MGD, with a short fall of 990
- 735 = 255 MGD at production point. Table below presents the water treatment
capacity indicating source of raw water.
39. Treatment Capacity indicating Source of Raw
Water:
Source of Raw Water Name of Water Treatment Plant Installed Capacity MGD Production by Optimization MGD
River Yamuna Chandrawal I &II 90 105
River Yamuna Wazirabad I II & III 120 124
Bhakra storage Haiderpur I & II 200 210
Source of Raw Water Name of Water Treatment Plant Installed Capacity MGD Production by Optimization MGD
Bhakra storage Nangloi 40*40 21
River Yamuna Bawana 20*20 Nil
Upper Ganga Canal Bhagirathi 100 110
Upper Ganga Canal Sonia Vihar 140 65*65*65
Ground Water Ranney Wells & Tube wells 100 100
Total
.
41. BIBLIOGRAPHY
• www.google.com
• www.wikipedia.com
• www.youtube.com
• Some Photographs Taken by me
• Work learned and analyzed under the guidance of-
General Manager (Mechanical) Mr Himanshu Bhardwaj
Mr Anoop Kumar (In charge)(HR)
Mr Santosh (Technical Assistant)
Mr Sudheer Verma (Site Engineer (operation Maintenance
and control))
Typing of the daily work learned during Training Period
