The document discusses the banking system and monetary policy. It explains that central banks influence money supply and interest rates to manage monetary policy. Commercial banks take in deposits and make loans, acting as financial intermediaries. They are required to keep a percentage of deposits as reserves based on the reserve ratio set by the central bank. This reserve ratio and the money multiplier effect determine how much new money banks can create through additional lending.

1. Economics for Journalists
Week 9: The Banking System
Jeffrey Timmermans
Monday, 26 March, 12

2. Review: Monetary Policy
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3. Monetary policy
✤ Now, typically the domain of central banks
✤ In most developed countries, central banks control interest rates
and money supply independently
✤ Both interest rates and money supply are closely linked
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4. Central banks & money supply
✤ Central banks have three main ways to influence the supply of money
in an economy
✤ Directly increasing/decreasing money supply by selling/buying
government bonds (U.S., Europe, Japan)
✤ Raising/lowering deposit & lending rates (China)
✤ Changing commercial banks’ reserve ratio (China)
Monday, 26 March, 12

5. Interest rates
✤ Most countries have a “base” interest rate, upon which all other
domestic rates (deposit rates, mortgage rates) depend
✤ Typically, these are target rates for overnight loans between banks
✤ Fed funds target rate in U.S. (zero-0.25%)
✤ Overnight call rate in Japan (0.10%)
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6. Impact of interest rate
adjustments/open-market ops
Open-market Money supply All interest rates
PURCHASES UP DOWN
Open-market Money supply All interest rates
SALES DOWN UP
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7. Money Supply
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8. Measuring the money supply
✤ M1: Currency + Demand Deposits + Traveler’s Checks + Other
Checkable Deposits
✤ M2: M1 + Savings Deposits + Retail Money Market Mutual Funds
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9. U.S. Money Supply
February 2010 (provisional)
billions of 9,000
U.S. dollars Money Mkt Funds
Time Deposits
6,750
Savings
4,500 Deposits
2,250
M1
Currency
0
M1 M2
Source: U.S. Federal Reserve
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10. The Banking System
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11. Role of the banking system
✤ To channel individuals’ savings to others who want to borrow money
✤ To serve as a financial intermediary
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12. The Banking System
Prime rate
Home/car
Commercial
Bank Loans
Interbank Commercial
rate Bank
Interbank
Commercial market
Bank
Deposits
Commercial Deposit rate Home/car
Bank Loans
Finance
Open- Discount Business Company
Market window loans
Ops Discount rate Commercial
lending rate Money
Central Market Fund
Commercial
Bank Paper
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13. Key interest rates
✤ Interbank rates Low
✤ Overnight, 1-wk, 1-mth, 3-mth
✤ Deposit rates
✤ Overnight, 1-wk, 1-mth, 3-mth
✤ Commercial lending rate High
✤ Prime (lending) rate
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14. Structure of the Banking System
✤ The central bank sets a target rate for overnight lending by banks
✤ Commercial banks borrow from each other to meet short-term needs
in the interbank market
✤ Commercial banks take deposits from individuals and lend out some of
those deposits
✤ Corporations issue short-term debt in form of commercial paper, which
is purchased by banks & money-market funds
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15. The “Shadow Banking System”
✤ Any non-bank financial institution that is subject to less oversight
than traditional lenders like commercial banks
✤ Finance companies
✤ Money-market funds
✤ Hedge funds
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16. Interbank rates
✤ H.K.: Hong Kong Interbank Offer Rate (Hibor)
✤ U.K.: London Interbank Offer Rate (Libor)
✤ Fed sets Fed Funds target rate; supply/demand determine Hibor &
Libor
✤ Banks’ other lending rates often based on local interbank rate
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17. Commercial Banks
✤ Take deposits ✤ Make loans
✤ Deposits are banks’ liabilities ✤ Loans (& reserves) are
assets
✤ Pay depositors interest
(deposit rate) ✤ Banks keep some reserves,
lend out the rest
✤ Earn interest from
borrowers
Monday, 26 March, 12

18. Reserve Ratio
✤ Typically set by the central bank
✤ Indicates the percentage of deposits a bank must keep as reserves
✤ In U.S., reserve ratio is now 10% for deposits above $55.2 million
✤ An increase in the reserve ratio forces banks to curtail lending, a
decrease leads to more lending and an expansion of the money supply
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19. Jeff’s Bank (100% reserve ratio)
Assets Liabilities
Reserves $100 Deposits $100
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20. Jeff’s Bank (10% reserve ratio)
Assets Liabilities
Reserves $10 Deposits $100
Loans $90
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21. The Money Multiplier
1
reserve ratio
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22. How the multiplier works
Original deposit $100
Jeff’s Bank lending $90 (.9 x $100)
Masato’s Bank lending $81 (.9 x $90)
Wylie’s Bank lending $72.90 (.9 x $81)
etc. etc.
Total money supply $1,000
Monday, 26 March, 12