The document discusses cladogram taxonomy, introduced in the 19th century by Charles Darwin, and defines a cladogram as a tree diagram representing ancestral relationships among organisms. It categorizes cladograms into three types: monophyletic, paraphyletic, and polyphyletic, and outlines their applications in evolutionary relationship analysis, taxonomic classification, and various fields such as conservation biology and forensic science. An example provided illustrates a cladogram of bats and birds based on shared structural characteristics.

1. Name : Alishba Rafaqat
Roll no : F26-2604
Department : Zoology
Semester : 3rd
SubmittedTo : Mam Zubaria
CLADOGRAM TAXONOMY

2. CLADOGRAMTAXONOMY:
HISTORY:
In 19th
century the concept of cladogram taxonomy began.
When Charles Darwin introduce the idea of an evolutionary tree in his
book “ONTHE ORIGIN OF SPECIES”
INTRODUCTION:
A cladogram is “A branching tree diagram that shows
ancestral relationships among organisms.These show evolutionary
relationship between different branches reffered to as clades.

3. DEFINITION:
A cladogram is composed of clades or small branches showing connections
between organisms.
“It is the branch of biology that study evolutionary relationships”
STRUCTURE:
Cladogram are tree like diagram with branches that represents evolutionary
relationships.The oldest common ancestor is at the base of the tree and new evolutionary
relationship are branches higher up.
Root
Nodes
Clades
Branches
Taxon / Outgroup

4. TYPES OF CLADOGRAM:
The primary types of cladogram are:
• Monophyletic
• Paraphyletic
• Polyphyletic
MONOPHYLETIC:
Considered the most valid clade in cladistics, as it includes all
descendants of a common ancesstor and is defined by shared
derived characteristics (Synapomorphies).
PARAPHYLETIC:
A group that includes a common ancestor but excludes some
of its descendants, often characterized by shared primitive
characters (Plesiomorphies).
POLYPHYLETIC:
A group formed by combining organsims from different
evolutionary lineages, not sharing a recent common ancestor.

5. APPLICATIONS OF CLADOGRAMTAXONOMY:
Here ere the applications of cladogram taxonomy:
EVOLUTIONARY RELATIONSHIP ANALYSIS:
Cladograms are used to understand the evolutionary relationships between organsims.
TAXONOMIC CLASSIFICATION:
Cladograms are used to classify organsims based on their evolutionary relationships.
PHALOGENETIC ANALYSIS:
Cladograms are used to study the phylogenetic relationships betweeen oragansims.
CONSERVATION BIOLOGY:
Cladograms are used in conservation biology to identify species that need protection.
FORENSIC SCIENCE:
Cladograms are used in forensic science for DNA analysis.
MEDICAL RESEARCH:
Cladograms are used in agricultural research to improve crop species.
EXAMPLE OF CLADOGRAM:
A cladogram of bats and birds, where they are grouped together based on their shared
structural characteristics.

6. THANK
YOU