The document summarizes guidelines from KDIGO on chronic kidney disease-mineral and bone disorder (CKD-MBD). It discusses the components and basics of CKD-MBD, including the key players involved like phosphorus, calcium, FGF23, and vitamin D. It also summarizes sections from the guidelines on diagnosis of CKD-MBD through biochemical abnormalities, bone abnormalities, and vascular calcification. Management guidelines are summarized for targeting high serum phosphate and PTH levels. Several trials evaluating therapies for CKD-MBD like vitamin D analogues, phosphate binders, and calcimimetics are also briefly summarized.

1. KDIGO GUIDELINES
CKD- MBD
PRESENTER- DR.URVASHI
DNB NEPHROLOGY

2. COMPONENTS
BASICS
GUIDELINES
MANAGEMENT
TRIALS

3. WHAT I
THOUGHT?
• CKD MBD Is a disorder of calcium,
phosphorous, PTH, VIT D
• You Win once the recommended target
values are attained.
• The main problem in CKD is MBD. Why
bother about osteoporosis?
• CKD- MBD is a problem, but does it have
so much bearing on mortality and
patient outcomes?

4. THE BIG
GAME
Systemic disorder-Wide variety of systems
Characterised by biochemical and bone abnormalities
Vascular, soft tissue calcification

5. CKD MBD HAS
FAR-REACHING
EFFECTS
🧠:CNS
🧠:BONE
❤️: HEART
🧠:
BLOODVESSELS
🧠: KIDNEYS
💪: MUSCLE
WHAT DOESN’T
IT AFFECT?
IT DOES
EFFECTS ALL 🔴

6. THE
IMPORTANT
PLAYERS
i
Phosphorous
Calcium
l
FGF23
Vitamin D
i
KLOTHO
Parathyroid
hormone

7. Kidney : key
regulator of
phosphate in
health
What happens to
the phosphate in
CKD?
Filtered load
decreases ➡️
positive
phosphorous
balance
Increase in
phosphorous ➡️
Body’s

8. Mechanisms of
decreasing
phosphate
increase in PTH ➡️
decreases
phosphate
Increase in PTH ➡️
decreases sodium
phosphate
transporter in
tubules ➡️
Phosphaturia
Increase in FGF 23
➡️ Phosphaturia
By the time you see
IShows how PTH signalling through the
PTH type 1 receptor in apical brush
border membrane and basolateral
membrane result in phosphorylation of
NHERF1, which leads to dissociation of
NHERF1- NPT 2a complex and
endocytosis of NPT 2 a protein and
inhibition of phosphate transport.
Mechanism b/w Pth and PDZ domain with
PDZK1 and NPT2C remains unknwown

9. • Mechanisms ,inducers and inhibitors
of uremic Vascular calcification.
• Calciprotein particles have been
shown to induce VC
• Cellular responses includes
transdifferentiation of vascular
smooth cells into osteoblast like
cells, apoptosis, Extracellular matrix
degradation, matrix vesicle formation
and cell death.
• Promote calcification of ECM in
medial layer of BV. Meanwhile
inhibitors feutin A , Mg and
osteoprotegerin inhibit calcification
process.
KDIGO suggests to do XRAY for vascular
and ECHO for valvular calcification.

10. The conference concluded most of the 2009 recommendations in
current practice, however 12 recommendations were revised.
Selective update.

11. KDIGO -2017
Introduction and Definition of CKD MBD
Diagnosis of CKD–MBD: Biochemical Abnormalities
Diagnosis of CKD–MBD: Bone Abnormalities
Diagnosis of CKD–MBD: Vascular Calcification
Treatment of CKD–MBD Targeted at Lowering High Serum Phosphate and Maintaining
Serum Calcium
Treatment of Abnormal PTH Levels in CKD–MBD
Treatment of Bone With Bisphosphonates, Other Osteoporosis Medications, and Growth
Hormone
Evaluation and treatment of kidney transplant bone disease

12. DEFINITION

13. NOMENCLATURE AND DESCRIPTION FOR
RATING GUIDELINE RECOMMENDATIONS
GRADE FOR
STRENGTH OF
RECOMMENDAT
ION
STRENGTH WORDING GRADE FOR
QUALITY OF
EVIDENCE
LEVEL 1 STRONG WE
RECOMMEND…
SHOULD
A HIGH
LEVEL 2 WEAK WE SUGGEST…
MIGHT
B MODERATE
C LOW
D VERY LOW

14. CHAPTER 3.1
DIAGNOSIS OF CKD MBD:
BIOCHEMICAL ABNORMALITIES

16. SUMMARY
Progressive
CKD 3
CKD 4 CKD 5 AND
5D
CALCIUM
PHOSHPOROUS
6-12 MONTHS 3-6 MONTHS 1-3 MONTHS
PTH
ALP
BASELINE 6-12 MONTHS 3-6 MONTHS
CALCIDIOL BASELINE BASELINE BASELINE

17. • Vitamin D deficiency may be an underlying cause of elevated PTH,
and thus there is a rationale for measuring and supplementing in
this population.
• In the general population and CKD, there is an association of low
25(OH )D levels with mortality
• In the absence of knowing the optimum level, the decision of

19. THE MEASUREMENT OF PHOSPHORUS IS GENERALLY VALID AND REPRODUCIBLE BUT IS AFFECTED
BY DIURNAL AND POST-PRANDIAL VARIATION.
VALUES MAY DIFFER SUBSTANTIALLY IN DIALYSIS PATIENTS, DEPENDING ON WHICH SHIFT OR
WHICH INTERDIALYTIC INTERVAL IS CHOSEN.
VARIABLE CALCIUM PHOSPHORO
US
PTH VITAMIN D
COEFFICIENT
OF VARIANT
+ + ++ ++
DIURNAL
VARIATION
+ ++ ++ -
SEASONAL
VARIATION
++
VARIATION
WITH MEALS
+ + + -
VARIATION
WITH
DIALYSIS
TIME
+ +
ASSAY
VALIDITY
+++ +++ + +

20. CHAPTER 3.2
DIAGNOSIS OF CKD MBD:
BONE ABNORMALITIES

21. BACKGROUND
• It is well established that patients with CKD G3a–G5D have
increased fracture rates compared with the general population,
and moreover, incident hip fractures are associated with
substantial morbidity and mortality.
• Non invasive techniques BMD measurement – DXA and
quantitative CT
• DXA- Dual energy Xray absorptiometry cannot differentiate
between cortical and trabecular bone.(Bone remodeling is
different)
• Quantitative CT can measure as it is a 3D measurement.

22. BONE BIOPSY
• A bone biopsy should also be considered in patients with unexplained fractures,
refractory hypercalcemia, suspicion of osteomalacia, an atypical response to
standard therapies for elevated PTH, or progressive decreases in BMD despite
standard therapy
• The goal of a bone biopsy would be to:
• (i) rule out atypical or unexpected bone pathology;
• (ii) determine whether the patient has high- or low-turnover disease, which may
alter the dose of medications to treat renal osteodystrophy (e.g., initiate or
discontinue calcimimetics, calcitriol, or vitamin D analogs); or
• (iii) identify a mineralization defect that would alter treatment (e.g., stop intake
of aluminum, or aggressively treat hypophosphatemia or vitamin D deficiency)

23. CLASSIFICATION OF RENAL
OSTEODYSTROPHY BY BONE BIOPSY
• Turnover – A spectrum of turnover rates from osteitis fibrosa to
adynamic bone disease
• Mineralisation- Classic abnormality is osteomalacia( bone
formation rate is low and osteoid volume is high)
• Volume- in osteoporosis, both cortical and cancellous bone
volumes decrease, but in CKD, in High turnover MBD, cortical
bone volume is decreased but cancellous volume is increased.

29. CHAPTER 3.3
DIAGNOSIS OF CKD MBD:
VASCULAR ABNORMALITIES

31. CHAPTER 4.1
DIAGNOSIS OF CKD MBD:
TARGETED AT LOWERING HIGH
SERUM PHOSPHATE AND
MAINTAINING SERUM CALCIUM
LEVELS

32. 2017 2009 Reason for update

33. 2017 2009 REASONS FOR
UPDATE

36. CHAPTER 4.2
TREATMENT OF ABNORMAL PTH
LEVELS IN CKD-MBD

39. CHAPTER 4.3
TREATMENT OF BONE WITH
BISPHOSPHONATES, OTHER
OSTEOPOROSIS MEDICATIONS,
AND GROWTH HORMONE.

42. CHAPTER 5
EVALUATION AND TREATMENT
OF KIDNEY TRANSPLANT BONE
DISEASE.

45. CHALLENGES IN PHOSPHATE
MANAGEMENT
42% of patients treated with phosphate binders
have P04- >5.5
Dietary phosphate restriction complicated by hidden
phosphate
Pill non adherence- 62%, non specific
phosphate binding, Pill burden

46. FGF 23
PHOSPHATONIN
Produced by osteocytes
Phosphaturic- Decreases Ph, decreases Vit D, Decrease PTH
production
Increase in Phoshphorous Increase FGF 23
Increases Vit D Receptor,
Increases calcium sensing
receptor
Maladaptive

47. KLOTHO- SUPPORTING PLAYER
• KLOTHO converts FGFR into a high affinity
receptor.
• Concentration of KLOTHO decreases with
CKD(1st change in CKD-MBD).
• KLOTHO- Anti-inflammatory modulator.
• Protects against vascular calcification.

48. TRIALS

49. VITAMIN D ANALOGUE –OPERA (2014)
• Duration of study – 3 years
• Single centre, Hong Kong
• Type of study: RCT
• No. Of patients included:Screened 441, 229 eligible, 60 randomised (30 placebo, 30
paricalcitol)
• Aim : Treatment with oral activated Vit D, reduces LV mass in CKD 3-5 with LVH
• What was compared : effect of paricalcitol(oral activated Vit D reduces LV mass and function
in CKD 3-5
• Primary endpoint: change in LV mass over 52 weeks
• Secondary endpoint:changes in LV volume, Echo measures of systolic and diastolic
dysfunction, biochemical parameters of MBD, KFT
• Conclusion: 52 weeks of treatment improved SHPT, but did not alter LV str and function in
CKD.
• Major adverse event : Hypercalcemia
• Major limitation: 52 weeks, short sample size, proteinuria low so couldn’t assess

50. VITAMIN D ANALOGUE –PRIMO (2013)
• Duration of study – 3 years
• Multinational
• Type of study: RCT
• No. Of the patients included: Screened 811, 227 were randomized. 115-
paricalcitol, 112 - placebo
• Aim: Determine the effects of orally activated Vit D on LV mass over 48 weeks
in CKD 4,5
• Primary endpoint: change in LV mass over 48 weeks assessed by MRI
• Conclusion: Paracalcitol did not regress LV mass or improve diastolic
dysfunction.
• Major adverse event : Hypercalcemia
• Major limitation: Did not find any significant increase in LV mass in either
group over 48 weeks.

51. PHOSPHATE BINDERS-SEVELAMER- TREAT TO
GOAL (2002)
• Duration of study – 3 years
• Multi national(US,Germant, Austria)
• Type of study: RCT
• No. Of patients included:200 HD
• Aim : Sevelamer attenuates the progression of coronary and aortic calcification
in HD pt
• What was compared : Sevelamer vs calcium based phoshphate binder
• Treatment phase : 52 weeks
• Conclusion: Compared with calcium based phosphate binders, sevelamer less
likely to cause hypercalcemia, low levels of PTH, progressive coronary and
aortic calcification.
• Limitation: Brief period of observation, absence of subjects on PD

52. SEVELAMER- RIND (RENAGEL IN NEW
DIALYSIS)TRIAL 2 (2003)
• Duration of study – 2 years
• Single centre: at 5 participating dialysis centers in the United States.
• Type of study: RCT
• No. Of patients included: One hundred and twenty-nine patients new to hemodialysis were
randomized to receive calcium containing phosphate binders or the non calcium phosphate
binder sevelamer hydrochloride
• AIM: Sevelamer and calcium effects on coronary artery calcification.
• What was compared : Electron beam computed tomography was performed at baseline, and
repeated again at 6, 12, and 18 months6,12,18 months
• Conclusion: Use of calcium containing phosphate binders resulted in more rapid progression
of coronary calcification than did use of sevelamer hydrochloride.
• Major limitation: small number of patients studied, the lack of development of coronary
artery calcium in patients with a zero CACS at entry

53. SEVELAMER- CARE2(2002)
• Duration of study – 1 year
• Multi centre,
• Type of study: RCT, noninferiority trial
• No. Of patients included: 203 prevalent hemodialysis patients
• Aim : calcium acetate versus sevelamer on progression of coronary artery calcification in hemodialysis
patients with comparable lipid control
• What was compared : 103 patients were randomly assigned to calcium acetate, and 100 patients to
sevelamer for 12 months to achieve phosphorus levels of 3.5 to 5.5 mg/dL. Atorvastatin was added to
achieve serum LDL-C levels less than 70 mg/dL in both groups.
• Primary endpoint: change in coronary artery calcification score assessed by means of electron-beam
computed tomography.
• Conclusion: With intensive lowering of LDL-C levels for 1 year, hemodialysis patients treated with either
calcium acetate or sevelamer experienced similar progression of CAC.
• Major limitation: Treatment assignment was not blinded. The CAC is a surrogate outcome, duration of
treatment was short, and dropout rate was high.

54. MORTALITY RELATED TO PHOSPHATE BINDERS-
INDEPENDENT STUDY(2012)
• Duration of study – 36 months
• Multi centre,
• Type of study: RCT
• No. Of patients included: 107 – Sevelamer group and 105 in calcium group
• Aim : This study aimed to evaluate all-cause mortality as the primary end point
in nondialysis-dependent CKD patients randomized to different phosphate
binders; secondary end points were dialysis inception
• Conclusion: Sevelamer provided benefits in all-cause mortality and in the
composite end point of death or dialysis inception but not advantages in
dialysis inception. (MORTALITY BENEFIT)
• Major limitation: sample size

55. MORTALITY- METAANLAYSIS(2013)
• Duration of study – 5 YEARS
• Type of study: all randomised and non-randomised trials
• No. Of patients included: Analysis of the 11 randomised trials
(4622 patients)
• Aim : to update our meta-analysis on the effect of calcium-based
versus non-calcium-based phosphate binders on mortality in
patients with chronic kidney disease.
• Conclusion: Non-calcium-based phosphate binders are
associated with a decreased risk of all-cause mortality compared
with calcium-based phosphate binders in patients with chronic
kidney disease.

56. MORTALITY- DCOR STUDY(2008)
• Duration of study – The trial was completed at the end of 2004.
• Multi centre,
• Type of study: RCT
• No. Of patients included: Participants were 18 years or older and on hemodialysis therapy for more than 3
months, with Medicare as primary payor.
• Aim: compared effects of sevelamer with calcium-based phosphate binders on mortality and
hospitalization in hemodialysis patients.
• Conclusion: treatment with sevelamer versus calcium-based binders did not affect overall mortality
(primary outcome), cause-specific mortality, morbidity, or first or cause-specific hospitalization
(secondary outcomes), but there was evidence for a beneficial effect on multiple all-cause
hospitalizations and hospital days (secondary outcomes).
• Major limitation: Outcome parameters and cardiovascular comorbidity assessments were derived from
Medicare claims data; only subjects with Medicare-as-primary-payor status were included in
hospitalization and morbidity analyses.Many patients were lost to follow-up

57. CALCIMIMETIC- EVOLVE(2012)
• Duration of study – 64 months.
• Type of study: RCT
• No. Of patients included: 3800
• Aim : treatment with the calcimimetic agent cinacalcet might
reduce the risk of death or nonfatal cardiovascular events in such
patients
• Conclusion: cinacalcet did not significantly reduce the risk of
death or major cardiovascular events in patients with moderate-
to-severe secondary hyperparathyroidism who were undergoing
dialysis.

58. CALCIMIMETIC- CINACALCET
METAANALYSIS(2013)
• Duration of study –
• Type of study: meta analysis
• Cochrane and Embase databases (through February 7, 2013) were electronically
searched to identify randomized trials evaluating effects of calcimimetic
therapy on mortality and adverse events in adults with CKD.
• No. Of patients included: Eighteen trials comprising 7,446 participants
• Aim : to summarize the benefits and harms of calcimimetic therapy in adults
with CKD and used cumulative meta-analysis to identify how evidence for
calcimimetic treatment has developed in this clinical setting.
• Conclusion: Cinacalcet reduces the need for parathyroidectomy in patients with
CKD stage 5D, but does not appear to improve all-cause or cardiovascular
mortality.

59. COMBINE(2019)
• Duration of study – 12 months
• Type of study: RCT
• No. Of patients included: 205
• Aim : To investigate effects of lanthanum carbonate and/or
nicotinamide on serum phosphate and FGF23 in stage 3b/4 CKD,
• Primary endpoint: change from baseline in serum phosphate and
intact FGF23 concentrations.
• Conclusion: LC and/or NAM treatment did not significantly lower
serum phosphate or FGF23 in stage 3b/4 CKD over 12 months.

60. IMPROVE CKD(2020)
• Duration of study – 96 weeks
• Multi centre,
• Type of study: RCT
• No. Of patients included: 278 participants, 138 participants received lanthanum and 140
received placebo
• Aim : Effects of phosphate-lowering medication on vascular calcification and arterial stiffness
in CKD.
• Primary endpoint: carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity, using a linear mixed effects model for
repeated measures.
• Secondary endpoint: abdominal aortic calcification and serum and urine markers of mineral
metabolism.
• Conclusion: In patients with stage 3b/4 CKD, treatment with lanthanum over 96 weeks did
not affect arterial stiffness or aortic calcification compared with placebo.

61. EPISODE(2021)
• Duration of study – 12 Months
• Multi centre,
• Type of study: RCT
• No. Of patients included: 160
• Aim : to compare the effects on CAC progression of two types of non
calcium-based phosphate binders and of two different phosphate target
ranges.
• Primary endpoint: percentage change in CAC scores during the 12-
month treatment.
• Conclusion: no significant difference in percentage change in CAC
scores between the lanthanum carbonate group and the sucroferric
oxyhydroxide group, but those who had strict control of phosphate had
reduced CAC.

62. LANDMARK TRIALS
• Vitamin D analogue -Opera (2014)and primo(2013)
• Sevelamer - Treat to goal(2002), Rind 2 (2003), Care 2(2008)
• Phosphate binders and reducing mortality - Independent
study(2012), meta-analysis(2013), Dcor study (2008)
• Cinacalcet-Evolve(2012) and Cinacalcet meta-analysis (2013)
• Combine(2019)
• Improve CKD (2020)
• Episode(2021)

63. THANKYOU