Stuart England and the Civil War

1. Stuart England and the
Civil War

2. Stuart England & the Civil War
James I: Union of England and Scotland
The union of England and
Scotland that King Edward
II’s knights failed to achieve
on the battlefield of
Bannockburn in 1314 was
achieved peacefully three
centuries later.

3. What was the Gunpowder plot ? The plan was for a complete
change of power. This was to be achieved by removing the king and
the ruling elite. It was decided to blow up Parliament killing King
James I and the country's leaders.

4. Political and Religious Conflict
James was a highly educated
man, but he was often foolish
in practical affairs. During
most of his reign he had
conflicts with Parliament as
well as with his Scottish
countrymen.

5. Charles I
When James I died in
1625 he was
succeeded by his
son, Charles I, a
dignified and kindly
man, but one who
lacked the qualities of
a good king.
Charles, even more
than his father,
believed in the
absolute authority of
monarchs, and he
convened Parliament
as seldom as possible.
In 1640 Charles was again forced to convene the representative
of the people. This Parliament is known as the Long Parliament,
since it remained in continual session during several years of
political conflict and civil war.

7. The Civil War: Cavaliers and
Roundheads
The English Civil War lasted from 1642 to 1646. Englishmen of all social
classes fought on both sides. Englishmen of all social classes fought on both
sides.

8. The Commonwealth and the
Protectorate
For eleven years (1649 to 1660) England experimented
with new forms of government The first of these was called
the Commonwealth, and it took the form of a republic ruled
by the Rump Parliament. Then in 1553 England became a
Protectorate, with Oliver Cromwell exercising almost
dictatorial power as its “Lord Protector.”
During this time England fought many domestic and foreign
enemies. Commercial rivalries with the Netherlands
sparked a naval war in which England emerged victorious.
Meanwhile Cromwell’s authoritarianism and strict
enforcement of religious precepts (for example, prohibitions
against theatrical presentations) made his style of rule
increasingly unpopular.

9. When he died in 1658 his son succeeded
him in the office of Protector, but he did
not have his father’s force of character,
and the English people were tired of
republicanism and government imposed
morality. In 1660, only two years after
Oliver Cromwell’s death, Parliament
invited Charles I’s exiled son to return to
England, and take the throne as King
Charles II.

10. GUY FAWKES

12. KING JAMES & WITCHCRAFT
Scotland’s reputation for the persecution of
witches probably has much to do with King
James VI’s special interest in the subject. In
1589 the princess Anne of Denmark sailed for
Scotland, where she was to marry James, but
storms forced her ship to make port in Norway...

13. After James VI of Scotland
became James I of England,
he found his new subjects
much more skeptical than the
Scots with respect to belief in
witches.
Not wishing to appear
ridulous, he ceased to
show much interest in
the subject. However, it
is likely that
Shakespeare included
the famous witches
scenes in Macbeth in
order to please James.

14. BALLAD: ALLISON GROSS
In the 17th century ballad “Allison Gross” an ugly witch tries to seduce the
narrator by offering him valuable gifts. He rejects all her advances, and she
avenges her spurned affection by transforming him into a worm. The narrator is
able to recount his story only because he is fortunate enough to meet the Fairy
Queen, who changes him back to his human form.
The original ballad is written in Scots dialect. In 1975 the English folk-rock
group, Steeleye Span, recorded the song “Alison Gross” using a modernized
text and musical arrangement.

16. ARCHAIC FORMS(I): THOU, THEE, ETC.
The pronoun thou was used to address one person and ye to address more than one.
However, after the Norman conquest Old English adopted the French practice of using the plural
pronoun to address kings and noblemen.
Later, the pronoun ye was used to address anyone of higher social rank and thou was reserved for familiars or
persons of lower status.
We find in Shakespeare’s Othello:
Brabantio: Thou art a villain
Iago: You are a senator. (Act 1, scene 1)
And in King Lear:
Gloucester: Oh, ye Gods! (Act 3, Scene 7)

17. Other aspects of this early Modern English style include the verb inflections –
est and –th for the second person singular and third person singular forms
respectively. Naturally, the verbs “to be” and a few auxiliary verbs had irregular
forms.
I am has do can make prepare
thou art hast dost canst makest preparest
you are have do can make prepare
he/she/it is hath doth can maketh prepareth
we are have do can make prepare
ye are have do can make prepare
they are have do can make prepare

18. Thus we read in Psalm XXIII, The Lord is my Shepherd:
He leadeth me to green pastures; He restoreth my soul…
And later in the same psalm:
Thou preparest a table before me…
Shakespeare’s Macbeth provides an example of this form with a modal auxiliary verb:
Wake Duncan with thy knocking? I would thou couldst. (Act 2, scene 2)
As in other languages with complex verb inflections, this style sometimes allowed speakers to omit the
personal pronoun, especially in the case of questions:
Dost understand? (Dost thou understand?)
The subject pronoun thou becomes thee in the objective case. Thus, we hear in the familiar Catholic
prayer:
Hail Mary, full of grace, the Lord is with thee
Blessed art thou among women…

19. These lines from the Hail Mary also furnish an example of the corresponding possessive adjective is
thy.[1] Other examples can be found in The Lord’s Prayer:
Our Father, who art in heaven,
Hallowed be thy name,
Thy kingdom come, thy will be done…
The possessive pronoun is thine. Protestant versions of The Lord’s Prayer end with:
For thine is the kingdom, the power and glory…
[1] Thy becomes thine before an object beginning with a vowel (for example: thine enemies).

20. By the middle of the seventeenth century, these forms had begun to pass out of common usage.
However, these forms did not disappear.
A television commercial for Quaker Oats has the face on the package (a Quaker) say:
Nothing is better for thee than me.
English poets continued to use this form well into the 19th century. For example:
If I were a dead leaf thou mightest bear; if I were a swift cloud to fly with thee…[1]
Pop and folk songs often use this form to lend an especially poetic or romantic touch.
If ever I should prove false to thee, the day will turn to night.[2]
[1] Percy Bysshe Shelley. “Ode to the West Wind” verses 43-44.
[2] Baez, Joan. “Ten Thousand Miles”, Joan Baez, Vanguard Records, 1960.

21. ARCHAIC FORMS (II): PRAYERS
Just as English speakers have become accustomed to reading the Bible in “King
James” English, they traditionally use this form when reciting l prayers. Even very
young children learn and recite by heart by heart such formal, written prayers
such as these:

22. Psalm XXIII (King James Bible)
The LORD is my shepherd; I shall not want.
He maketh me to lie down in green pastures: he leadeth me beside the still waters.
He restoreth my soul: he leadeth me in the paths of righteousness for his name's sake.
Yea, though I walk through the valley of the shadow of death, I will fear no evil: for thou art with
me; thy rod and thy staff they comfort me.
Thou preparest a table before me in the presence of mine enemies: thou annointest my head
with oil; my cup runneth over.
Surely goodness and mercy shall follow me all the days of my life: and I will dwell in the house
of the LORD for ever.

23. The Lord’s Prayer
Our Father, who art in heaven, hallowed be thy name.
Thy kingdom come, thy will be done,
On earth as it is in heaven,
Give us this day our daily bread,
And forgive us our trespasses,
As we forgive those who trespass against us,
And lead us not into temptation,
But deliver us from evil,
For thine is the kingdom, the power and glory,
Forever and ever, Amen.
(These last two lines are omitted in the Catholic version
of the prayer.)
Hail Mary
Hail Mary, full of grace, the Lord is with
thee,
Blessed art thou among women, and
blessed is the fruit of thy womb, Jesus.
Holy Mary, mother of God, pray for us
sinners,
Now and at the hour of our death, Amen.

24. THE KING JAMES (AUTHORIZED) BIBLE
During the fifth century Saint
Jerome translated the Bible into
Latin. For a thousand years his
translation, called the Vulgate, was
the official Bible of the Catholic
Church. It did not matter that only a
few well-educated people could
read it, since the Church claimed
exclusive authority to interpret
Scripture...

25. The English people’s enthusiasm for reading the Bible persisted in spite of Mary I’s attempts to restore
England to the Catholic Faith. New translations appeared: first the Geneva Bible, then the Bishops’
Bible, and finally an authorized Catholic translation (from the Latin Vulgate) called the Douay-Reims
Bible. None of these versions, however, were entirely satisfactory.
The new Bible, known to Britons as the Authorized Version and to Americans as the King James Bible,
was first published in 1611.

27. A noticeable feature of the King James Bible is its extremely
conservative use of the English language. For example, the
translators deliberately limited the range of its vocabulary.
The King James Bible uses only 12,143 different words. By
contrast, William Shakespeare, who wrote during the same
historical period but was prodigal in his use of vocabulary, used
a total of 24,000 different words in his collected works (1,700 of
which he himself invented).

28. REFERENCES
http://deborahswift.blogspot.com/2011_10_01_archive.html
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_of_the_Crowns
http://talesofcuriosity.com/v/GunPowder/
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Descendants_of_Charles_I_of_England
http://www.word-power.co.uk/searchBook.php?keywords=Tarquin+Publications&options=publisher
http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/civil_war_revolution/
http://www.electricscotland.com/history/ulster/vol3chap13.htm
http://roflrazzi.cheezburger.com/history/tag/guy-fawkes
http://www.stephenhicks.org/2010/12/22/whats-new-in-witchcraft/
http://gospelresourcecenter.com/category/bibles/king-james-version/
http://www.filsh.net/download/1dEk4
http://literarism.blogspot.com/2012/08/race-and-gender-in-othello.html
http://groovycorner.blogspot.com/2009/11/holy-bible-fact-or-fiction-part-1.html
http://www.bibleprotector.com/

29. Thank you!
Presented by:
Santiago Betancur
Laura Betancur