The Civil Rights movement of the 1960s aimed to end racial segregation and discrimination against African Americans. Groups like the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) and Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) organized protests like sit-ins, marches, and boycotts to advocate for voting rights and desegregation. Though they faced violent opposition, Civil Rights leaders like Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. remained committed to nonviolence, which helped gain support and effect policy changes like the Civil Rights Act of 1964. However, racial inequalities and tensions remained even after legal segregation was overturned.
The document discusses the evolution of the US civil rights movement from the 1950s to the 1960s, from a focus on non-violent protest to the rise of more militant tactics. In the 1950s, civil rights activists employed non-violent strategies like boycotts, sit-ins, and legal challenges. However, as violence from white supremacists increased, some activists began advocating for self-defense and black empowerment. Events like the lynching of Mack Charles Parker in 1959 contributed to the growing black power movement of the 1960s led by figures like Robert F. Williams and Huey Newton who embraced more confrontational approaches.
This document summarizes the 1968 Olympics medal ceremony protest by Tommie Smith and John Carlos for racial equality. It discusses:
1) How Smith and Carlos wore black gloves and no shoes on the podium to protest racial discrimination, while Peter Norman of Australia supported them by wearing a human rights badge.
2) This protest drew attention to the ongoing Civil Rights Movement in the US which sought to end racial discrimination against African Americans from 1954 to 1968 through non-violent protests led by Martin Luther King Jr.
3) The protest was an important event that highlighted racial issues during a time of social upheaval and calls for social justice in the 1960s.
The document discusses social divisions and differences in democracy. It provides examples of how three athletes - Tommie Smith, Peter Norman and John Carlos - protested racial discrimination at the 1968 Mexico City Olympics by raising their fists during the medal ceremony. Their actions drew international attention to the civil rights movement in the US. The document also discusses the differences between civil rights and black power movements, how social differences originate, and factors that influence the political expression of social divisions, including examples from Northern Ireland, Yugoslavia, and other countries.
The document discusses the 1968 Olympics in Mexico City where Tommie Smith and John Carlos conducted a protest on the medal podium. During the medal ceremony for the 200m event, Smith won gold and Carlos won bronze. They each raised a black-gloved fist and bowed their heads in a Black Power salute to protest racism in the US. They wore black socks with no shoes to represent black poverty. Their protest brought attention to civil rights issues and they were suspended from the US team for bringing politics into the Olympics. Their actions were widely viewed and helped spread awareness of ongoing struggles for racial equality and justice.
Democracy and diversity CBSE class 10,12project Social ScienceVishvjeet Yadav
The document discusses democracy and social divisions. It defines democracy as a system of government where citizens participate in decision making through voting. It also discusses key elements of democracy like free and fair elections, citizen participation, protection of rights, and rule of law. The document then talks about how social divisions based on factors like language, religion, caste etc. can overlap with political divisions and potentially lead to conflict if exploited by political parties for political gains. However, it notes that this does not always result in disintegration of the country.
The document discusses key elements of American civic culture, including individualism, religion, patriotism, and community service. It explores how individualism has shaped American society and politics. Religion has also been very influential despite the separation of church and state. Patriotism is expressed through symbols, rituals and military service. Community service has become an important part of American culture through civic organizations and voluntary work.
1) The document discusses how liberal governments should balance cultural minority traditions that violate women's rights.
2) It explores potential common ground between liberals and cultural minorities, such as the principle of consent/autonomy.
3) Challenges to liberal approaches are addressed, such as criticisms of arrogantly presuming liberal values are universal. Clarifying the distinct issues can help have respectful cross-cultural discussions.
The document discusses social divisions and their relationship to politics in democracies. It makes three key points:
1) How people perceive their identities is crucial - if identities are seen as singular rather than multiple, divisions are harder to reconcile.
2) The way political leaders raise demands of communities matters - demands within constitutional frameworks are easier to accommodate.
3) How the government reacts to different groups' demands is important. While political expression of social divisions is normal in democracies, accommodating diversity requires addressing injustices and marginalization.
The document discusses the evolution of the US civil rights movement from the 1950s to the 1960s, from a focus on non-violent protest to the rise of more militant tactics. In the 1950s, civil rights activists employed non-violent strategies like boycotts, sit-ins, and legal challenges. However, as violence from white supremacists increased, some activists began advocating for self-defense and black empowerment. Events like the lynching of Mack Charles Parker in 1959 contributed to the growing black power movement of the 1960s led by figures like Robert F. Williams and Huey Newton who embraced more confrontational approaches.
This document summarizes the 1968 Olympics medal ceremony protest by Tommie Smith and John Carlos for racial equality. It discusses:
1) How Smith and Carlos wore black gloves and no shoes on the podium to protest racial discrimination, while Peter Norman of Australia supported them by wearing a human rights badge.
2) This protest drew attention to the ongoing Civil Rights Movement in the US which sought to end racial discrimination against African Americans from 1954 to 1968 through non-violent protests led by Martin Luther King Jr.
3) The protest was an important event that highlighted racial issues during a time of social upheaval and calls for social justice in the 1960s.
The document discusses social divisions and differences in democracy. It provides examples of how three athletes - Tommie Smith, Peter Norman and John Carlos - protested racial discrimination at the 1968 Mexico City Olympics by raising their fists during the medal ceremony. Their actions drew international attention to the civil rights movement in the US. The document also discusses the differences between civil rights and black power movements, how social differences originate, and factors that influence the political expression of social divisions, including examples from Northern Ireland, Yugoslavia, and other countries.
The document discusses the 1968 Olympics in Mexico City where Tommie Smith and John Carlos conducted a protest on the medal podium. During the medal ceremony for the 200m event, Smith won gold and Carlos won bronze. They each raised a black-gloved fist and bowed their heads in a Black Power salute to protest racism in the US. They wore black socks with no shoes to represent black poverty. Their protest brought attention to civil rights issues and they were suspended from the US team for bringing politics into the Olympics. Their actions were widely viewed and helped spread awareness of ongoing struggles for racial equality and justice.
Democracy and diversity CBSE class 10,12project Social ScienceVishvjeet Yadav
The document discusses democracy and social divisions. It defines democracy as a system of government where citizens participate in decision making through voting. It also discusses key elements of democracy like free and fair elections, citizen participation, protection of rights, and rule of law. The document then talks about how social divisions based on factors like language, religion, caste etc. can overlap with political divisions and potentially lead to conflict if exploited by political parties for political gains. However, it notes that this does not always result in disintegration of the country.
The document discusses key elements of American civic culture, including individualism, religion, patriotism, and community service. It explores how individualism has shaped American society and politics. Religion has also been very influential despite the separation of church and state. Patriotism is expressed through symbols, rituals and military service. Community service has become an important part of American culture through civic organizations and voluntary work.
1) The document discusses how liberal governments should balance cultural minority traditions that violate women's rights.
2) It explores potential common ground between liberals and cultural minorities, such as the principle of consent/autonomy.
3) Challenges to liberal approaches are addressed, such as criticisms of arrogantly presuming liberal values are universal. Clarifying the distinct issues can help have respectful cross-cultural discussions.
The document discusses social divisions and their relationship to politics in democracies. It makes three key points:
1) How people perceive their identities is crucial - if identities are seen as singular rather than multiple, divisions are harder to reconcile.
2) The way political leaders raise demands of communities matters - demands within constitutional frameworks are easier to accommodate.
3) How the government reacts to different groups' demands is important. While political expression of social divisions is normal in democracies, accommodating diversity requires addressing injustices and marginalization.
Topic: Link between depressed economy and increased crime rates; Type of paper: Thesis; Subject: Political Philosophy; Academic level: Masters; Style: MLA
The document summarizes the story of Tommie Smith and John Carlos, two African American athletes who raised their fists in a black power salute during the medal ceremony at the 1968 Olympics in Mexico City. It discusses their protest against racial discrimination in the United States and how they drew international attention to the civil rights movement. It also mentions that Peter Norman, a white Australian athlete, wore a human rights badge in solidarity with Smith and Carlos during the ceremony.
Democratic Politics Chapter 3 Grade 10 CBSE [Democracy and Diversity]ssh09
Democratic Politics Chapter I for grade 10 i hope it is going to be more interesting and easier for the students to learn and revise. I hope students of CBSE schools will benefit across the globe.
This document discusses social diversity and its relationship to democracy. It begins by outlining different social identities like religion, language, class, etc. that people use to identify themselves. It then distinguishes between social differences based on birth versus personal choices. Cross-cutting social differences, where groups tolerate each other, are easier for democracies to accommodate than overlapping differences that create deep divisions. The document analyzes examples like Northern Ireland and former Yugoslavia to show how politics can both accommodate and exacerbate social tensions, depending on people's perceptions of their identities, political leaders' stances, and government responses. Overall, it argues that while political expression of social divisions is normal in democracies, positive attitudes and willingness to
Power is shared in three ways in democracies: horizontally between branches of government, vertically between levels of government, and among communities. Belgium and Sri Lanka illustrate different approaches. Belgium amended its constitution four times to share power horizontally and vertically, avoiding civil strife. Sri Lanka followed majoritarianism, establishing Sinhala supremacy through preferential policies and acts, alienating Tamils and leading to civil war. Power sharing is desirable to reduce conflict, ensure stability, and make government legitimate by giving citizens a stake.
"The Souls of Poor Folk traces the 50 years since 1968, when Rev. Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., and thousands of Americans, alarmed at their government’s blindness to human need, launched the Poor People’s Campaign."
"50 years later, beset by deepening poverty, ecological devastation, systemic racism, and an economy harnessed to seemingly endless war, “The Poor People’s Campaign: A National Call for Moral Revival” likewise beckons our nation to higher ground. We call upon our society to see the predicaments of the most vulnerable among us and to halt the destruction of America’s moral vision. Hundreds of thousands across the nation today stand on the shoulders of that “freedom church” of 1968. We turn to America’s history—and to the realities of our own time—not to wallow in a fruitless nostalgia of
pain. We seek instead to redeem a democratic promise enshrined in the U.S. Constitution and the Declaration of Independence, yet even more deeply rooted in the living ingredients of our own lives and embodied in the countless and largely unacknowledged grassroots activists who have labored to lift those founding documents to their full meaning."
Slide 3 WestCal Political Science 1 - US Government 2015-2016WestCal Academy
This document provides a summary of 17 lecture topics from a political science course on US government, including America's elite membership, policy changes and innovations, political conflict, stability and instability, corporate and economic power, globalization, and how elites exercise power. It also summarizes John Locke's "Second Treatise of Government" over the course of 17 sections, outlining Locke's philosophy of natural rights, property, consent of the governed, and the purpose of government to protect individual rights and property.
The document discusses how democracies can yield non-democratic outcomes when preconditions for democracy are missing or manipulated. It analyzes theories of democracy and compares the US and India. Regarding the US, it summarizes research arguing the US has become a "plutonomy" dominated by wealthy elites who use wealth to influence politics through campaign donations and media. Engineered consent and "Astroturf" groups are discussed as tools used to shape public opinion and policy debates, such as labeling the Affordable Care Act as "Obamacare".
The document discusses the history and development of US foreign policy and national security. It outlines the conflicting traditions that influence American foreign policy decisions, including moralism vs pragmatism and unilateralism vs multilateralism. It also describes the various political actors that influence foreign policy, including the President, National Security Council, State Department, Defense Department, Congress, courts, interest groups, and public opinion.
The document summarizes the civil rights movement in the United States from 1954 to 1968. It discusses how the movement aimed to outlaw racial discrimination against African Americans and restore voting rights in southern states. By 1966, the Black Power Movement enlarged the aims of the Civil Rights Movement to include issues like racial dignity, economic empowerment, and freedom from white oppression. The document then focuses on the 1968 Mexico City Olympics, where Tommie Smith and John Carlos conducted a protest on the medal podium for the 200 meter race by raising their fists in black power salutes to bring attention to the lack of civil rights in America. Their protest was seen worldwide and resulted in backlash, but it brought significant attention to the ongoing civil rights issues
Hey friends,
This is from the chapter "Democracy and diversity". This chapter is from the civics text book of CBSE. This is From the 10th standard syllabus.
The document provides an overview of white racial extremist groups in the United States, including the Ku Klux Klan, American Nazi Party, Aryan Nations, and other neo-Nazi and racist skinhead groups. It discusses the beliefs, origins, and activities of these groups, and examines topics like hate crimes, the role of music and the internet, and challenges in measuring their membership. Interviews have been conducted with over 325 individuals involved in extremist organizations.
The document discusses social diversity in India based on gender, religion, and caste. It explains that while social differences exist in all societies, they can become problematic when they are used to justify political or social domination of one group over others or deny equal rights and opportunities. The document examines issues related to gender inequality in Indian society such as disparities in education, jobs, wages, and safety for women. It also discusses problems that have arisen from religious and caste divisions such as communalism and the oppression of lower castes in the past. However, it notes that political expression of social identities is acceptable in a democracy and has also helped disadvantaged groups gain better representation and rights.
This document summarizes a chapter about American political culture. It discusses key aspects of American political culture including levels of trust in government, acceptance of wealth inequality, differences from other countries, and the persistence of conflict. It also examines the political system, economic system, and the civic role of religion in American politics. Graphs and tables are included showing trends in government trust, civic engagement, and political tolerance over time. The document concludes by outlining arguments for and against expanding a law allowing more government funding of faith-based social programs.
The document summarizes the 1968 Olympics protest by Tommie Smith and John Carlos during the medal ceremony for the 200m race. It provides context for their protest, describing the growing civil rights movement in the US and their desire to bring attention to racial inequality and poverty at home. It then describes how Smith won gold and Carlos won bronze and their coordinated protest of raising black-gloved fists on the podium to represent black power and unity. This sparked international controversy and led to them being banished from the Olympic village. Their actions have since been recognized for drawing global attention to racial injustice in America.
PS 101 Foundations Of American Political CultureChristopher Rice
This document discusses the principles of American political culture and democracy. It outlines four fundamental principles: popular sovereignty, political equality, political liberty, and majority rule. It also examines the assumptions and ideals that the founders had for representative democracy to function properly, such as an informed citizenry and the rule of reason in decision making. However, it notes some modern problems like the decline of reasoned public discourse and increasing polarization.
This document summarizes the key differences between the Democratic and Republican parties in the United States. It outlines the core constituencies and beliefs of each party. Democrats believe in redistributing wealth through government programs and regulating personal behavior. Their coalition includes minorities, union members, feminists, and environmentalists. Republicans believe in limited government intervention in both economic and social spheres. They advocate for free market principles and personal responsibility. Their supporters include rural residents, veterans, and religious conservatives. The document also lists some general tendencies of each party on issues like spending, taxation, health care and gun control.
This document discusses the history of anti-black violence in America and how it has been used to control the population and working classes. It notes that lynchings and other violent acts against black Americans have been used to divide working class whites and blacks. More recently, a resurgence of anti-black violence and rhetoric has occurred as global capitalists seek to impose fascism and lower living standards to turn the world into an investment colony. However, the document argues that the creation of a large, multi-racial unemployed class provides an opportunity for working class unity across racial lines to fight back against these oppressive conditions.
Slide 10 WestCal Political Science 1 - US Government 2015-2016WestCal Academy
American Leadership Policy Studies (ALPS) is a for-college credit certificate program that teaches the fundamentals of American government. ALPS includes a custom tailored Political Science 1 – US Government course taught in partnership with accredited colleges to assure students receive college credit. The class is taught from the perspective of industry professionals who work in local/state/federal bureaucracies and/or political/union campaigns. This course program may operate at the site of a partnering college or instructor of record who licenses ALPS course materials from WestCal Academy or at WestCal Academy’s main campus in partnership with an accredited college. WestCal Academy
This slide covers the following:
1. Interest Groups In The Golden State
- Aerospace
- Environmental and “Green” Companies
- Media – Music, Film, Television
- Agriculture
- Healthcare
- Computer Technology
- Transportation
2. Campaign Examples
3. Commercialization & Propaganda
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive function. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms.
Topic: Link between depressed economy and increased crime rates; Type of paper: Thesis; Subject: Political Philosophy; Academic level: Masters; Style: MLA
The document summarizes the story of Tommie Smith and John Carlos, two African American athletes who raised their fists in a black power salute during the medal ceremony at the 1968 Olympics in Mexico City. It discusses their protest against racial discrimination in the United States and how they drew international attention to the civil rights movement. It also mentions that Peter Norman, a white Australian athlete, wore a human rights badge in solidarity with Smith and Carlos during the ceremony.
Democratic Politics Chapter 3 Grade 10 CBSE [Democracy and Diversity]ssh09
Democratic Politics Chapter I for grade 10 i hope it is going to be more interesting and easier for the students to learn and revise. I hope students of CBSE schools will benefit across the globe.
This document discusses social diversity and its relationship to democracy. It begins by outlining different social identities like religion, language, class, etc. that people use to identify themselves. It then distinguishes between social differences based on birth versus personal choices. Cross-cutting social differences, where groups tolerate each other, are easier for democracies to accommodate than overlapping differences that create deep divisions. The document analyzes examples like Northern Ireland and former Yugoslavia to show how politics can both accommodate and exacerbate social tensions, depending on people's perceptions of their identities, political leaders' stances, and government responses. Overall, it argues that while political expression of social divisions is normal in democracies, positive attitudes and willingness to
Power is shared in three ways in democracies: horizontally between branches of government, vertically between levels of government, and among communities. Belgium and Sri Lanka illustrate different approaches. Belgium amended its constitution four times to share power horizontally and vertically, avoiding civil strife. Sri Lanka followed majoritarianism, establishing Sinhala supremacy through preferential policies and acts, alienating Tamils and leading to civil war. Power sharing is desirable to reduce conflict, ensure stability, and make government legitimate by giving citizens a stake.
"The Souls of Poor Folk traces the 50 years since 1968, when Rev. Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., and thousands of Americans, alarmed at their government’s blindness to human need, launched the Poor People’s Campaign."
"50 years later, beset by deepening poverty, ecological devastation, systemic racism, and an economy harnessed to seemingly endless war, “The Poor People’s Campaign: A National Call for Moral Revival” likewise beckons our nation to higher ground. We call upon our society to see the predicaments of the most vulnerable among us and to halt the destruction of America’s moral vision. Hundreds of thousands across the nation today stand on the shoulders of that “freedom church” of 1968. We turn to America’s history—and to the realities of our own time—not to wallow in a fruitless nostalgia of
pain. We seek instead to redeem a democratic promise enshrined in the U.S. Constitution and the Declaration of Independence, yet even more deeply rooted in the living ingredients of our own lives and embodied in the countless and largely unacknowledged grassroots activists who have labored to lift those founding documents to their full meaning."
Slide 3 WestCal Political Science 1 - US Government 2015-2016WestCal Academy
This document provides a summary of 17 lecture topics from a political science course on US government, including America's elite membership, policy changes and innovations, political conflict, stability and instability, corporate and economic power, globalization, and how elites exercise power. It also summarizes John Locke's "Second Treatise of Government" over the course of 17 sections, outlining Locke's philosophy of natural rights, property, consent of the governed, and the purpose of government to protect individual rights and property.
The document discusses how democracies can yield non-democratic outcomes when preconditions for democracy are missing or manipulated. It analyzes theories of democracy and compares the US and India. Regarding the US, it summarizes research arguing the US has become a "plutonomy" dominated by wealthy elites who use wealth to influence politics through campaign donations and media. Engineered consent and "Astroturf" groups are discussed as tools used to shape public opinion and policy debates, such as labeling the Affordable Care Act as "Obamacare".
The document discusses the history and development of US foreign policy and national security. It outlines the conflicting traditions that influence American foreign policy decisions, including moralism vs pragmatism and unilateralism vs multilateralism. It also describes the various political actors that influence foreign policy, including the President, National Security Council, State Department, Defense Department, Congress, courts, interest groups, and public opinion.
The document summarizes the civil rights movement in the United States from 1954 to 1968. It discusses how the movement aimed to outlaw racial discrimination against African Americans and restore voting rights in southern states. By 1966, the Black Power Movement enlarged the aims of the Civil Rights Movement to include issues like racial dignity, economic empowerment, and freedom from white oppression. The document then focuses on the 1968 Mexico City Olympics, where Tommie Smith and John Carlos conducted a protest on the medal podium for the 200 meter race by raising their fists in black power salutes to bring attention to the lack of civil rights in America. Their protest was seen worldwide and resulted in backlash, but it brought significant attention to the ongoing civil rights issues
Hey friends,
This is from the chapter "Democracy and diversity". This chapter is from the civics text book of CBSE. This is From the 10th standard syllabus.
The document provides an overview of white racial extremist groups in the United States, including the Ku Klux Klan, American Nazi Party, Aryan Nations, and other neo-Nazi and racist skinhead groups. It discusses the beliefs, origins, and activities of these groups, and examines topics like hate crimes, the role of music and the internet, and challenges in measuring their membership. Interviews have been conducted with over 325 individuals involved in extremist organizations.
The document discusses social diversity in India based on gender, religion, and caste. It explains that while social differences exist in all societies, they can become problematic when they are used to justify political or social domination of one group over others or deny equal rights and opportunities. The document examines issues related to gender inequality in Indian society such as disparities in education, jobs, wages, and safety for women. It also discusses problems that have arisen from religious and caste divisions such as communalism and the oppression of lower castes in the past. However, it notes that political expression of social identities is acceptable in a democracy and has also helped disadvantaged groups gain better representation and rights.
This document summarizes a chapter about American political culture. It discusses key aspects of American political culture including levels of trust in government, acceptance of wealth inequality, differences from other countries, and the persistence of conflict. It also examines the political system, economic system, and the civic role of religion in American politics. Graphs and tables are included showing trends in government trust, civic engagement, and political tolerance over time. The document concludes by outlining arguments for and against expanding a law allowing more government funding of faith-based social programs.
The document summarizes the 1968 Olympics protest by Tommie Smith and John Carlos during the medal ceremony for the 200m race. It provides context for their protest, describing the growing civil rights movement in the US and their desire to bring attention to racial inequality and poverty at home. It then describes how Smith won gold and Carlos won bronze and their coordinated protest of raising black-gloved fists on the podium to represent black power and unity. This sparked international controversy and led to them being banished from the Olympic village. Their actions have since been recognized for drawing global attention to racial injustice in America.
PS 101 Foundations Of American Political CultureChristopher Rice
This document discusses the principles of American political culture and democracy. It outlines four fundamental principles: popular sovereignty, political equality, political liberty, and majority rule. It also examines the assumptions and ideals that the founders had for representative democracy to function properly, such as an informed citizenry and the rule of reason in decision making. However, it notes some modern problems like the decline of reasoned public discourse and increasing polarization.
This document summarizes the key differences between the Democratic and Republican parties in the United States. It outlines the core constituencies and beliefs of each party. Democrats believe in redistributing wealth through government programs and regulating personal behavior. Their coalition includes minorities, union members, feminists, and environmentalists. Republicans believe in limited government intervention in both economic and social spheres. They advocate for free market principles and personal responsibility. Their supporters include rural residents, veterans, and religious conservatives. The document also lists some general tendencies of each party on issues like spending, taxation, health care and gun control.
This document discusses the history of anti-black violence in America and how it has been used to control the population and working classes. It notes that lynchings and other violent acts against black Americans have been used to divide working class whites and blacks. More recently, a resurgence of anti-black violence and rhetoric has occurred as global capitalists seek to impose fascism and lower living standards to turn the world into an investment colony. However, the document argues that the creation of a large, multi-racial unemployed class provides an opportunity for working class unity across racial lines to fight back against these oppressive conditions.
Slide 10 WestCal Political Science 1 - US Government 2015-2016WestCal Academy
American Leadership Policy Studies (ALPS) is a for-college credit certificate program that teaches the fundamentals of American government. ALPS includes a custom tailored Political Science 1 – US Government course taught in partnership with accredited colleges to assure students receive college credit. The class is taught from the perspective of industry professionals who work in local/state/federal bureaucracies and/or political/union campaigns. This course program may operate at the site of a partnering college or instructor of record who licenses ALPS course materials from WestCal Academy or at WestCal Academy’s main campus in partnership with an accredited college. WestCal Academy
This slide covers the following:
1. Interest Groups In The Golden State
- Aerospace
- Environmental and “Green” Companies
- Media – Music, Film, Television
- Agriculture
- Healthcare
- Computer Technology
- Transportation
2. Campaign Examples
3. Commercialization & Propaganda
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive function. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms.
Este documento describe las características de la interfaz de usuario de un diario digital. La interfaz permite el uso de texto, imágenes y videos, y contiene enlaces internos y externos para expandir noticias y navegar entre secciones. Los usuarios pueden acceder fácilmente a las categorías y noticias destacadas a través de la navegación por hipervínculos y la búsqueda.
This document lists five scenic roads in India known for their spectacular scenery: the Zuluk Loop from Kalimpong to Zuluk, the road from Srinagar to Leh, the road from Chalakudy to Valparai through the Western Ghats, and the Koli Mallai Ghat Road from Bangalore to the Koli Hills.
Pictures from the visit to Wine Museum COSTA LAZARIDInkoteb
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive function. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms.
Civics is the study of the rights and duties of citizens as members of a community who owe loyalty to their government and are entitled to its protections. Government makes it possible for people to live together peacefully and productively by keeping order, settling conflicts, providing public services, protecting communities, and guiding them. In a democratic government, citizens share in both governing and being governed, with options for direct democracy or representative democracy at different levels.
This document discusses the negative effects of alcohol consumption from both a health and societal perspective. It summarizes research showing that even moderate alcohol usage impairs physical and mental efficiency. Laboratory experiments demonstrate losses in coordination, judgement and perception after small doses of alcohol. The document also argues that states do not truly benefit financially from taxing the liquor industry, as revenues are offset by losses to productivity and health care costs. Both beer and wine are said to negatively impact health, with beer specifically linked to diseases of the stomach, kidneys, heart and blood vessels by medical experts. Overall, the document portrays alcohol as detrimental to both individuals and societies.
This document defines and describes various political institutions and forms of government. It discusses that a government is a ruling body recognized by the people it governs, with the ability to make and enforce rules. Types of governments include monarchies, where power is passed through families, and democracies, where citizens periodically elect officials. Other forms are authoritarianism, with no citizen participation, and totalitarianism, with tight government control over citizens' lives. The document also examines the concepts of power, authority, and legitimacy in political systems. It provides examples of political participation such as voting, lobbying, and advocacy campaigns.
1. Nathaniel Green
Social Movements
Dr. Hare
2/8/16
The Civil Rights struggle of the 1960s was born of centuries of systemic oppression in
government and culture that black Americans could no longer endure. In the United States
African Americans were not duly represented in local, state and federal government because of
unfair voting laws, practices and collusion within political parties. What were identified as black
problems were not represented in the media and culture. The most persistent and pervasive of the
offenses that African Americans were expected to endure was the practice of segregation.
Segregation was a barrier to progress in the social, economic and political arenas. This practice
made it incredibly difficult for black people to succeed in the United States. It would be an
extremely important victory for the Civil Rights movement to tear down the barrier of
segregation, but it would not be the final battle. As the struggle continued for equality and Civil
Rights some of these problems would be addressed, but the true nature of the opposition would
be revealed in the violence that was perpetrated against the leaders and activists many of whom
wanted nothing more than freedom and equality.
The goals of the Civil Rights movement began as a desire for desegregation. The
supporters and activists like Rosa Parks, wanted simply to be treated as equal under the law.
They wanted access to schools, public services and commercial services to be equal not separate.
But as opposition increased, the cry for freedom and equality escalated as well. It would be
revealed how deeply racism and policies of inequality had impacted society and government.
2. Voting laws would have to be changed, black people would have to fight against groups within
the society and the political powers themselves, not only for the laws to change, but even for the
ability to freely cast a vote. It became clear to Civil Rights activists that political power and
participation within the process of lawmaking would be needed, African Americans needed
representation. Equality was not only a struggle for black people, not just a problem of Civil
Rights, but Human Rights. Malcolm X, before his assassination expressed a desire to shift the
discussion to equality as an issue of Human Rights. A system that relies on oppression and
control of any group, cannot be said to be free at any level. The ruling class is enslaved by the
enslavement of others and oppressed by the oppression, the responses of those that rule are
determined by the actions of those that are ruled. Individuals and groups in a society depend on
each other, when political, economic and social power is managed irresponsibly, then conflict
will occur. The results of these conflicts may not only improve the lives of individuals in a
society, but they can determine the nature and escalation of future conflicts.
The outcome of the Civil Rights struggle of the 1960s was a major shift in the course of
the United States. Amidst the social and political upheaval Civil Rights became a major political
agenda. President Lyndon Johnson spoke on the topic and ensured that black people would be
allowed voting rights. The resolve displayed by the President is proof of the efficacy of the Civil
Rights movement and the severity of the problem of inequality at this time. Acts of violence
were a signature of the opposition to the Civil Rights movement. Several leaders were killed,
threatened and attacked by a counterculture that rose to challenge activists in both the political
and official arena and outside of the political sphere. Malcolm X, a leader and speaker for the
Nation of Islam was murdered. Rev. James Leeb, an activist and advocate for Civil Rights was
murdered following the second march at the Edmund Pettis Bridge. The first march at the
3. Edmund Pettis Bridge, in Selma, AL was subject to an overwhelming display of force by State
and local leadership and became a rallying point for Civil Rights activists. Other incidents of
violence, both official and outlaw, such as the disappearance of three men in Meridian, the death
of Jimmy Jackson, the assassination of Medgar Evers, and the attack on James Meredith, drew
public outcry and garnered not only national media attention, but also highlighted the depth of
the problem. These incidents steeled the resolve of huge portions of the nation in addition to the
activists themselves and enabled the leadership, much of whom were committed to non-violence,
to overcome the opposition and gain tangible and enduring freedom step by step. One major step
in the direction of freedom came in the form of a policy that was enacted by the democratic
convention to bar any delegate that practiced discrimination. Voting rights were granted and the
acquisition of political power became an option for African Americans. The Civil Rights
movement, through a series of actions by courageous and dedicated activists, became a cohesive
and outspoken alliance of social organizations during the 1960s. This alliance gained media
support and attention, made political allies and advocates and forged a path that would lead not
only to an equal future, but to a more equitable one.
There were several prominent groups that formed this, at times, tenuous alliance of social
organizations. The most influential of these organizations was probably, SCLC, the Southern
Christian Leadership Conference. The influence of SCLC was due in large part to the
charismatic and outspoken Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. Dr. King was a Nobel Peace Prize
recipient, a promoter of non-violence, a prominent leader within SCLC, a gifted speaker and
a dedicated leader of the Civil Rights movement. Much of the movement’s guidance was
under the unofficial tutelage of Dr. King. The SCLC held meetings and discussions in
churches and organized rallies, marches and protests during the struggle for Civil Rights.
4. Representing the SCLC, leaders would reach out to other activist groups, like the Student
Nonviolent Coordinating Committee and the Nation of Islam, to promote the agenda of non-
violent protest. The emphasis on non-violence was a point of contention among these groups.
The Nation of Islam promoted and celebrated Black Pride and self-reliance among black
communities. To realize this goal they built churches and schools across the country and
encouraged black business owners to work towards economic independence. But due in large
part to the efforts of Malcolm X, the Nation of Islam carried a more radicalized message and
did not embrace non-violence as a policy. Dissension within the Nation of Islam that resulted
from controversial statements by Malcolm X would cause him to separate from the Nation of
Islam and form the Organization for Afro-American Unity. The Organization for Afro-
American Unity sought to promote Black nationalism and to change the discussion of
equality into a discussion of Human Rights. To accomplish this Malcolm X and the
Organization for Afro-American Unity garnered international support and attention to the
fight for Civil Rights in the United States. The Student Nonviolent Coordinating
Committee, SNCC, strived for voting rights particularly in the state of Alabama. SNCC
canvassed neighborhoods, organized and led rallies and marches, and were met with
persistent official resistance during this struggle for voting rights. SNCC members formed
the Black Panther Party as a political and social group for black voters and candidates. The
National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, the NAACP, drew in many
lawyers, scholars and educated activists and supporters. The NAACP organized boycotts and
arranged for speakers. They were also involved in court cases and provided for legal
channels to be followed in the pursuit of Civil Rights. Medgar Evers, a leader within the
NAACP was murdered following his public support of James Meredith’s efforts to integrate
5. Mississippi University. The assassination of Medgar Evers became a rally point for Civil
Rights leaders and shone a national spotlight on the complexity of the struggle for Civil
Rights.
Social conditions and the climate of tension between not only the Civil Rights activists
and the segregationists, but also between the Civil Rights groups themselves, added to the
complexity of the struggle for Civil Rights. Segregationists, individuals and groups that
protested and opposed the Civil Rights movement, inherited a political system and culture
that had been built with the policy of institutional racism at its core. The legacy of
segregation and the efforts of those that intended to maintain that legacy were heavily
entrenched in all sections of society, political on all levels, economic, academic, and cultural.
This systematic racism created a resolute and massive barrier for the Civil Rights activists to
overcome. African American members of society were disadvantaged economically, many
lived in ghettos were opportunities were scarce. They were disadvantaged by the long
standing policy of segregation on all levels and each level had a cumulative effect that
created a barrier to success, happiness and equality. The outrage that many individuals must
have felt is understandable in the context of the vast injustice. This outrage, combined with a
desire to change the circumstances of the people that are affected is a powerful and pervasive
entity in a society. The contention between the leaders of SNCC, which supported a
militaristic stance, and the Nation of Islam, with their ideal of Black Pride, on one side and
the leaders of SCLC, with their policy of forbearance and adherence to non-violence was a
significant factor in the pursuit of Civil Rights. The outrage of an oppressed group can be a
powerful motivator for effective social change, but without a focus on peace and a desire to
ease suffering instead of displace it, then the power of the collective emotions of a population
6. can be a devastating and dangerous force. The condition that benefitted the Civil Rights
movement the most was the unconditional commitment of certain individuals to create a non-
violent resolution.
With non-violence at the core of the movement, Civil Rights leaders and activists
effectively leveraged sit-ins, boycotts, and marches. Protest rallies were held. Buses were
boycotted in Montgomery. Stores were boycotted in Jackson. Marches were held in Selma
and Marion. When the opposition, Governor Wallace of Alabama rallied State Police to
break up protesters in Selma, or members of the Whit Citizen’s Council punished individuals
and communities that supported integration, the Civil Rights activists continued to march and
speak, bravely confronting violence with words of peace and harmony. When secretive
counter-movement groups ambushed and assassinated members of the Civil Rights groups,
like James Meredith, and Medgar Evers and Malcolm X, leaders publicly mourned the loss
and ploddingly, doggedly, pursued the dream of a free and prosperous future in a system that
did not include racism at its heart. The strategy of peace and the promotion of non-violence
against an oppressive and violent system is the purest and most beautiful expression of
human nature that can be witnessed. The confluence of events and response, the honesty and
morality of the Civil Rights leaders, the courage and bravery of the activists that participated
concluded not in a perfect future, but in a better one. Our society is not always an equitable
system, but now it seems to be much more equal.