1. The document discusses key information from research in the 1980s regarding the development of occlusal balance and postural balance.
2. It notes that differentiation of the fascia of the masticatory muscles occurs from birth to age 3, prior to development of deeper fascia.
3. It also discusses the predominance of proprioceptive receptors on the alveolar crest before tooth eruption, highlighting early neurosensorality.
4. The presentation aims to apply these findings to better understand the progressive establishment of orofacial muscle fascia and neuromotor loops from birth to age 3.
This document discusses the physiology of the somatosensory and somatomotor systems. The somatosensory system conveys impulses from receptors in the skin, muscles, joints and tendons via three neurons to the cerebral cortex. The trigeminal somatosensory pathway transmits sensations from the face and related structures. The somatomotor system is concerned with motor activities of skeletal muscles and functions to enable smooth, precise voluntary movements and learned motor skills through pathways including the pyramidal and extrapyramidal tracts.
The accessory nerve controls specific muscles of the neck. It begins in the central nervous system and exits the cranium through a foramen. Unlike other cranial nerves, it begins outside the skull rather than inside, originating in the upper spinal cord. It innervates the sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscles. Injury can cause diminished function of these muscles.
The document provides an overview of the autonomic nervous system (ANS), which controls involuntary functions. It describes the two divisions - the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems. The sympathetic system is responsible for the "fight or flight" response while the parasympathetic system promotes "rest and digest" functions. It details the pathways, ganglia, and specific nerves involved in each system. Finally, it lists examples of how the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems affect different organs like the heart, lungs, and digestive system.
The trigeminal nerve is responsible for sensory innervation of the face and front parts of the head. It has three main branches that enter the skull through different openings and relay sensory information to the trigeminal ganglion and trigeminal nucleus in the brainstem. The trigeminal nucleus is a collection of nerve cells that receives all sensory information from the face, including touch, pain, and temperature. It contains a detailed map of the face and relates this sensory input to different areas of the brain. Disturbances in trigeminal nerve function can lead to pain conditions like trigeminal neuralgia.
Essay on What is a Neuron?
The Importance Of Forebrain
The Brain And Its Anatomy
The Human Brain Essay
The Power of the Human Brain Essays
How Does the Brain Work? Essay
The Brain and Cranial Nerves Essay examples
The Human Brain Essay
Essay about the human brain
How The Brain Works Essay
Essay The Aging Brain
The Structure Of The Brain Essay
Essay about Drugs Affect on Brain
Here are the key functions of the structures in abnormal psychology based on the information provided:
Amygdala: Responsible for how one perceives emotions like anger, fear, and sadness. Also controls emotions like aggression. Helps store memories of events and emotions.
Hypothalamus: Regulates basic bodily functions like hunger, thirst, sleep, temperature, and heart rate. Releases hormones that control these functions.
Thalamus: Sorts and distributes sensory data to different areas of the cortex. Sorts information as visual, tactile, auditory, or gustatory and sends it to the appropriate cortical region for processing. Sends visual information to the occipital lobe.
Here are the key steps in the process of smell:
1. Odorant molecules in the air enter the nose and bind to receptor cells located in the nasal cavity.
2. The receptor cells are located in the olfactory epithelium high up in the nasal cavity. Different receptors detect different odor molecules.
3. When an odorant binds to a receptor, it sends a signal through the olfactory nerve fibers to the olfactory bulb located in the brain.
4. The olfactory bulb processes the signals from hundreds of different receptors and passes the information on to areas of the brain like the amygdala and hippocampus.
5. The brain interprets the signals and identifies the smell, allowing us to
This document discusses the physiology of the somatosensory and somatomotor systems. The somatosensory system conveys impulses from receptors in the skin, muscles, joints and tendons via three neurons to the cerebral cortex. The trigeminal somatosensory pathway transmits sensations from the face and related structures. The somatomotor system is concerned with motor activities of skeletal muscles and functions to enable smooth, precise voluntary movements and learned motor skills through pathways including the pyramidal and extrapyramidal tracts.
The accessory nerve controls specific muscles of the neck. It begins in the central nervous system and exits the cranium through a foramen. Unlike other cranial nerves, it begins outside the skull rather than inside, originating in the upper spinal cord. It innervates the sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscles. Injury can cause diminished function of these muscles.
The document provides an overview of the autonomic nervous system (ANS), which controls involuntary functions. It describes the two divisions - the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems. The sympathetic system is responsible for the "fight or flight" response while the parasympathetic system promotes "rest and digest" functions. It details the pathways, ganglia, and specific nerves involved in each system. Finally, it lists examples of how the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems affect different organs like the heart, lungs, and digestive system.
The trigeminal nerve is responsible for sensory innervation of the face and front parts of the head. It has three main branches that enter the skull through different openings and relay sensory information to the trigeminal ganglion and trigeminal nucleus in the brainstem. The trigeminal nucleus is a collection of nerve cells that receives all sensory information from the face, including touch, pain, and temperature. It contains a detailed map of the face and relates this sensory input to different areas of the brain. Disturbances in trigeminal nerve function can lead to pain conditions like trigeminal neuralgia.
Essay on What is a Neuron?
The Importance Of Forebrain
The Brain And Its Anatomy
The Human Brain Essay
The Power of the Human Brain Essays
How Does the Brain Work? Essay
The Brain and Cranial Nerves Essay examples
The Human Brain Essay
Essay about the human brain
How The Brain Works Essay
Essay The Aging Brain
The Structure Of The Brain Essay
Essay about Drugs Affect on Brain
Here are the key functions of the structures in abnormal psychology based on the information provided:
Amygdala: Responsible for how one perceives emotions like anger, fear, and sadness. Also controls emotions like aggression. Helps store memories of events and emotions.
Hypothalamus: Regulates basic bodily functions like hunger, thirst, sleep, temperature, and heart rate. Releases hormones that control these functions.
Thalamus: Sorts and distributes sensory data to different areas of the cortex. Sorts information as visual, tactile, auditory, or gustatory and sends it to the appropriate cortical region for processing. Sends visual information to the occipital lobe.
Here are the key steps in the process of smell:
1. Odorant molecules in the air enter the nose and bind to receptor cells located in the nasal cavity.
2. The receptor cells are located in the olfactory epithelium high up in the nasal cavity. Different receptors detect different odor molecules.
3. When an odorant binds to a receptor, it sends a signal through the olfactory nerve fibers to the olfactory bulb located in the brain.
4. The olfactory bulb processes the signals from hundreds of different receptors and passes the information on to areas of the brain like the amygdala and hippocampus.
5. The brain interprets the signals and identifies the smell, allowing us to
The document discusses the nervous system and coordination in animals. It describes how the nervous system consists of the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord) and peripheral nervous system (nerves). Neurons transmit signals in the form of electrochemical waves via axons and synapses. Reflexes are automatic responses to stimuli that involve reflex arcs through sensory neurons, interneurons, and motor neurons. The size of nervous systems varies greatly across species from a few hundred cells in worms to over 100 billion cells in humans. Malfunctions can occur due to various genetic, physical, or age-related causes and are studied in neurology.
5Physical Development
Novastock/Photolibrary/Getty Images
Learning Objectives
After completing this module, you should be able to:
ሁ Describe changes in body and brain structure from birth through adolescence.
ሁ Detail the process of nerve function and how neurons transmit signals.
ሁ Provide behavioral examples that demonstrate how the brain is organized.
ሁ Outline major milestones in motor development.
ሁ Clarify important issues related to toilet training.
ሁ Identify warning signs of various physical disabilities that may first appear in early childhood.
ሁ Describe physical changes that take place during puberty, including historical and cultural trends,
and the differential impact on males and females.
Section 5.1General Patterns of Growth
Prologue
Among infants and young children, tremendous changes occur in every domain of develop-
ment. However, none are more apparent than the physical changes. When new parents talk
about their baby’s growth, the first thing that usually comes to mind is height, weight, and
motor activity. Imaging devices now allow us to track coinciding changes in brain tissue. We
can conclusively differentiate between a male brain and a female brain—even at birth. Though
we are far from making predictions about physical development based on brain scans, we can
predict some effects of deprivation. For instance, malnutrition can have far-reaching conse-
quences, extending into physical, cognitive, and even psychosocial domains.
Quite unlike other animal species, human infants are virtually helpless at birth. Babies can
eat only if a nipple is provided; they cannot move objects out of the way or closer; and for the
most part they cannot manipulate the physical structure of the environment. Initially they
do not even have the muscle strength needed to hold up their heads. It is only with adult
assistance that infants can survive and eventually optimize growth. Technology and scien-
tific advancement have allowed us to better understand how we transition from completely
dependent beings into adolescents who are perfectly capable of walking away from their par-
ents. This module focuses on those physical developments.
5.1 General Patterns of Growth
Though parents do not often notice, the heads of infants are disproportionately large com-
pared to the rest of their bodies. On their way to adult proportions, the torso and limbs grow
faster than the head. This pattern of growth is an example of directionality, one of the gen-
eral principles of human growth. In this case, the direction is
cephalocaudal, literally meaning “head to tail.” At birth not
only is the head more developed physically than the rest of
the body, but also vision and hearing precede growth of the
limbs. That is, babies begin to focus their eyes on what they
hear well before they begin walking or perform coordinated
hand movements.
Physical growth also occurs in a proximodistal pattern—
from the inside out. In the prenat ...
The document discusses a female patient who is scheduled to undergo bilateral occipital neuroplasty surgery for occipital neuralgia. Two specialists have recommended this procedure, but the insurance carrier has denied coverage, finding the procedure experimental/investigational and not medically necessary. The carrier sent the patient a letter explaining their denial of coverage for the specified procedures.
Please answer a total of 3 questions for this assignment. Select.docxneedhamserena
Please answer a total of 3 questions for this assignment. Select a question to answer for each of the sections below (Movement, Cycles and Rhythm, Visual System and Auditory System).
1.
Movement, Cycles and Rhythms
The control of movement is often divided into mechanisms of reflexes and of voluntary movement.
What is a reflex? It is a stereotyped, automatic movement evoked by a specific stimulus. It is uniform across members of a species. Some examples in humans are the patellar or kneejerk reflex, the salivary reflex, the orienting reflex, and the pupillary reflex.
In reviewing the reflex arc, pay special attention to proprioception, muscle spindles, the stretch reflex, and primary motor cortex. (Prof. Suzuki also discusses the basal ganglia and the cerebellum, but in another lecture that I have not assigned.)
Further, let's think about the cycles in our behavior. They are ancient and varied. We certainly inherited them from species that evolved earlier than we did.
We harbor a number of rhythms. Generally, we have cellular cycles that augment the day-night rhythm to regulate our behavioral cycles. There are possibly very long cycles that govern our evolution. Men and women both run on cycles, though with differences. But do our cycles still make biological sense?
Questions
(
answer one only
)
1) Can you point to any movements that do not involve reflexes--or some reflexes that do not involve movement?
2) Sleep is tied to recovery of normal function and memory formation. Why does it make sense, then, to stop for sleep just because the sun sets? Why not sleep just whenever we have a backlog of memories to form or we're under stress or sick? Does the wide variation in our daily experience require such an extreme regularity of sleep regulation? Since we don't learn or exercise the same amount each day, why do we nevertheless sleep the same amount? A number of possible answers are given in the first 10 minutes of this fascinating podcast but offer your own insights as well.
3) Furthermore, women show more pronounced cycles in sex hormones than men do, including menstrual cycles and a rather imprecise biological clock with a different origin. Is this an evolutionary leftover, no longer necessary or helpful for humans? Would you want the equivalent of a birth control pill for all of our cycles?
2.
Visual System
It’s easy to get swamped in detail about the visual system. (This animation may help.)
Videos 10 and 11 discuss the visual pathways that originate in the retina and “ascend” to the visual cortex via the thalamus.
In this week’s resources the retina is revealed as more than a screen for images. Light falls on different classes of photoreceptors, rods and cones, which organize light stimulation according to their pigments by intensity and wavelength. From the duplex nature of the retina there arises a tradeoff between greater acuity in the center and greater sensitivity in the periphery. The output of the retina ...
Neuromarketing analyzes consumer decision making and brain activity to understand purchasing behaviors. Martin Lindstrom explains most decisions in grocery stores are made subconsciously in under four seconds. The brain has over 100 billion cells and processes visual stimuli quickly, putting visual components above other senses. Neuroimaging techniques like EEG, fMRI, and MEG are used to effectively measure brain activity and assess how marketing stimulates regions related to emotion, attention, and memory formation.
What is going on in psychiatry when nothing seems to happenAdonis Sfera, MD
1. New tools like two-photon microscopy, optogenetics, and white matter tractography are allowing researchers to visualize brain structures and activity in vivo with greater precision, providing insights into cognitive disorders like schizophrenia.
2. Studies using these tools suggest abnormalities in dendritic spines, disrupted connectivity between brain regions, and altered glial cell activity may be involved in schizophrenia pathogenesis.
3. Emerging areas of research like the human microbiome, epigenetics, and de novo mutations may also provide clues about schizophrenia etiology and potential new treatment targets.
The document discusses several key topics in anatomy and physiology:
1) It defines homeostasis as the maintenance of stable internal conditions in the body. Organs like the lungs, kidneys, and GI system help maintain homeostasis.
2) It describes the autonomic nervous system which controls involuntary functions like heart rate and digestion unconsciously.
3) It explains neuron anatomy and how they transmit electrochemical signals through the body via electrical impulses along axons.
Brain size or encephalizationDoes size matter-Einstein had .docxrichardnorman90310
Brain size or encephalization
Does size matter?
-Einstein had an average sized brain and we can certainly say that made little difference.
-Mozart was a microcephalic. A genetic disorder that usually means mental deficiencies.
-Modern male humans have approximately 10% larger brains than do female humans…and we all know that means nothing.
Hominid Brain Evolution
-Encephalization or the measure of brain size relative to body size
-Notice the changes in the brain organization in the images from A. africanus where the brain is located behind the eyes and remains there until Homo sapiens, even in Neandertals, who happen to have a larger brain, the frontal lobe is relatively small compared to humans.
Why the Hominid Brain Enlarged
The Radiator Hypothesis:
-brain= 25 of body mass
-brain =uses 25% of O2
-brain uses 70% of glucose
Higher energy metabolism produces higher heat production. Therefore, brain size is limited by the Ability of the organism to cool the brain. Hominids have more diffuse blood flow through passages through the skull than do Australopithecines.
Brain/Body Mass Ratio
Largest brains found in the largest animals ) Elephant and Blue Whale
Overall, mammals have larger brains per body mass. Modern humans are at the apex of brain mass to body mass ration
Human brain = 2.3% of body weight
Elephant brain = 0.2% of body weight
Here you see the gradual increase in brain volume over time. Notice the incredible jump in the last million years.
With the increase in brain size, reorganization and particularly the development of the prefrontal region and neocortex also came culture.
Brain Reorganization
Olfactory bulbs
Prefrontal region
Primary Visual Regions
Neocortex
Reorganization and reduction in the olfactory bulbs resulted in the decrease in the sense of smell. This trend started in the early primate radiation with the reduction in the snout and wet nose.
Large prefrontal region
The prefrontal region is the area for forming goals and making plans…imagine going to 2 minutes without thinking of the future.
Why do humans have an expanded visual cortex?
The primary visual cortex is the area where sensory information from various sources is processed and synthesized.
The expanded visual cortex is an “ancestral” characteristic.
Why do primates have a neocortex?
…because all primates are mammals.
The neocortex occupies a larger proportion of the brain volume in humans than it does in any other species.
The neocortex is an “ancestral” characteristic. Meaning that it is a feature that has been around a long time.
The Neocortex
Neocortex is divided into four lobes that process different types of information:
Frontal lobe: assimilates information relayed from “lower” brain areas concerned with movement. Plans and executes complex movements. Also an integral part of personality.
Parietal lobe: higher processing of sensory information from other brain areas and the spinal cord. Orientation in 3-dimensional space. P.
The document provides information about the structure and functions of the human brain. It discusses the different parts of the brain including the cerebral cortex, limbic system, cerebellum, and brain stem. It describes the locations and roles of the frontal lobe, parietal lobe, occipital lobe, and temporal lobe within the cerebral cortex. The summary also mentions that the brain is made up of billions of neurons and gives humans abilities such as reasoning, feeling, and adapting.
The document discusses the three parts of the coping brain: the reptilian brain, emotional brain, and neocortex. The reptilian brain governs survival instincts like aggression, fear, revenge, and territorial behavior. The emotional brain is responsible for emotional expression and social identity formation. The neocortex, also called the thinking brain, is the largest part and coordinates responses during stress by drawing on memory and developing new coping strategies using reasoning and learning abilities.
This document discusses the biological basis of memory. It covers topics like the definition of memory, different types of memory (sensory, short-term, long-term, working), memory processes (encoding, storage, retrieval), neuroplasticity mechanisms like long-term potentiation, molecular basis of memory formation, brain structures involved in memory like the hippocampus and amnesia. It provides historical context on pioneering figures who studied memory and describes classical experiments that advanced the understanding of the neurological underpinnings of memory.
Pierre Flourens promoted the idea that the cerebral cortex is not functionally subdivided. He used experimentation on dogs and pigeons, removing parts of their brains and noting behavioral changes, finding loss of coordination when removing the cerebellum. Paul Broca was the first to find localization of function in the cerebral cortex by examining a patient with speech inability and discovering the involvement of the left frontal lobe. Studying the nervous system and brain localization of function has been important to understanding psychology and behavior.
How our brain functions when we are aged? In the fast changing world, many a times we heard people saying i am 60 years old and i cannot learn new skills. Is there any truth in the statement. Who is the best consultant for 'downsizing' if we do not use our resouces-It is brain by process.
The human brain controls many bodily functions through three primary areas: the hindbrain, midbrain, and forebrain. The hindbrain regulates basic functions like breathing and heart rate. The midbrain controls vision, hearing, and eye movements. The largest area, the forebrain, is divided into the cerebrum and limbic system. The cerebrum is responsible for higher thinking and the limbic system regulates emotions and memories. Together these brain areas allow humans to not only survive but think, feel, and learn.
The Ultimate Guide in Setting Up Market Research System in Health-TechGokul Rangarajan
How to effectively start market research in the health tech industry by defining objectives, crafting problem statements, selecting methods, identifying data collection sources, and setting clear timelines. This guide covers all the preliminary steps needed to lay a strong foundation for your research.
"Market Research it too text-booky, I am in the market for a decade, I am living research book" this is what the founder I met on the event claimed, few of my colleagues rolled their eyes. Its true that one cannot over look the real life experience, but one cannot out beat structured gold mine of market research.
Many 0 to 1 startup founders often overlook market research, but this critical step can make or break a venture, especially in health tech.
But Why do they skip it?
Limited resources—time, money, and manpower—are common culprits.
"In fact, a survey by CB Insights found that 42% of startups fail due to no market need, which is like building a spaceship to Mars only to realise you forgot the fuel."
Sudharsan Srinivasan
Operational Partner Pitchworks VC Studio
Overconfidence in their product’s success leads founders to assume it will naturally find its market, especially in health tech where patient needs, entire system issues and regulatory requirements are as complex as trying to perform brain surgery with a butter knife. Additionally, the pressure to launch quickly and the belief in their own intuition further contribute to this oversight. Yet, thorough market research in health tech could be the key to transforming a startup's vision into a life-saving reality, instead of a medical mishap waiting to happen.
Example of Market Research working
Innovaccer, founded by Abhinav Shashank in 2014, focuses on improving healthcare delivery through data-driven insights and interoperability solutions. Before launching their platform, Innovaccer conducted extensive market research to understand the challenges faced by healthcare organizations and the potential for innovation in healthcare IT.
Identifying Pain Points: Innovaccer surveyed healthcare providers to understand their difficulties with data integration, care coordination, and patient engagement. They found widespread frustration with siloed systems and inefficient workflows.
Competitive Analysis: Analyzed competitors offering similar solutions in healthcare analytics and interoperability. Identified gaps in comprehensive data aggregation, real-time analytics, and actionable insights.
Regulatory Compliance: Ensured their platform complied with HIPAA and other healthcare data privacy regulations. This compliance was crucial to gaining trust from healthcare providers wary of data security issues.
Customer Validation: Conducted pilot programs with several healthcare organizations to validate the platform's effectiveness in improving care outcomes and operational efficiency. Gathered feedback to refine features and user interface.
Simple Steps to Make Her Choose You Every DayLucas Smith
Simple Steps to Make Her Choose You Every Day" and unlock the secrets to building a strong, lasting relationship. This comprehensive guide takes you on a journey to self-improvement, enhancing your communication and emotional skills, ensuring that your partner chooses you without hesitation. Forget about complications and start applying easy, straightforward steps that make her see you as the ideal person she can't live without. Gain the key to her heart and enjoy a relationship filled with love and mutual respect. This isn't just a book; it's an investment in your happiness and the happiness of your partner
At Malayali Kerala Spa Ajman we providing the top quality massage services for our customers.
Our massage center prioritizes efficiency to ensure a quality massage experience for our clients at Malayali Kerala Spa Ajman. We offer a convenient appointment system and precise massage services.
Reach us at Villa No 7, Near Ammar Bin Yasir Street Al Rashidiya 2 - Ajman - United Arab Emirates.
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The document discusses the nervous system and coordination in animals. It describes how the nervous system consists of the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord) and peripheral nervous system (nerves). Neurons transmit signals in the form of electrochemical waves via axons and synapses. Reflexes are automatic responses to stimuli that involve reflex arcs through sensory neurons, interneurons, and motor neurons. The size of nervous systems varies greatly across species from a few hundred cells in worms to over 100 billion cells in humans. Malfunctions can occur due to various genetic, physical, or age-related causes and are studied in neurology.
5Physical Development
Novastock/Photolibrary/Getty Images
Learning Objectives
After completing this module, you should be able to:
ሁ Describe changes in body and brain structure from birth through adolescence.
ሁ Detail the process of nerve function and how neurons transmit signals.
ሁ Provide behavioral examples that demonstrate how the brain is organized.
ሁ Outline major milestones in motor development.
ሁ Clarify important issues related to toilet training.
ሁ Identify warning signs of various physical disabilities that may first appear in early childhood.
ሁ Describe physical changes that take place during puberty, including historical and cultural trends,
and the differential impact on males and females.
Section 5.1General Patterns of Growth
Prologue
Among infants and young children, tremendous changes occur in every domain of develop-
ment. However, none are more apparent than the physical changes. When new parents talk
about their baby’s growth, the first thing that usually comes to mind is height, weight, and
motor activity. Imaging devices now allow us to track coinciding changes in brain tissue. We
can conclusively differentiate between a male brain and a female brain—even at birth. Though
we are far from making predictions about physical development based on brain scans, we can
predict some effects of deprivation. For instance, malnutrition can have far-reaching conse-
quences, extending into physical, cognitive, and even psychosocial domains.
Quite unlike other animal species, human infants are virtually helpless at birth. Babies can
eat only if a nipple is provided; they cannot move objects out of the way or closer; and for the
most part they cannot manipulate the physical structure of the environment. Initially they
do not even have the muscle strength needed to hold up their heads. It is only with adult
assistance that infants can survive and eventually optimize growth. Technology and scien-
tific advancement have allowed us to better understand how we transition from completely
dependent beings into adolescents who are perfectly capable of walking away from their par-
ents. This module focuses on those physical developments.
5.1 General Patterns of Growth
Though parents do not often notice, the heads of infants are disproportionately large com-
pared to the rest of their bodies. On their way to adult proportions, the torso and limbs grow
faster than the head. This pattern of growth is an example of directionality, one of the gen-
eral principles of human growth. In this case, the direction is
cephalocaudal, literally meaning “head to tail.” At birth not
only is the head more developed physically than the rest of
the body, but also vision and hearing precede growth of the
limbs. That is, babies begin to focus their eyes on what they
hear well before they begin walking or perform coordinated
hand movements.
Physical growth also occurs in a proximodistal pattern—
from the inside out. In the prenat ...
The document discusses a female patient who is scheduled to undergo bilateral occipital neuroplasty surgery for occipital neuralgia. Two specialists have recommended this procedure, but the insurance carrier has denied coverage, finding the procedure experimental/investigational and not medically necessary. The carrier sent the patient a letter explaining their denial of coverage for the specified procedures.
Please answer a total of 3 questions for this assignment. Select.docxneedhamserena
Please answer a total of 3 questions for this assignment. Select a question to answer for each of the sections below (Movement, Cycles and Rhythm, Visual System and Auditory System).
1.
Movement, Cycles and Rhythms
The control of movement is often divided into mechanisms of reflexes and of voluntary movement.
What is a reflex? It is a stereotyped, automatic movement evoked by a specific stimulus. It is uniform across members of a species. Some examples in humans are the patellar or kneejerk reflex, the salivary reflex, the orienting reflex, and the pupillary reflex.
In reviewing the reflex arc, pay special attention to proprioception, muscle spindles, the stretch reflex, and primary motor cortex. (Prof. Suzuki also discusses the basal ganglia and the cerebellum, but in another lecture that I have not assigned.)
Further, let's think about the cycles in our behavior. They are ancient and varied. We certainly inherited them from species that evolved earlier than we did.
We harbor a number of rhythms. Generally, we have cellular cycles that augment the day-night rhythm to regulate our behavioral cycles. There are possibly very long cycles that govern our evolution. Men and women both run on cycles, though with differences. But do our cycles still make biological sense?
Questions
(
answer one only
)
1) Can you point to any movements that do not involve reflexes--or some reflexes that do not involve movement?
2) Sleep is tied to recovery of normal function and memory formation. Why does it make sense, then, to stop for sleep just because the sun sets? Why not sleep just whenever we have a backlog of memories to form or we're under stress or sick? Does the wide variation in our daily experience require such an extreme regularity of sleep regulation? Since we don't learn or exercise the same amount each day, why do we nevertheless sleep the same amount? A number of possible answers are given in the first 10 minutes of this fascinating podcast but offer your own insights as well.
3) Furthermore, women show more pronounced cycles in sex hormones than men do, including menstrual cycles and a rather imprecise biological clock with a different origin. Is this an evolutionary leftover, no longer necessary or helpful for humans? Would you want the equivalent of a birth control pill for all of our cycles?
2.
Visual System
It’s easy to get swamped in detail about the visual system. (This animation may help.)
Videos 10 and 11 discuss the visual pathways that originate in the retina and “ascend” to the visual cortex via the thalamus.
In this week’s resources the retina is revealed as more than a screen for images. Light falls on different classes of photoreceptors, rods and cones, which organize light stimulation according to their pigments by intensity and wavelength. From the duplex nature of the retina there arises a tradeoff between greater acuity in the center and greater sensitivity in the periphery. The output of the retina ...
Neuromarketing analyzes consumer decision making and brain activity to understand purchasing behaviors. Martin Lindstrom explains most decisions in grocery stores are made subconsciously in under four seconds. The brain has over 100 billion cells and processes visual stimuli quickly, putting visual components above other senses. Neuroimaging techniques like EEG, fMRI, and MEG are used to effectively measure brain activity and assess how marketing stimulates regions related to emotion, attention, and memory formation.
What is going on in psychiatry when nothing seems to happenAdonis Sfera, MD
1. New tools like two-photon microscopy, optogenetics, and white matter tractography are allowing researchers to visualize brain structures and activity in vivo with greater precision, providing insights into cognitive disorders like schizophrenia.
2. Studies using these tools suggest abnormalities in dendritic spines, disrupted connectivity between brain regions, and altered glial cell activity may be involved in schizophrenia pathogenesis.
3. Emerging areas of research like the human microbiome, epigenetics, and de novo mutations may also provide clues about schizophrenia etiology and potential new treatment targets.
The document discusses several key topics in anatomy and physiology:
1) It defines homeostasis as the maintenance of stable internal conditions in the body. Organs like the lungs, kidneys, and GI system help maintain homeostasis.
2) It describes the autonomic nervous system which controls involuntary functions like heart rate and digestion unconsciously.
3) It explains neuron anatomy and how they transmit electrochemical signals through the body via electrical impulses along axons.
Brain size or encephalizationDoes size matter-Einstein had .docxrichardnorman90310
Brain size or encephalization
Does size matter?
-Einstein had an average sized brain and we can certainly say that made little difference.
-Mozart was a microcephalic. A genetic disorder that usually means mental deficiencies.
-Modern male humans have approximately 10% larger brains than do female humans…and we all know that means nothing.
Hominid Brain Evolution
-Encephalization or the measure of brain size relative to body size
-Notice the changes in the brain organization in the images from A. africanus where the brain is located behind the eyes and remains there until Homo sapiens, even in Neandertals, who happen to have a larger brain, the frontal lobe is relatively small compared to humans.
Why the Hominid Brain Enlarged
The Radiator Hypothesis:
-brain= 25 of body mass
-brain =uses 25% of O2
-brain uses 70% of glucose
Higher energy metabolism produces higher heat production. Therefore, brain size is limited by the Ability of the organism to cool the brain. Hominids have more diffuse blood flow through passages through the skull than do Australopithecines.
Brain/Body Mass Ratio
Largest brains found in the largest animals ) Elephant and Blue Whale
Overall, mammals have larger brains per body mass. Modern humans are at the apex of brain mass to body mass ration
Human brain = 2.3% of body weight
Elephant brain = 0.2% of body weight
Here you see the gradual increase in brain volume over time. Notice the incredible jump in the last million years.
With the increase in brain size, reorganization and particularly the development of the prefrontal region and neocortex also came culture.
Brain Reorganization
Olfactory bulbs
Prefrontal region
Primary Visual Regions
Neocortex
Reorganization and reduction in the olfactory bulbs resulted in the decrease in the sense of smell. This trend started in the early primate radiation with the reduction in the snout and wet nose.
Large prefrontal region
The prefrontal region is the area for forming goals and making plans…imagine going to 2 minutes without thinking of the future.
Why do humans have an expanded visual cortex?
The primary visual cortex is the area where sensory information from various sources is processed and synthesized.
The expanded visual cortex is an “ancestral” characteristic.
Why do primates have a neocortex?
…because all primates are mammals.
The neocortex occupies a larger proportion of the brain volume in humans than it does in any other species.
The neocortex is an “ancestral” characteristic. Meaning that it is a feature that has been around a long time.
The Neocortex
Neocortex is divided into four lobes that process different types of information:
Frontal lobe: assimilates information relayed from “lower” brain areas concerned with movement. Plans and executes complex movements. Also an integral part of personality.
Parietal lobe: higher processing of sensory information from other brain areas and the spinal cord. Orientation in 3-dimensional space. P.
The document provides information about the structure and functions of the human brain. It discusses the different parts of the brain including the cerebral cortex, limbic system, cerebellum, and brain stem. It describes the locations and roles of the frontal lobe, parietal lobe, occipital lobe, and temporal lobe within the cerebral cortex. The summary also mentions that the brain is made up of billions of neurons and gives humans abilities such as reasoning, feeling, and adapting.
The document discusses the three parts of the coping brain: the reptilian brain, emotional brain, and neocortex. The reptilian brain governs survival instincts like aggression, fear, revenge, and territorial behavior. The emotional brain is responsible for emotional expression and social identity formation. The neocortex, also called the thinking brain, is the largest part and coordinates responses during stress by drawing on memory and developing new coping strategies using reasoning and learning abilities.
This document discusses the biological basis of memory. It covers topics like the definition of memory, different types of memory (sensory, short-term, long-term, working), memory processes (encoding, storage, retrieval), neuroplasticity mechanisms like long-term potentiation, molecular basis of memory formation, brain structures involved in memory like the hippocampus and amnesia. It provides historical context on pioneering figures who studied memory and describes classical experiments that advanced the understanding of the neurological underpinnings of memory.
Pierre Flourens promoted the idea that the cerebral cortex is not functionally subdivided. He used experimentation on dogs and pigeons, removing parts of their brains and noting behavioral changes, finding loss of coordination when removing the cerebellum. Paul Broca was the first to find localization of function in the cerebral cortex by examining a patient with speech inability and discovering the involvement of the left frontal lobe. Studying the nervous system and brain localization of function has been important to understanding psychology and behavior.
How our brain functions when we are aged? In the fast changing world, many a times we heard people saying i am 60 years old and i cannot learn new skills. Is there any truth in the statement. Who is the best consultant for 'downsizing' if we do not use our resouces-It is brain by process.
The human brain controls many bodily functions through three primary areas: the hindbrain, midbrain, and forebrain. The hindbrain regulates basic functions like breathing and heart rate. The midbrain controls vision, hearing, and eye movements. The largest area, the forebrain, is divided into the cerebrum and limbic system. The cerebrum is responsible for higher thinking and the limbic system regulates emotions and memories. Together these brain areas allow humans to not only survive but think, feel, and learn.
The Ultimate Guide in Setting Up Market Research System in Health-TechGokul Rangarajan
How to effectively start market research in the health tech industry by defining objectives, crafting problem statements, selecting methods, identifying data collection sources, and setting clear timelines. This guide covers all the preliminary steps needed to lay a strong foundation for your research.
"Market Research it too text-booky, I am in the market for a decade, I am living research book" this is what the founder I met on the event claimed, few of my colleagues rolled their eyes. Its true that one cannot over look the real life experience, but one cannot out beat structured gold mine of market research.
Many 0 to 1 startup founders often overlook market research, but this critical step can make or break a venture, especially in health tech.
But Why do they skip it?
Limited resources—time, money, and manpower—are common culprits.
"In fact, a survey by CB Insights found that 42% of startups fail due to no market need, which is like building a spaceship to Mars only to realise you forgot the fuel."
Sudharsan Srinivasan
Operational Partner Pitchworks VC Studio
Overconfidence in their product’s success leads founders to assume it will naturally find its market, especially in health tech where patient needs, entire system issues and regulatory requirements are as complex as trying to perform brain surgery with a butter knife. Additionally, the pressure to launch quickly and the belief in their own intuition further contribute to this oversight. Yet, thorough market research in health tech could be the key to transforming a startup's vision into a life-saving reality, instead of a medical mishap waiting to happen.
Example of Market Research working
Innovaccer, founded by Abhinav Shashank in 2014, focuses on improving healthcare delivery through data-driven insights and interoperability solutions. Before launching their platform, Innovaccer conducted extensive market research to understand the challenges faced by healthcare organizations and the potential for innovation in healthcare IT.
Identifying Pain Points: Innovaccer surveyed healthcare providers to understand their difficulties with data integration, care coordination, and patient engagement. They found widespread frustration with siloed systems and inefficient workflows.
Competitive Analysis: Analyzed competitors offering similar solutions in healthcare analytics and interoperability. Identified gaps in comprehensive data aggregation, real-time analytics, and actionable insights.
Regulatory Compliance: Ensured their platform complied with HIPAA and other healthcare data privacy regulations. This compliance was crucial to gaining trust from healthcare providers wary of data security issues.
Customer Validation: Conducted pilot programs with several healthcare organizations to validate the platform's effectiveness in improving care outcomes and operational efficiency. Gathered feedback to refine features and user interface.
Simple Steps to Make Her Choose You Every DayLucas Smith
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Digital Health in India_Health Informatics Trained Manpower _DrDevTaneja_15.0...DrDevTaneja1
Digital India will need a big trained army of Health Informatics educated & trained manpower in India.
Presently, generalist IT manpower does most of the work in the healthcare industry in India. Academic Health Informatics education is not readily available at school & health university level or IT education institutions in India.
We look into the evolution of health informatics and its applications in the healthcare industry.
HIMMS TIGER resources are available to assist Health Informatics education.
Indian Health universities, IT Education institutions, and the healthcare industry must proactively collaborate to start health informatics courses on a big scale. An advocacy push from various stakeholders is also needed for this goal.
Health informatics has huge employment potential and provides a big business opportunity for the healthcare industry. A big pool of trained health informatics manpower can lead to product & service innovations on a global scale in India.
Basics of Electrocardiogram
CONTENTS
●Conduction System of the Heart
●What is ECG or EKG?
●ECG Leads
●Normal waves of ECG.
●Dimensions of ECG.
● Abnormalities of ECG
CONDUCTION SYSTEM OF THE HEART
ECG:
●ECG is a graphic record of the electrical activity of the heart.
●Electrical activity precedes the mechanical activity of the heart.
●Electrical activity has two phases:
Depolarization- contraction of muscle
Repolarization- relaxation of muscle
ECG Leads:
●6 Chest leads
●6 Limb leads
1. Bipolar Limb Leads:
Lead 1- Between right arm(-ve) and left arm(+ve)
Lead 2- Between right arm(-ve) and left leg(+ve)
Lead 3- Between left arm(-ve)
and left leg(+ve)
2. Augmented unipolar Limb Leads:
AvR- Right arm
AvL- Left arm
AvF- Left leg
3.Chest Leads:
V1 : Over 4th intercostal
space near right sternal margin
V2: Over 4th intercostal space near left sternal margin
V3:In between V2 and V4
V4:Over left 5th intercostal space on the mid
clavicular line
V5:Over left 5th intercostal space on the anterior
axillary line
V6:Over left 5th intercostal space on the mid
axillary line.
Normal ECG:
Waves of ECG:
P Wave
•P Wave is a positive wave and the first wave in ECG.
•It is also called as atrial complex.
Cause: Atrial depolarisation
Duration: 0.1 sec
QRS Complex:
•QRS’ complex is also called the initial ventricular complex.
•‘Q’ wave is a small negative wave. It is continued as the tall ‘R’ wave, which is a positive wave.
‘R’ wave is followed by a small negative wave, the ‘S’ wave.
Cause:Ventricular depolarization and atrial repolarization
Duration: 0.08- 0.10 sec
T Wave:
•‘T’ wave is the final ventricular complex and is a positive wave.
Cause:Ventricular repolarization Duration: 0.2 sec
Intervals and Segments of ECG:
P-R Interval:
•‘P-R’ interval is the interval
between the onset of ‘P’wave and onset of ‘Q’ wave.
•‘P-R’ interval cause atrial depolarization and conduction of impulses through AV node.
Duration:0.18 (0.12 to 0.2) sec
Q-T Interval:
•‘Q-T’ interval is the interval between the onset of ‘Q’
wave and the end of ‘T’ wave.
•‘Q-T’ interval indicates the ventricular depolarization
and ventricular repolarization,
i.e. it signifies the
electrical activity in ventricles.
Duration:0.4-0.42sec
S-T Segment:
•‘S-T’ segment is the time interval between the end of ‘S’ wave and the onset of ‘T’ wave.
Duration: 0.08 sec
R-R Interval:
•‘R-R’ interval is the time interval between two consecutive ‘R’ waves.
•It signifies the duration of one cardiac cycle.
Duration: 0.8 sec
Dimension of ECG:
How to find heart rhytm of the heart?
Regular rhytm:
Irregular rhytm:
More than or less than 4
How to find heart rate using ECG?
If heart Rhytm is Regular :
Heart rate =
300/No.of large b/w 2 QRS complex
= 300/4
=75 beats/mins
How to find heart rate using ECG?
If heart Rhytm is irregular:
Heart rate = 10×No.of QRS complex in 6 sec 5large box = 1sec
5×6=30
10×7 = 70 Beats/min
Abnormalities of ECG:
Cardiac Arrythmias:
1.Tachycardia
Heart Rate more than 100 beats/min
Cyclothymia Test: Diagnosing, Symptoms, Treatment, and Impact | The Lifescien...The Lifesciences Magazine
The cyclothymia test is a pivotal tool in the diagnostic process. It helps clinicians assess the presence and severity of symptoms associated with cyclothymia.
Sectional dentures for microstomia patients.pptxSatvikaPrasad
Microstomia, characterized by an abnormally small oral aperture, presents significant challenges in prosthodontic treatment, including limited access for examination, difficulties in impression making, and challenges with prosthesis insertion and removal. To manage these issues, customized impression techniques using sectional trays and elastomeric materials are employed. Prostheses may be designed in segments or with flexible materials to facilitate handling. Minimally invasive procedures and the use of digital technologies can enhance patient comfort. Education and training for patients on prosthesis care and maintenance are crucial for compliance. Regular follow-up and a multidisciplinary approach, involving collaboration with other specialists, ensure comprehensive care and improved quality of life for microstomia patients.
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Health Tech Market Intelligence Prelim Questions -Gokul Rangarajan
The Ultimate Guide to Setting up Market Research in Health Tech part -1
How to effectively start market research in the health tech industry by defining objectives, crafting problem statements, selecting methods, identifying data collection sources, and setting clear timelines. This guide covers all the preliminary steps needed to lay a strong foundation for your research.
This lays foundation of scoping research project what are the
Before embarking on a research project, especially one aimed at scoping and defining parameters like the one described for health tech IT, several crucial considerations should be addressed. Here’s a comprehensive guide covering key aspects to ensure a well-structured and successful research initiative:
1. Define Research Objectives and Scope
Clear Objectives: Define specific goals such as understanding market needs, identifying new opportunities, assessing risks, or refining pricing strategies.
Scope Definition: Clearly outline the boundaries of the research in terms of geographical focus, target demographics (e.g., age, socio-economic status), and industry sectors (e.g., healthcare IT).
3. Review Existing Literature and Resources
Literature Review: Conduct a thorough review of existing research, market reports, and relevant literature to build foundational knowledge.
Gap Analysis: Identify gaps in existing knowledge or areas where further exploration is needed.
4. Select Research Methodology and Tools
Methodological Approach: Choose appropriate research methods such as surveys, interviews, focus groups, or data analytics.
Tools and Resources: Select tools like Google Forms for surveys, analytics platforms (e.g., SimilarWeb, Statista), and expert consultations.
5. Ethical Considerations and Compliance
Ethical Approval: Ensure compliance with ethical guidelines for research involving human subjects.
Data Privacy: Implement measures to protect participant confidentiality and adhere to data protection regulations (e.g., GDPR, HIPAA).
6. Budget and Resource Allocation
Resource Planning: Allocate resources including time, budget, and personnel required for each phase of the research.
Contingency Planning: Anticipate and plan for unforeseen challenges or adjustments to the research plan.
7. Develop Research Instruments
Survey Design: Create well-structured surveys using tools like Google Forms to gather quantitative data.
Interview and Focus Group Guides: Prepare detailed scripts and discussion points for qualitative data collection.
8. Sampling Strategy
Sampling Design: Define the sampling frame, size, and method (e.g., random sampling, stratified sampling) to ensure representation of target demographics.
Participant Recruitment: Plan recruitment strategies to reach and engage the intended participant groups effectively.
9. Data Collection and Analysis Plan
Data Collection: Implement methods for data gathering, ensuring consistency and validity.
Analysis Techniques: Decide on analytical approaches (e.g., statistical
The facial nerve, also known as cranial nerve VII, is one of the 12 cranial nerves originating from the brain. It's a mixed nerve, meaning it contains both sensory and motor fibres, and it plays a crucial role in controlling various facial muscles, as well as conveying sensory information from the taste buds on the anterior two-thirds of the tongue.
Research, Monitoring and Evaluation, in Public Healthaghedogodday
This is a presentation on the overview of the role of monitoring and evaluation in public health. It describes the various components and how a robust M&E system can possitively impact the results or effectiveness of a public health intervention.
1. Diapositive 1
Club International de Morphologie Faciale
60ème anniversaire
Salzburg 2016
Dr. M. Lacroix / www.orthoglobal.ch
temporary clinical results
Occlusal balance follows postural balance
Coordination between the implementation of the first three-dimensional
determinants of occlusal balance with those of postural balance through the
first stages of the sensorimotor and the first orofacial neuromotor loops
Diapositive 2
Dr. M. Lacroix / www.orthoglobal.chDr. M. Lacroix / www.orthoglobal.ch
2
Dr. M. Lacroix / www.orthoglobal.ch
“That which brings life to this research… It is the awareness that
that which makes us fail the most, is not that which we do not yet
know, but rather the ability to believe what we already know. »
Edgar MORIN 1980
« la Méthode tome 2: la Vie de la Vie »
Usually, I prefer to close with this quote from Edgar Morin in 1980, but it seems more and more pertinent
in today’s exponentially expanding information jungle.
“That which brings life to this research… It is the awareness that that which makes us fail the most, is not
that which we do not yet know, but rather the ability to believe what we already know. »
And, today, I chose to start with this idea and use it as my theme, as it ties in perfectly with the subject of
this meeting.
2. Diapositive 3
Efficiency and stability of the ODF
“…that which makes us fail is not the awareness of that which we do not
know, but rather the ability to believe what we already know…»
Dr. M. Lacroix / www.orthoglobal.ch
Club International de Morphologie Faciale
60ème anniversaire
Salzburg 2016
I believe, and I will try to convince you, that the answers to our limitations in efficiency and stability will not
be found in future technical improvements; those which will continue to be useful to us. Rather, these
solutions are already before our eyes. We must, therefore, improve our organization, our thought
processes, and how we formulate our conclusions. We must use all the scientific knowledge at our
disposal.
In other words : our limitations in efficiency and stability are due to our lack of thoughtful reflection and
organization, in terms of the complexity of the premature nature and entirety of the origins of dysmorphia
Diapositive 4
1
2
3
4
5
6
Starting with the fundamental data of the ‘80s (1) combining with the tools of neuroscience, (2) we can
detail furthermore the complexity of the implementation of neuromotor orofacial loops (3) ... and investigate
their very tight synchronization with sensorimotor implementation of the determinants for crânio-cervical
posture (4) ... This route will allow us to emphasize the fundamental importance of the first 3 orofacial neuro-
loops (5) and their central role in the cohesion between anterior and posterior postural chains (6) ...
But what do we know..? Let’s try to sort out then reassemble all the known variables we have at our
disposal
To further explain, there are certain important data from the 80s, (1), in reviewing the tools of
neuroscience, (2) we can begin to define the complexity of the initial establishment of the orofacial
neuromotor loops (3)… to observe the very tight synchronisation of the establishment of the sensorimotor
determinants of cranio-cervical posture (4)… and to emphasize the fundamental importance of the 3
primary orofacial loops, (5) and their key place in the coherence between the posterior and anterior
postural chains.
3. Diapositive 5
This allows us to consider 3 theoretical propositions
1. The theory of 3 primitive orofacial neuromotor loops : the initial contact of
the primary incisors plays a crucial role as antagonists (Damasio) in order to erase
the neuroplasticity of the loop of the tongue, and to permit the maturation of 3
distinct loops (tongue-palate, tooth-tooth, lip-lip).
2. Dentition follows posture : establishment of the
three-dimensional references for the future occlusion
is synchronized by the progressive differentiation of
the neuromuscular chain controlling head posture
throughout the early stages of sensorimotor
development of the newborn.
3. A 3rd definition of human orality = Orality of cohesion : the closed mouth
position, as opposed to open mouth (speaking and eating), because it permits the
permanent synchronization of the respiration with all postural positions
(neuromuscular, psychic and social).
Dr. M. Lacroix / www.orthoglobal.ch
These studies bring us to 3 theoretical concepts I first mentioned at the AIODF Convention in November
2015 in Ostende
1.The concept of the importance of the proper neurosensory establishment of the 3 primitive orofacial
loops.
These 3 loops, that become progressively more specialized and give rise to themselves, occur
predominantly during the first 12 months, up until the child begins to walk, by the following 3 connections:
In A : the touching of the tongue to the palate to transmit sensory information to the cranial vault,
regulate the spatial position of the mandible, and also contribute to posture and tonus in the vertical plane.
in A’ : the touching of the lips to close the orifice and maintain the integrity of the facial envelope, as well
as that of the anterior muscular chain, but also indirectly influences nasal respiration.
in B : that which separates the first two, and allows them to function independently and allows contact
between the gingiva of the anterior portions of the alveolar ridges, then slowly and progressively, contact
between the incisors, which begins to construct the future occlusion.
2. the second concept : dentition follows posture: this is the key point of my talk today.
3. the third idea : the orality of cohesion (closed mouth) as a new and third definition of human orality,
which will be pursued in another presentation.
Diapositive 6
6
Rapport et Congrès SFODF / Montpellier 1988 > 2 fundamental datas :
Couly : predominance of Paccini corpuscles
(baro-receptors) that run the length of the
alveolar crest, well before the teeth = law
of intrinsic proprioceptive regulation.
Gaspard : between 0-3 years,
differentiation of the superficial fascia of
the masticatory muscles, which controls
movement, followed by the deep fascia,
which controls power.
“…that which makes us fail is not the awareness of that which we do not know, but rather the ability to believe
what we already know…» But what do we know..?
Dr. M. Lacroix / www.orthoglobal.ch
4. , What do we know since the 1980s –let’s remember 2 fundamental pieces of information as a theme for
our research:
• Marcel Gaspard told us to count on the differentiation of the fascia (the fascia responsible for
movement) of the masticatory muscles occurs between 0-3 years, prior to development of the deeper
fascia (responsible for power), which occurs with the eruption of the second deciduous molars.
• The law of intrinsic proprioceptive regulation (G. Couly) forces us to consider the onset of orofacial
neurosensorality, where there is a predominance of the baroreceptor corpuscles of Paccini the length
of the alveolar crest, before birth, thus well before tooth eruption.
Diapositive 7
7
Rapport et Congrès SFODF / Montpellier 1988 > 2 informations fondamentales:
Gaspard: between 0-3 years, differentiation of the
superficial fascia of the masticatory muscles, which
controls movement, followed by the deep fascia, which
controls power.
“…that which makes us fail is not the awareness of that which we do not know, but rather the ability to believe
what we already know…» But what do we know..?
Dr. M. Lacroix / www.orthoglobal.ch
This first fundamental idea provided by Gaspard is very important as it allows us to apply the same
reasoning to the differentiation of the fascia of the muscles of the tongue…. Not simply with respect to the
intrinsic muscles of the tongue, as we have done for some time …
Why not consider the entire chain of supra- and sub-hyoid musculature as one solitary functional unit
where all the component fascia differentiates and establish themselves, not all at once, but progressively,
step by step from birth until the arrival of occlusal contact of the second deciduous molars
Diapositive 8
8
Rapport et Congrès SFODF / Montpellier 1988 > 2 fundamental datas :
Gaspard: between 0-3 years, differentiation of the superficial
fascia of the masticatory muscles, which controls movement,
followed by the deep fascia, which controls power.
“…that which makes us fail is not the awareness of that which we do not know, but rather the ability to believe
what we already know…» But what do we know..?
Dr. M. Lacroix / www.orthoglobal.ch
5. In effect, when we use our knowledge of the early stages of sensorimotor development in the newborn,
the most important aspect is not the effort to elongate the muscles to catch the giraffe. The most
important point is the fulcrum! (the heel of the right foot) And this allows us to think more broadly and
more comprehensively about the muscles of the tongue and establishment of the entire chain of muscle
fascia from the tongue to the sternum. This provides progressively for the establishment of the fulcrum, as
well as for the mobility of the hyoid bone, and for the motor function of the tongue.
So… The hyoid bone can thus be seen as a major relay as well as a privileged witness to the maturation of
the anterior neuromuscular chain.
Diapositive 9
9
Dr. M. Lacroix / www.orthoglobal.ch
1 million synapses per second..!
Couly : predominance of Paccini corpuscles
(baro-receptors) that run the length of the
alveolar crest, well before the teeth = law of
intrinsic proprioceptive regulation.
“…that which makes us fail is not the awareness of that which we do not know, but rather the ability to believe
what we already know…» But what do we know..?
Rapport et Congrès SFODF / Montpellier 1988 > 2 fundamental datas :
And, then, the second idea from the 80s: the law of intrinsic proprioceptive regulation (G. Couly)… This
can be attributed to studies about the onset of orofacial neurosensorality, where there is a predominance
of the baroreceptor corpuscles of Paccini, that run the length of the alveolar crest, prior to birth. This is,
thus, well before tooth eruption. This lets us consider the edentulous arches when the two jaws first
begin to touch each other, recognize each other, and come into contact with each other to provide a
neuronal network prior to birth… And the brain begins to memorise these new references... 1 million
synapses per second.
What should interest us are the details of the formation or the primary neuronal network, starting at point
zero, birth. This means the neonate has no autonomy.
6. Diapositive 10
So what is the basic question?
– the establishment of the first sensorimotor loops.
development - posture - denture… illustration…
right: 15 minutes after birth with the father ... the powerful imitation mirror neuron and at the left a baby
of 5 minutes. If the reflex suction-swallowing is genetically programmed, please admire the perfect
coordination between the support from the hands and the synchronical movements tongue-mandible….
Diapositive 11
11
développement - posture - denture… illustration…
So what is the basic question?
– the establishment of the first sensorimotor loops.
7. Diapositive 12
At birth there are 3 vital urges: breathing, eating, and fighting gravity…!!!
1 million synapses per second..!
1 location et 3 key words:
Tronc cérébral = sensation – recrutement tonique - homéostasie
Dr. M. Lacroix / www.orthoglobal.ch
Stress and distress at birth…:
Because it is difficult to conceptualise and remember, we must take a moment to discuss the stress and
distress of birth.
At the moment of birth, the newborn is faced with 3 vital urges: to breathe, to eat, and to fight against the
effects of gravity (and this we never discuss!)
As stated by Gaspard Ansermet:
“At the beginning it is the overwhelming nature of living… the newborn is incomplete at birth, and is the
most atonic of all living beings . The baby drops into the world in a state of distress, invaded by the life
thrust upon it, unable to express itself as it has no reference point to attach a meaning to what is
happening.
“That which the baby will learn to identify, such as hunger, thirst, being hot, being cold, being wet, being
dirty, having a wet nappie, make no sense in the beginning. This is not retroactive, it begins with the
response of others to the baby’s needs; that satisfaction lies beyond the distress. Here is where these
stimuli will find their significance…” (p.59)
Central table : To sum up, as Ansermet further states: “ inside the little man there is an absence of R (
representations ) and an invasion of S, (somatic feeling) which dominates… (p. 65)
That’s why for the baby all the sensory captors are working at full speed, and it registers all it perceives,
fabricating up to one million synapses per second… which will allow it to construct a neuronal network
and neuromotor loops, to permanently adapt, and, if possible, return to homeostasis each successive
second of life…
On the right figure : at the onset, all these first sensorimotor loops get organized at the level of the motor
cores of the brainstem, we should not especially think, as we use too much), that the passage of the
bottom above the red line, representing the passage from the sub-cortical automatism to the processes of
mentalisation of the cortical areas appropriate to the primates and in more elaborate to the human being,
we should not believe that this passage is made entirely and quickly in particular concerning the oral
functions.
8. Diapositive 13
Couly 2015: the 2 brains of orality :
primary orality = brain stem; secondary orality = frontal cortex
Dr. M. Lacroix / www.orthoglobal.ch
At birth there are 3 vital urges: breathing, eating, and fighting gravity…!!!
Stress and distress at birth…:
Gerard Couly restated in his latest work from 2015: “Swallowing in primary and secondary orality are
controlled by the same unique programmer that undergoes more and more complex and sophisticated
reconfigurations, facilitated by the flexibility of the interneuronal network. In particular, birth involves
abrupt changes in the new oral and respiratory modalities
During the first year of life the sucking switch of the primary orality unlocks the switch for swallowing, then
it is replaced by the pyramidal corticogeniculate fascia of the secondary orality. The frontal cortex is the 2nd
brain of orality. But it’s not only breathing and respiratory modalities that impose brutal changes for the
infant, it is all the other unpleasant stimuli received from all the different sensory portals, as stated by
Magistretti and Ansermet, that, in particular, establish the ability to fight gravity and develop mobility, thus
allowing for autonomy.
And the progressive establishment of occlusion and mastication, that is, all the functions of the mouth,
including mouth closure, can no longer be separated from the other stages of sensorimotor
development.
Diapositive 14
Espace utérin -> espace de la pesanteur -> tonus pneumatique
développement -> posture -> denture…
Dr. M. Lacroix / www.orthoglobal.ch
2014-2015 : C.A.S. Certificate of Advanced Studies UNIL (Lausanne) = Bilan sensorimoteur précoce de Bullinger…
9. We must incorporate into our teaching the results of Bullinger’s study on early sensorimotor outcomes.
As a result of this new information, we are better able to look more in depth into the narrow connections
of the cranio-cervico-facial neuromuscular connections, in utero, during each step of the overall
sensoritonic balance.
If we look at the diagrams at the top of the slide, from Roger Vasseur, at first there is a prenatal period of
neuromuscular training in the inter-uterine space, which becomes more and more intense as we approach
the end of gestation, between the anterior and posterior chains, under the control through contraction and
relaxation of he . But this occurs in an aquatic environment, without the influence of gravity.
Bullinger had the genius to define the gravitational space following birth, in which the newborn must
develop a neuromuscular means to support its own weight, and must develop mobility with the aid, firstly,
of its pneumatic tonus (by blocking respiration) during the first horizontal stage (2nd diagram). This is the
onset of structuring and balancing between the anterior and posterior chains, according to the tonic
capacity of the baby to pass from one position or activity to another. And there are significant differences
depending on the random journey of each individual (photo 1 = the “moon baby” sleeping position)
Diagrams 3 & 4: this is followed by uprighting into a sitting position using all the tonus and postural control
all the way down to the pelvis. This represents the most delicate and decisive phase of our study.
Diapositive 15
Summary : development – posture – dentition… out of our control… as seen in
Bullinger’s early sensorimotor outcome theory.
Progressive structurisation of the anterior chain (sub-
and supra-hyoid), in coordination with the pneumatic
tonus and the cervical tonus of the posterior chain
(superficial and deep planes)
Dr. M. Lacroix / www.orthoglobal.ch
two left plans : it's during the transition from the sitting position towards the vertical position that the
baby, struggling against the gravity constraints (black arrows), connects with new neuromotor ways in order
to find and build his/her muscular tone, with the aim to ensure the way he/she holds the head (red arrow
in A) prior to going down to the pelvis.
It's clearly stated in the sensor-motor assessment and since the beginning of our observations since two
years which are daily confirmed, that in order for the tongue to change its position and dynamics, the
flexibility of the cervical vertebrae is required in order to allow changes in baby's senso-tonique balance
(Bullinger 2015, p.30).
And what are the tongue's support to go vertical? It is not going vertical towards the palate thanks to the
pressure of the intrinsic muscle elevator, in particular the styloglossus, as we all assumed until now ...
10. Diapositive 16
Résumé : développement - posture - denture… les incontournables: …
… venant du bilan sensorimoteur précoce de Bullinger…
Dr. M. Lacroix / www.orthoglobal.ch
There must be more force than that in order to alter, in such widely varying pattern, the form of the
palatal vault, the lower facial height, and the angle of mandible… in balance with an effectively
equivalent force for the posterior chain, in order to be able to hold the head upright…
And genetics fall short of explaining such variability, thus epigenetics and randomness must play a role in
the stages of sensorimotor development…
Diapositive 17
Conclusion : développement - posture - denture
Progressive structurisation of the anterior chain (sub-
and supra-hyoid), in coordination with the pneumatic
tonus and the cervical tonus of the posterior chain
(superficial and deep planes)
Dr. M. Lacroix / www.orthoglobal.ch
In conclusion, in this theoretical portion, we postulate that the first changes or challenges to the entire
glossopharyngeal, down to the level of the sternum and clavicle, are going to prove to be more effective
and crucial. This is in coordination with pneumatic tonus (the power of the thoracic cage) and in
permanent balance with the superficial cervical chain, followed by the deeper chain. This allows the first
postural elements to be put into place. The process begins with the antero-posterior fibers, followed by
those located laterally. Thus at the end of growth the body arrives at good balance between the 5
postural chains, depicted in the diagram on the right (courtesy of the osteopath Michel Clauzade).
To reiterate once again, from about 6 months, when the baby first sits, until he begins to walk, around 12
months, is the time interval that corresponds precisely to the eruption of opposing incisors, first lower then
upper, which will modify the sensory and motor perception of the tongue. Normally, this aids in a change
11. in posture and movement, assuming the conditions of balance and of the anteriorly constructed
neuromotor network allow for it. This also assumes there is not a limit in neuronal plasticity.
There is yet another important notion of early sensorimotor function: the infant first experiments with the
existing tools, imperfectly, in the early stages. Then the teeth come and the imbalance is more or less
compensated for. Thus the justification of our title: Dentition follows posture.
Diapositive 18
Dr. M. Lacroix / www.orthoglobal.ch
développement -> posture -> denture… études cliniques
Anamnèse : Tableau de développement… Etudes cliniques (40 cas)
objectif 2017 = 100 cas en 3 groupes
Aim: to find radiographic norms taking into account pre, neo or post natal
contingencies, as well as sensory-motor development.
In order to check these assumptions and to look for connections between sensory development according
to Bullinger, and the development of dento-facial dysfunctions and dysmorphoses, we started last year a
clinical study by building a survey about peri and post-natal anamnesis.
We collected data and compared all cases of patients aged seven or less year old, in treatment or examined
for treatment ... meaning more than 40 cases. I expect having examined more than a hundred cases by May
next year, prior to the AIOF Congress in Canada.
Dr. Michael Lacroix
Pediatric Orthodontics
Orthoglobal
Rue du Simplon, 5
1020 RENENS – CH
(www.orthoglobal.ch)