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CID Bio-Science Webinar - Using Photosynthesis Analysis for Environmental & Green Roof Research
- 1. Simple & Accurate : Handheld Photosynthesis Analysis CID Bio-Science, Inc. Dennis Fisher – Application Scientist
- 2. Agenda Why? : CO2 gas exchange & photosynthesis What? : CI-340 photosynthesis system & Accessories How? : Features & Applications Who? : Research Examples & Real world Applications Guest Speaker Olyssa Starry - Assistant Professor Q&A
- 3. Why? CO2 gas exchange & photosynthesis Image Credit: tuksaporn rattanamuk / Shutterstock Energy derived through photosynthesis drives directly/indirectly most multicellular life ~ Measuring photosynthesis rates gives us the data needed to gain insight into key biological processes
- 4. Photosynthesis Study: Evolving Traditionally: Plant Scientists Phenotyping Carbon cycling dynamics Maturity and aging Characterizing stress responses Relationships between photosynthesis and water balance Teaching device Carbon Credit Assessments Solar Technology comparisons Other Scientific disciplines Insect respiration Soil Respiration Climate Change
- 5. CI-340 Handheld Photosynthesis System Portable - < 3 lbs Non-destructive Open or Closed System Measurements Infrared CO2 gas analyzer H2O/humidity analyzer Photosynthetically Active Radiation (PAR) sensor Temperature Sensors: Leaf Air Internal (Instrument) Accessories: 11 interchangeable chambers & 4 additional modules
- 6. CI-340 Basic Instrument Measurements
- 7. Wide selection of chambers to operate as an open or closed system
- 9. LC-4 & LC-5
- 10. LC-7, 8, 9 & 10 Closed-System Measurements
- 11. LC-11 & CI-301SR & CI-301CC Cacti, Soil, and customizable measuring
- 12. CI-340 Control Modules CI-301LA Light Control CI-301AD Carbon Dioxide & Water Control CI-510CS Temperature Control CI-510CF Chlorophyll Fluorescence
- 13. CI-301LA Light Control Module
- 14. CI-301AD - H2O & CO2 Control Module
- 15. CI-510CS Temperature Control Module
- 17. Video
- 18. Research Tool: CI-340 Applications Educational Tool: Measuring Photosynthesis & Respiratio in real time with an IRGA - Simone Whitecloud - Dartmouth CI-340: Field Tested, Classroom Approved
- 20. Guest Speaker - Olyssa Starry
- 21. Offer
- 22. Dr. Benoit Truax, ETFRT, Québec, Canada Eastern Townships Forest Research Trust Julien Fortier, Ph.D. Université du Québec à Montréal Daniel Gagnon, Ph.D. Regina University France Lambert, M.Sc. Eastern Townships Forest research Trust
- 23. Dr. Benoit Truax, ETFRT, Québec, Canada Materials and Methods Soil respiration was measured (summer 2014) at three 14 year-old hybrid poplar plantation sites located in southern Québec, Canada (Brompton, La Patrie and Melbourne). The experimental design contains 27 plots (3 sites x 3 poplar genotype x 3 blocks/ sites). In each plot, soil respiration (including root respiration) was measured in situ using a CI-340 Ultra-Light Portable Photosynthesis System Three sampling time were also selected for the experiment (Late May, Late July and Late October). photo credit: B. Truax /Eastern Townships
- 24. Dr. Benoit Truax, ETFRT, Québec, Canada Materials and Methods Continued • Respiration was measured by placing the CI-340 chamber on the soil surface for a 2 minute time period during which the CO2 production was measured in the chamber and expressed as µmol CO2 -1 m-2 s-1. • This procedure was repeated at 5 random sampling points in order to account for soil heterogeneity within plots. • Soil temperature (measured in the CI-340 chamber) and air temperatures were recorded simultaneously during respiration measurements. • Soil respiration rate, soil temperature and air temperature were averaged for each sampling time in each plot (mean of 5 sampling points). photo credit: B. Truax /Eastern Townships
- 25. photo credit: B. Truax /Eastern Townships Forest Research Trust
- 26. Dr. Benoit Truax, ETFRT, Québec, Canada Results Significant Time x Site interactions for soil respiration, air and soil temperature. Across the 3 sites temperature conditions were rarely similar. A strong relationship was observed at each site between soil temperature and respiration rates (R2 ranging from 0.62 to 0.80, depending on the site). photo credit: B. Truax /Eastern Townships Forest Research Trust Site Brompton La Patrie Melbourne Spr Su m Fall Spr Su m Fall Spr Su m Fall Respiration rate ↓ ↑ ↓ ↑ ↑ ↓ ↓ ↑ ↓
- 27. photo credit: B. Truax /Eastern Townships Forest Research Trust Dr. Benoit Truax, ETFRT, Québec, Canada Measured soil respiration hybrid poplar red oak bur oak red ash white pine Comparing silvicultural treatments arranged in a split plot: black plastic mulch control (weeds plots)
- 28. Dr. Benoit Truax, ETFRT, Québec, Canada Yield in 8 year-old hybrid poplar plantations on abandoned farmland along climatic and soil fertility gradients. Benoit Truax, Daniel Gagnon, Julien Fortier, France Lambert. Forest Ecology and Management, volume 267 2012. photo credit: B. Truax /Eastern Townships Forest
- 29. Dr. Josep Peñuelas, CREAF, Spain Center for Ecological Research and Forestry Applications (CREAF) and the National Research Council in Spain Many recent publications (3 in 2013)
- 30. 1. Needle terpene concentrations and emissions of two coexisting subspecies of Scots pine attacked by the pine processionary moth (Thaumetopoea pityocampa). Achotegui-Castells, A., Llusia, J., Hodar, J., Peñuelas, J. Acta Physiologiae Plantarum, volume 35 (10) 2013. 2. Intensive measurements of gas, water, and energy exchange between vegetation and troposphere during the MONTES campaign in a vegetation gradient from short semi-desertic shrublands to tall wet temperate forests in the NW Mediterranean Basin. Peñuelas, J., Guenther, A., Rapparina, F., Llusia, J., Filella, I., Seco, R., Estiarte, M., Mejia-Chang, M., Ogaya, R., Ibanex, J., Sardans, J., Castano, L., Turnipseed, A., Duhl, T., Harley, P., Vila, J., Estavillo, J., Menendez, S. Atmospheric Environment, volume 75 2013. Photo credit: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mot h Photo credit: http://www.geog.cam.ac.uk/resea rch/projects/mediterraneanecosys
- 31. Dr. Josep Peñuelas, CREAF, Spain 3. Physiological and antioxidant responses of Quercus ilex to drought in two different seasons. Nogues, I., Llusia, J., Ogaya, R., Munne-Bosch, S., Sardans, J., Peñuelas, J., Loreto, F. Plant Biosystems, 2013. Photo credits: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quercus_ilex
- 32. Dr. Joseph Kloepper, Auburn University, Alabama Department of Entomology & Plant Pathology Drought evaluation with photosynthesis system
- 33. Auburn University, Alabama Drought conditions were induced to corn plants at V8 stage of growth and photosynthesis was measured in the upper most developed leaf of the plant. We used photosynthesis rate, transpiration and stomatal conductance parameters to compare plants under drought conditions and plants under normal watering conditions Photo credit: Dr. Kloepper, Auburn University
- 34. Photo credit: Dr. Kloepper, Auburn University,
- 35. Dr. Joseph Kloepper, Auburn University, Alabama Results Corn plants evaluated at V10 stage of growth after one week of drought
- 36. Michaël Belluau, Université de Sherbrooke Dr. Bill Shipley, Department of Biology, Québec The leaf economics spectrum and the prediction of photosynthetic light-response curves. Giancarlo Marino, Marouane Aqil and Bill Shipley. Functional Ecology, issue 24, 2010.
- 37. Objective: Express drought tolerance of forbs with a functional trait approach. Photo credit: M. Belluau, University of Sherbrooke
- 38. Michaël Belluau, Université de Sherbrooke Photo credits: M. Belluau, University of Sherbrooke
- 39. Michaël Belluau, Université de Sherbrooke Photo credits: M. Belluau, University of Sherbrooke
- 40. Setu Monroe, University of the West Indies Setu Monroe-student, primary researcher Dr. Kurt McLaren: Department of Life Sciences, University of the West Indies, Jamaica
- 41. Setu Monroe, University of the West Indies Regeneration Ecology of a Moist Forest Over Limestone; Cockpit Country, Jamaica. Objectives: Collect and assess data on forest dynamics Assess major trends and relationships between forest dynamics and environmental variables Assign tree species to guilds based on plant ecophysiology and dynamics data Photo credit: www.wildlifeextra.com Photo credit: http://en.wikipedia.or g/wiki/Cockpit_Countr
- 42. Setu Monroe, University of the West Indies Challenges of the Project: Limestone karst topography with loose surface rocks Average slope incline of > 45% Requires backpack hikes up to 4 hours to reach sites Daily convectional rainfall Suitable power source for equipment
- 43. CI-340 fixed to a tripod, showing the rough terrain and steep incline. Photo credit: S. Monroe, U. of West Indies Setu Monroe, University of the West Indies
- 44. CI-340 performing “Warming Up” procedure, prior to measurements Setu Monroe, University of the West Indies Photo credit: S. Monroe, U. of West Indies CI-340 with light module attached
- 45. CI-340 with light module attached, showing a modified setup for in situ constant CO2 supply which is varied to reflect forest floor CO2 changes throughout the day Photo credit: S. Monroe, U. of West Indies Setu Monroe, University of the West Indies
- 46. Scott Bradfield, Southern Illinois University Scott Bradfield-student, primary researcher Dr. Stephen Ebbs: Department of Plant Biology, Southern Illinois University Carbondale
- 47. Scott Bradfield, Southern Illinois University Research Determine the effects of foliar applied nanoparticles on photosynthetic efficiency of crop plants Used the CI-340 to take biweekly measurements Data collected from CI-340: Pn, E, C, and Leaf Temp. (Net Photosynthesis, Transpiration, Stomatal Conductance, and Leaf Temperature) Derived radiation use efficiency and water use efficiency from data collected with the CI-340
- 48. Photo credits: S. Bradfield, Southern Illinois University
- 49. Scott Bradfield, Southern Illinois University Results Large increase in RUE between 2 and 8 DAT After 8 DAT the plants begin to acclimate and have an RUE closer to normal 𝑅𝑈𝐸 = 𝑃𝑛 𝑃𝐴𝑅 ∗ 1,000 RUE Days After Treatment 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 mmol(CO2)mol -1 (photon) 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 Control 500 ppm TiO2 NP 1000 ppm TiO2 NP 500 ppm Bulk TiO2 1000 ppm Bulk TiO2
- 50. Scott Bradfield, Southern Illinois University Results Initial increase in WUE but returned to the same rate as the control by 4 DAT 𝑊𝑈𝐸 = 𝑃𝑛 𝐸 WUE Days After Treatment 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 mmol(CO2)mol -1 (H2O) 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 Control 500 ppm TiO2 NP 1000 ppm TiO2 NP 500 ppm Bulk TiO2 1000 ppm Bulk TiO2
- 51. Scott Bradfield, Southern Illinois University Results Sustained increase in stomatal conductance after 4 DAT with all treatments except 500 ppm Bulk TiO2 Stomatal Conductance Days After Treatment 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 mmol(CO2)m -2 s -1 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 Control 500 ppm TiO2 NP 1000 ppm TiO2 NP 500 ppm Bulk TiO2 1000 ppm Bulk TiO2
- 52. Scott Bradfield, Southern Illinois University Results Increase in transpiration from TiO2 ENPs after 12 DAT Bulk TiO2 did not have an effect on transpiration Transpiration Days After Treatment 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 mmol(H2O)m -2 s -1 0 2 4 6 8 10 Control 500 ppm TiO2 NP 1000 ppm TiO2 NP 500 ppm Bulk TiO2 1000 ppm Bulk TiO2
- 53. Scott Bradfield, Southern Illinois University Conclusion TiO2 ENPs transiently enhance photosynthetic efficiency in Z. mays There is an initial increase in RUE and WUE but the Z. mays acclimated to the stimulus and returned to normal rates Increase stomatal conductance but not evapotranspiration rates (higher gas exchange without increased water loss)
- 54. Simone Whitecloud, Dartmouth College Ph.D. Candidate, Ecology and Evolutionary Biology: Dartmouth College, New Hampshire Studying low-lying plants at elevation Innovative custom leaf chamber
- 55. Photo credit: S. Whitecloud,
- 56. Photo credit: S. Whitecloud,
Editor's Notes
- Introduction: Thank you for attending this webinar! My name is Dennis Fisher, application scientist here at CID Bio-Science– with a background firmly rooted in biology I have over a decade of experience getting industry & research projects meeting their goals. Our Distribution Manager Suzy Truitt will be online helping in the background as well as helping facilitate The q&A The structure of this webinar is start out with a powerpoint presentation, A quick overview of the Zoom software itself– mouse to the bottom you’ll see a chat, raise your hand, and Q&A. We will be handling questions at the end of the presentation. This webinar is being recorded, and will be sent to attendees, as well as posted to our website at cid-inc.com\blog
- Photosynthesis is a critical component of the global carbon cycle, and is responsible for providing energy to many of earth’s organisms. Because of the importance of photosynthesis, and because rates and strategies vary across plant types, the ability to accurately measure photosynthesis is increasingly important. This webinar will present and review current research involving the CI-340 Handheld Photosynthesis System, highlighting unique and innovative uses in the measurement of leaf-level dynamics. How do we use carbon dioxide gas exchange to measure photosynthesis? The equation for photosynthesis is shown here. Gas exchange measurements provide direct measure of the net rate of photosynthetic carbon assimilation. Carbon dioxide exchange systems use enclosure methods, where the leaf in closed in a transparent chamber. The rate of carbon dioxide fixed by the leaf enclosed is determined by measuring the change in the carbon dioxide concentration of the air flowing across the chamber. We measure carbon dioxide assimilation in a single leaf in order to investigate whole plant characteristics.
- Who uses Photosynthesis? Carbon credits and climate change can be studied by measuring photosynthesis, carbon dioxide and water exchange.
- Photosynthetic rate is determined by measuring CO2 before and after it enters the leaf chamber to calculate the rate of CO2 assimilation by a known leaf area. Transpiration is the movement of water vapor from leaf tissue into the atmosphere. Transpiration rate is determined by measuring water vapor before and after it enters the leaf chamber to calculate the rate of water vapor flux per one-sided leaf area. Stomatal conductance refers to the openness of the leaf stomata determines the rate of CO2 assimilation into the leaf and water vapor exits the leaf through the stomata. Stomatal conductance is calculated by measuring transpiration rate as a function of leaf temperature. The CI-340 is easily operable as either an open and closed system. In open system measurement, the incoming gas is drawn from the ambient, or control-module altered, air and the exhaust returns to the external atmosphere. During closed system measurements, the air is recirculated from the exhaust back into the chamber. The CI-340 is designed to measure both absolute and differential readings. In Absolute Mode, the CI-340 measures gas concentrations from a single source. For differential measurements, the concentration of gases from both the inlet of the chamber and the chamber exhaust are measured.
- The wide selection of leaf chambers fit a large variety of leaf types, sizes and stages of maturity. Closed system chamber are pictured on the top and open system chambers near the front of the photosynthesis analyzer and underneath it. The two chambers here are quite adaptable, able to be used with conifers or seedums. They work as either open or closed system chambers and can also accommodate a stem entering the chamber, while still sealing around it. Open systems are configured so that air is continuously passed through the leaf chamber (to maintain CO2 IN at a stable concentration) and measurements of photosynthesis and transpiration are based on the differences in carbon dioxide and relative humidity in an air stream that is flowing into the leaf chamber, compared to the air stream flowing out of it. The rate of carbon dioxide uptake is used to assess the rate of photosynthetic carbon assimilation, while the rate of water loss is used to assess the rate of transpiration. This is determined based on leaf area. In closed systems, a leaf is enclosed in a chamber, sealed to avoid gas exchange with the atmosphere, and the rate at which the carbon dioxide and relative humidity concentration changes in the chamber are monitored. This is determined based on leaf area and leaf chamber volume. Complete equations for photosynthesis and transpiration are available in the User Manual or online.
- Standard leaf chambers 1-25 mm x 25 mm - For open-system measurements of trees, shrubs and herbs with small, broad leaves. 2- 55 mm x 20mm - For open-system measurements of trees, shrubs and herbs with small, regular leaves. 3-65mm x 10 mm- For open-system measurements of grasses and grass-like leaves. Also, useful for insect respiration
- 4 --For open-system measurements of succulents and small-needled conifers. (25mm x 90mm) 5-- For open-system measurements of large-needled conifers. (50mm x 70mm)
- LC-7 - 1/4 Liter Leaf Chamber --For closed-system measurements of long, narrow leaves. (104mm x 33mm x 73mm) LC-8 1/2 Liter Leaf Chamber For closed-system measurements of medium-sized leaves. (89mm x 66mm x 86mm) LC-9 1 Liter Leaf Chamber For closed-system measurements of large leaves. (112mm x 91mm x99mm)
- More miscellaneous chambers including the: LC-11 Cactus Leaf Chamber Window size: 14.6 cm2. For measuring the leaves of Cacti with the CI-340 Handheld Photosynthesis System. CI-301SR Soil Respiration Chamber For measurements of CO2 flux from soils. CI-301CC Canopy Chamber Attachment Interface between chamber and instrument which allows user to design and build their own custom chamber.
- Four Control modules for use in the field or lab for assessment of plant response in variable conditions
- The Light Module allows researchers to adjust the light intensity received by the leaf in the chamber.
- Enables researchers to set or adjust the CO2 & H2O concentrations in the chamber in order to investigate related physiological changes
- Enables researchers to adjust temperature in the chamber to evaluate fluctuations in the rate of photosynthesis relative to high or low temperatures.
- Measures fluorescence simultaneously with photosynthesis to provide researchers with the information about changes in photosynthesis efficiency & heat dissipation from a leaf. Chlorophyll fluorescence analysis is a widely used technique for plant physiologists and ecophysiologists. Light energy absorbed by chlorophyll molecules in a leaf has three possible destinies. First, the light energy could be used to drive photosynthesis. Secondly, excess light energy can be dissipated as heat. Thirdly, excess light energy can be re-emitted as light, which is known as chlorophyll fluorescence. These three processes occur in competition, meaning that an increase in the efficiency of one will result in a decrease in the yield of the other two. Using the CI-510CF to measure chlorophyll fluorescence provides the investigator with information about changes in the efficiency of photosynthesis and heat dissipation from the leaf. The CI-510CF modulation frequency is adjustable, ranging from 8-80 Hz.
- All of these features are well and good, but it is much more important that the instrument not only provides the data you need, but has proven itself time and time again in the field. To show it’s use both as a research and educational tool I’ve put links in this slide. One that goes to our sight page where we post research papers using the CI-340 on a regular basis. The other a link to a white paper from Dartmouth describing a method of using the CI-340 for education. To showcase the
- I had the pleasure of meeting Dr. Benoit Truax several years ago in Montreal. Benoit’s group, the Eastern Townships Forest Research Trust, is involved in poplar research. They use the handheld photosynthesis analyzer, as well as the soil respiration chamber accessory to study soil respiration rate in mature hybrid poplar plantations in southern Québec, Canada.
- This is a photo of mature hybrid poplar plantation near the region of La Patrie, Québec, Canada in 2013. Look at the huge amount of leaves on the ground. This is the highest altitude experimental hybrid poplar plantation of our climatic gradient.
- Respiration rate followed the same trend at the Brompton and La Patrie sites, with lower respiration rates observed in the Spring and in the Fall, with a peak during Summer. However, respiration rate was much higher at Melbourne in late May compared to the two other sites, and not different from the respiration rate measured in late July. At Melbourne, air and soil temperatures were also higher during respiration rate measurements in late May. In the images at the bottom, you can see the handheld photosynthesis system using the tripod mount, for convenient measurements.
- This is from a different experimental design, on the utilisation of a riparian multi-species plantation in the agricultural landscape (degraded brooks and ditch) of the Eastern Townships of southern Québec. This is our student A. Richard in the center of a red oak plot. Results show important differences between plastic mulch (the lowest value) and control (highest value) after 3 growing seasons. Surprising, since the highest temperature was found beneath the plastic mulch but probably by burning more rapidly the organic matter in the first and second growing season. Silviculture is the practice of controlling the establishment, growth, composition, health, and quality of forests to meet diverse needs and values. It also focuses on making sure that the treatments of forest stands are used to preserve and to better their productivity. The leaf image photocredits are courtesy of wikipedia.com.
- Benoit’s group is expecting to publish again soon. This is a publication from 2012 in Forest Ecology and Management.
- Dr. Josep Penuelas’s group in Spain has been using a photosynthesis system for a variety of investigations for several years. He is with the center for ecological research and forestry and the national research council in Spain. This group measures photosynthesis and VOC’s in relation to climate, biotic and abiotic stresses. These are mostly classic uses of the instrument, measuring photosynthesis and water relations.
- Needle terpene paper: pine processionary moth is one of the most important defoliators in the Mediterranean region causing large economic losses and ecological effects. The needle terpene concentrations and emissions may play a key role in the defense of pines. The results suggest that the lower terpene concentrations and high percentages of monoterpenes in were produced by a combination of emission losses and terpene induction in response to herbivorous attack. The photosynthesis analyzer was used to gather data concerning net photosynthesis and transpiration. Intensive measurements: multidisciplinary international field campaign aimed at measuring energy, water and especially gas exchange between vegetation and atmosphere in a gradient from short semi-desertic shrublands to tall wet temperate forests in NE Spain in the North Western Mediterranean Basin. The objective of this campaign was to study the differences in gas, water and energy exchange occurring at different vegetation coverages and biomasses. The results showed the strong land-cover-specific influence on emissions of BVOCs (biogenic volatile organic compounds), gas, energy and water exchange, and therefore demonstrate the potential for feed-back to atmospheric chemistry and climate. The photosynthesis analyzer was used to gather data concerning gas and water exchange.
- Physiological and antioxidant responses: Within a long-term (9 years) manipulation experiment, we aimed to study the effect of the soil drought projected for the coming decades (an average of 10% soil moisture reduction) onto photosynthetic rates and water relations, and onto the antioxidant and anti-stress defense capacity of Quercus ilex, a dominant species in Mediterranean forests, in two different seasons, spring and summer. Results showed that photosynthesis was limited by stomatal closure in summer. However, a decrease in photosynthesis as a consequence of drought was observed only during spring, possibly due to a low pigment concentration and to an insufficient antioxidant protection. The photosynthesis analyzer was used to gather data concerning photosynthetic rates and water relations. Dr. Penuelas’s group is using studies of net photosynthesis and VOC’s to gather information for climate change research. Net photosynthesis is only one component of many needed to get the big picture about climate change.
- This is a classic use of the handheld photosynthesis system.
- Instead of a tripod, here the hard-sided case is used to prop up the photosynthesis system for measurements.
- At the University of Sherbrooke in Quebec, a biology student, Michael Belluau is beginning a project using the handheld photosynthesis system. The instrument is Dr. Bill Shipley’s, who published in 2010, using the CI-340 and light accessory module to investigate photosynthetic light-response curves.
- Michael uses net photosynthesis to estimate drought tolerance. He is measuring photosynthesis of different species in control treatment and in drought treatment. He is using the temperature accessory module and light accessory module to control temp and light, comparing stress vs. control treatments at various intensities and temperatures. He uses the tripod mount to hold the CI-340 in place while taking the measurement. Notice the lamp on top of the leaf chamber and the heating/cooling pad underneath the leaf chamber that is controlling temperature.
- We are interested to see the results of Michael study on drought tolerance of forbs in the coming months.
- Cockpit Country is pockmarked with steep-sided hollows, as much as 120 metres (390 ft) deep in places, which are separated by conical hills and ridges.
- Convectional rainfall occurs when the land warms up, it heats the air above it. This causes the air to expand and rise. As the air rises it cools and condenses. By having extra batteries, Setu is able to continue measuring at his remote field site with out access to a power source.
- Notice the blue tarp—an essential research tool for the wet tropics. There are several advantages using the CI-340 for this project, including that it is extremely portable and lightweight. Also, you can perform on site calibrations in the field. As with any instrument, it requires extreme care in forest environment.