This document provides an overview of key biology concepts including: 1) Biology is the study of living things including their life processes like nutrition, transport, and reproduction. Organisms need these processes to stay alive. 2) Cells are the basic unit of structure and function in living things. Organelles in cells and organ systems in multicellular organisms carry out life functions. 3) The plasma membrane surrounds cells and is semi-permeable, allowing some substances to diffuse across. Osmosis regulates movement of water across the membrane. 4) Organisms maintain homeostasis through organ systems working together like respiration, circulation, and excretion during exercise. Disruptions to homeostasis can cause disease

2. Biology is the study of life
(the study of living things)
• A cat, bird and a humans
are living.
• A book, pen or a pencil are
nonliving.
Non-
living!
Living!

4. The life processes:
• Nutrition • Regulation
• Transport • Growth
• Respiration • Reproduction
• Excretion • locomotion
• synthesis

5. Organisms need:
• Nutrition: a source of energy to stay alive.
• Respiration: using oxygen to release ATP energy
from food.
• Synthesis: making substances like enzymes,
hormones, proteins to regulate their metabolism.
• Transport: moving materials in & out of their bodies.
• Regulation: control & coordination of body functions.
• Excretion: getting rid of wastes.
• Reproduction: passing on genes to offspring.

6. For examples

7. Nutrition: taking in food for growth,
synthesis, repair & energy
Burrrrrp!

8. Transport: taking in materials (digested food,
oxygen etc) into the organism and spreading
(circulating) the material throughout the
organism. Circulatory system
spreads materials to
Takes in where the body needs
materials Burrrrrp!
it.
Digests
materials in
stomach

9. Reproduction: passing on genes
to offspring

11. Metabolism is all the life processes
a living thing does to stay alive.

12. ATP ATP
ATP

13. ATP
ATP
ATP

14. ATP ATP
ATP

15. Now do questions # 1-4 on
handout.

16. L.O:Organization:

18. Simple organisms like a bacteria
are made of one cell. Complex
organisms like humans are made of
billions of cells!

23. a levels of organization
from least complex to most
complex: Com
bine
to
form
Combine to form Combine to form
Combine to form

24. Another level of organization
chart from the regents
genes

25. Living things are made of one or
more cells.

26. Now do questions 5-8 .

27. L.O: Cells
Do now: read pages 1:4-1:5

28. A typical animal cell and a typical
plant cell Plant cell

29. Plant cell

31. Each organelle carries out a specific life function
for the cell.

35. ATP made in
mitochondria

39. Plant cell

40. the functions of all the organelles together is the
cell’s metabolism.
Plant cell

41. Answer questions #9- 23.

42. L.O. the plasma membrane.
Read pages 1:8- 1:15

43. The cell membrane surrounds the
cell and is made mainly of lipids
(fats) & proteins.

44. Proteins in the cell membrane
(called receptors) recognize and
respond to chemical signals (ex.
Insulin)

45. the chemical signals (ex. Insulin) attach (like
a lock and key) to the protein receptors on
the cell membrane causing the cell to
respond.

46. diffusion

47. Less
sugar More
sugar
More Less
sugar sugar

48. Cell has
94% water Surrounding area
has 96% water
Cell has Surrounding area
97% has 92% water
water

49. Osmosis: how the water in cells
react, when the cells are in different
concentrations of salty solutions

50. Water always flows towards where
there is more salt….

51. If inside the cell is saltier, water
flows into the cell, causing the cell
to swell!

52. If the salt concentration is equal inside and outside,
the water will flow equally in both directions. Cell is in
equalibrium!

53. 1. Distilled water (0%
saltiness) OR
2. Hypertonic water
(20% salt water)

55. What kind of water must be added
this onion cell to make it make it
swell back to its original shape?
1. Distilled water (0%
saltiness) OR
2. Hypertonic water
( 20% salt water)

56. What kind of water must be added
this onion cell to make it make it
swell back to its original shape?

57. REMEMBER: a salty water
solution causes a cell shrivel

58. REMEMBER: a distilled water
solution causes a cell swell!

59. Diffusion through a dialysis
membrane in an artificial (model)
cell

60. Which elephant could pass easier
into your garage?

61. Would you agree that due to size,
the smaller elephant can pass
easier than the larger one

62. Which jet could fit into your
garage more easily?

63. Would you agree that due to size,
the smaller jet would fit easier.

64. The size of objects matters. Small objects can move
across barriers more easily than very large ones!

66. WHAT DO YOU SEE GOING ON?
KEY:
I = IODINE
ARTIFICIAL G = GLUCOSE
CELL S = STARCH
I G G
I
TIME S S I S I I SS I
GSGSGGS SSIIISS
S G G S GSS
I I G G
Beaker of

67. ORIGINALLY, IODINE (STARCH INDICATOR) WAS
PUT ON OUTSIDE OF “CELL”. GLUCOSE & STARCH
INSIDE CELL. KEY:
I = IODINE
ARTIFICIAL G = GLUCOSE
CELL S = STARCH
I G G
I
TIME S S I S I I SS I
GSGSGGS SSIIISS
S G G S GSS
I I G G
Beaker of

68. IODINE AND GLUCOSE ARE SMALL MOLECULES.
STARCH IS A BIG MOLECULE.
KEY:
I = IODINE
ARTIFICIAL G = GLUCOSE
CELL S = STARCH
I G G
I
TIME S S I S I I SS I
GSGSGGS SSIIISS
S G G S GSS
I I G G
Beaker of

69. IODINE AND GLUCOSE ARE ABLE TO DIFFUSE
ACROSS PLASMA MEMBRANE. STARCH IS TOO
BIG TO DIFFUSE. KEY:
I = IODINE
ARTIFICIAL G = GLUCOSE
CELL S = STARCH
I G G
I
TIME S S I S I I SS I
GSGSGGS SSIIISS
S G G S GSS
I I G G
Beaker of

71. When the iodine (starch) indicator
diffuses into the dialysis tube, it
turns the starch blue-black
BEFORE AFTER

72. The glucose molecules diffuses out
of the dialysis tube. It turns the blue
glucose indicator solution to yellow,
when heated

73. Active
transport

74. Active
transport

75. Answer questions #24-55

76. Receptor
molecules:

77. Receptor molecules: cellular
communication (communication
between cells)

78. Hormones are chemicals that act as
messengers.

79. Hormones act as messengers in
that they tell their target cells what
to do.

80. the target cells have receptors that
are specific.

81. The receptors are specific in that,
they can only recognize and
respond to a specific hormone (like
a lock and key.

82. ex. The hormone Insulin will attach
to the receptor B, because they
match like a lock and key.
insulin

83. Hormone 1 can only effect cell A (its
target cell ) because Cell A has the
right shaped receptors

84. Hormone 2 can only effect cell B (its
target cell ) because Cell B has the
right shaped receptors

85. Answer questions # 56-67

86. Systems of the
body

87. Multi-cellular have many different
organ systems.

88. each organ systems does a specific
job.

89. All the organ systems work together
to maintain homeostasis (keep the
organism alive).

90. If any organ system is damaged or
not working, the organism can get
sick or can die.

91. You must know what each organ
system does…

92. You must know how each organ system
works with the others to maintain the
organism’s homeostasis.

93. For example: how do the respiratory,
circulatory and excretory (sweating) work
together when we are active?

94. What does a fast pulse rate say about our
circulatory system?

95. Why does one breath faster during heavy
exercise?

96. Expect a graph or a question on “making
connections” on the regents

97. Although you need to know ALL the body
systems…..

98. And you need to be able to show how they
connect with each other to maintain the
organism’s homeostasis…

99. you will DEFINITELY get questions
SPECIFICALLY about the endocrine system,
the reproductive system and the immune
system.

100. L.O: Endocrine System:

101. The Endocrine System is one of the
body’s two communication systems

102. The Endocrine System
communicates using hormones.

103. hormones are chemical
messengers in the blood that tell
their target cells what to do.

104. hormones only work on their target
cells (like a lock and key).

105. Example:
hormone 1
will tell Cell
A, its target
cell to do
something.
Hormone 2
will tell cell B,
its target cell
to do
something.

106. Among other things, Hormones give us our
gender, regulate our metabolism, reproduction
and pregnancy.

107. You must know four endocrine glands and their
six hormones

108. The four endocrine glands are testes, ovaries,
pancreas, pituitary gland.

109. The six hormones are testosterone, estrogen,
adrenaline, progesterone, human growth
hormone (HGH) and insulin.

110. Testes: The male gonads
(glands)
• Produces testosterone
(the male hormone).
• Produces sperm cells
(the male gamete)

111. Testosterone:
• Gives men their
characteristics.
• Causes men to produce
sperm cells.

112. ovaries: The Female gonads
(glands)
• Produces estrogen
(the female
hormone).
• Produces
progesterone (a
pregnancy
hormone)
• Produces egg cells
(the female gamete)

113. • Estrogen gives women
their characteristics.
• Estrogen causes women
to develop egg cells.
• Progesterone regulates
the menstrual cycle and
pregnancy.

114. How do you know that this graph is
from a women’s blood sample?

115. Adrenaline (made in adrenal
glands) is a hormone released
when we’re active or angry or
excited or scared.

116. Human growth hormone (HGH)
(from our pituitary gland) regulates
how much we grow.

117. Certain cells of the pancreas
produce insulin which regulates the
levels of glucose (a sugar) in our
blood

118. Now answer questions # 74- 78

119. Reproductive system:

120. Reproductive system:
Reproduction is to produce
offspring that inherit our genes.

121. Multi-cellular organisms
require a male and a female to
produce offspring.

122. You must know what the
labeled organs do….

123. X is the testes: produce sperm
cells and testosterone.

124. A is the Ovaries: produce egg cells,
estrogen and progesterone.

125. B is the fallopian tube (or Oviduct):
the fertilized egg travels down it
until it implants in uterus.

126. C is the uterus: carries, protects
and feeds the fetus for 9 months.

127. The Immune
system:

128. Immune system:
Is the body’s defense against pathogens (germs
that cause infectious diseases)

129. Pathogens are disease-
causing agents (commonly
called “germs”)
A pathogen can be:
• bacteria
• A viruses
• fungi
• ameobae.

130. white blood cells are
the body’s main defense
against pathogens.

131. On the surface of pathogens (germs) are
proteins called antigens. White bloods
recognize that the antigen is foreign, so the
white blood cell will attack and kill the
pathogen.

132. Another weapon of white
blood cells is antibodies.

133. Antibodies are Y-shaped proteins.
Each antibody works like a lock and
key, it will attack one specific
pathogen.

134. Antibodies help the white blood cell to kill
viruses (and other pathogens). they
surround & kill germs so they can’t harm
the body’s cells.

135. Now answer # 85-92

136. Homeostasis:

137. Homeostasis:
Means a constant, stable internal environment
(e.g. homeostasis is all the internal things an
organism does to keep its insides stable, so it
STAYS alive.)

138. Homeostasis:
If an organism can’t maintain homeostasis, it will
be sick or it can die.

139. All of an organism’s organ systems work
together to maintain the organism’s
homeostasis…

140. During strenuous exercise, our bodies sweat,
breath faster etc to maintain our
homeostasis…

141. Now do questions # 93-105

142. Diseases disrupt an organism’s homeostasis.

143. You must be able to name at least one disease that can damage
each organ system…examples: arthritis effects the bones. Lung
cancer effects respiratory system. Skin cancer effects the skin.
Leukemia (blood cancer) effects blood. Brain tumor (cancer)
effects brain.

144. Now answer # 106-109

146. The 8 characteristics of life:

147. The 8 characteristics of life:
All living things whether they are
unicellular or multi-cellular carry
out the same 8 life functions.

148. Unicellular organisms use their
organelles to carry out their life
functions….
You should know these five organelles and
what they do:
• Nucleus
• Cell (plasma) membrane
• Ribosomes
• Mitochondria
• vacuoles

149. Multi-cellular organisms use their
organ systems to carry out their life
functions….
You must all the organ systems, but
especially know these organ systems
and what they do:
• Immune system
• Reproductive system
• Endocrine system

150. You must be able to compare the
life functions of the single cell
organisms to many-celled
organisms
For examples:

151. • Nucleus of a cell is like the brain in a
person.
• Food vacuole is like digestive system
• Cell membrane is like the respiratory
system.
• Cell membrane is like the excretory
system.

152. Now answer #110- 116

153. Drawing a graph:

154. How to draw a graph from a
data table:
• The first column of data ALWAYS goes
on the X-axis.
• The Next column (or columns) of data
go on Y-axis.
• The X-axis and Y-axis must must have
names.
• Use numbers that match the data to
create the appropriate number lines.

155. Now complete #117- 120