Choose one chapter from this health class and make an educational pamphlet or PowerPoint presentation about this topic. Include the latest research and latest medical information, prevention, support groups, medications, alternative treatments, and all information to send a positive educational message to a specific groups. Email your pamphlet to a group of friends, family, or community and prepare a list of questions for them to answer. You would like your pamphlet to be persuasive and informative so you will want your questions to evaluate how persuasive it was.  Submit here: your presentation or pamphlet the list of questions (at least 5) you want your subjects to answer the responses of at least 2 of your subjects to the questions. You may remove their names to protect their privacy. Just give their age and gender. a paragraph evaluating the persuasiveness of your presentation/pamphlet based off of the answers to your questions Here is the chapter to do. Disorders of the ear, nose and throat - such as hay fever, the common cold, hoarseness, and hearing loss - are troublesome afflictions that affect nearly everyone at one time or another. While not life threatening, such problems can cause considerable distress and discomfort. Fortunately, there is much that you can do yourself to prevent or alleviate them. Picture this: You are sitting in class. Your nose is running, throat sore and scratchy, muscles achy...when your professor calls on you to answer a question, all you can say is "Achoo!!!" If several of these symptoms describe you, chances are you probably have a common cold. The GOOD news is that the common cold is "self-limiting." It will last from four to ten days then clear up. The BAD news is that colds are caused by  viruses . Around 200 viruses, all similar in their effects, are known to cause colds. There is no medication that will cure the cold virus. In most cases, you just have to be patient and let the virus run its course. Fortunately there are things you can do to relieve some of the symptoms. Before you begin self care for your cold, remember these important things:  Pay attention to your specific symptoms. You may have a  bacterial  infection and should see a health care provider if your cold lasts longer than ten days or you develop any of the following: fever of 100 or higher lasting over 24 hours sore throat lasting longer than three days pain in ears or sinuses white spots on or near tonsils deep cough, producing mucus that is anything other than clear Antibiotics are used to fight bacterial infection and should be used only as prescribed. NEVER take left over antibiotics or those which were prescribed for someone else. Antibiotics have no effect against the virus that causes colds. Colds are spread through secretion droplets, therefore it's best to use tissues, not your hands for covering a sneeze. Wash your hands frequently and keep your hands away from your nose! What about medications? There are many types of.

1. Choose one chapter from this health class and make an
educational pamphlet or PowerPoint presentation about this
topic. Include the latest research and latest medical information,
prevention, support groups, medications, alternative treatments,
and all information to send a positive educational message to a
specific groups. Email your pamphlet to a group of friends,
family, or community and prepare a list of questions for them to
answer. You would like your pamphlet to be persuasive and
informative so you will want your questions to evaluate how
persuasive it was.
Submit here:
your presentation or pamphlet
the list of questions (at least 5) you want your subjects to
answer
the responses of at least 2 of your subjects to the questions. You
may remove their names to protect their privacy. Just give their
age and gender.
a paragraph evaluating the persuasiveness of your
presentation/pamphlet based off of the answers to your
questions
Here is the chapter to do.
Disorders of the ear, nose and throat - such as hay fever, the
common cold, hoarseness, and hearing loss - are troublesome
afflictions that affect nearly everyone at one time or another.
While not life threatening, such problems can cause
considerable distress and discomfort. Fortunately, there is much
that you can do yourself to prevent or alleviate them.
Picture this:
You are sitting in class. Your nose is running, throat sore and
scratchy, muscles achy...when your professor calls on you to
answer a question, all you can say is "Achoo!!!"

2. If several of these symptoms describe you, chances are you
probably have a common cold. The GOOD news is that the
common cold is "self-limiting." It will last from four to ten days
then clear up. The BAD news is that colds are caused by
viruses
. Around 200 viruses, all similar in their effects, are known to
cause colds. There is no medication that will cure the cold
virus. In most cases, you just have to be patient and let the virus
run its course. Fortunately there are things you can do to relieve
some of the symptoms.
Before you begin self care for your cold, remember these
important things:
Pay attention to your specific symptoms. You may have a
bacterial
infection and should see a health care provider if your cold
lasts longer than ten days or you develop any of the following:
fever of 100 or higher lasting over 24 hours
sore throat lasting longer than three days
pain in ears or sinuses
white spots on or near tonsils
deep cough, producing mucus that is anything other than clear
Antibiotics are used to fight bacterial infection and should be
used only as prescribed. NEVER take left over antibiotics or
those which were prescribed for someone else.
Antibiotics have no effect against the virus that causes colds.
Colds are spread through secretion droplets, therefore it's best
to use tissues, not your hands for covering a sneeze. Wash your
hands frequently and keep your hands away from your nose!
What about medications?
There are many types of over-the-counter (OTC) medications
available. Although there are none which will cure your cold,
many can help relieve the symptoms and make your life more
tolerable while the cold runs its course.
Many cold tablets, capsules, and liquids contain ingredients
which relieve more than one symptom. The key to choosing the

3. "right" medication is to listen to your own body, identify your
specific symptoms, and read the label. Pay attention to the
listed contraindications and side effects on the label. Don't take
any drugs if you are pregnant or think you might be pregnant
without consulting your health care provider.
Another important point to remember: DO NOT exceed the
recommended dosage of the drug. If you find the dose you have
taken is not working, increasing it will not help!
Cold Medicine
Analgesics
: Such as ibuprofen or naproxen sodium is used for relief of
muscle aches, headache and slight fever. Acetaminophen (i.e.
Tylenol) will give the same relief and is recommended for those
who have an allergic reaction to aspirin. Always take tablets
with a full glass of water or milk and always eat something
before taking these medications.
Decongestants
: are used for treatment of a stuffy nose which usually
accompanies a cold. These can be taken orally or as nasal
sprays. They are supposed to shrink swollen membranes in the
nose, however the spray sometimes causes irritation. Some of
the generic names commonly used for decongestants include
phenylephrine and pseudoephedrine.
Antihistamines
: are for temporary relief of runny nose, itchy, watery eyes and
sneezing. Some antihistamines may cause drowsiness or
dizziness. Occasionally the nose and throat can get "too dry"
causing irritation. Antihistamines may be labeled with the
generic name clemastine fumarate.
Expectorants
: are used for a productive cough, or one that brings up phlegm
or mucus. The expectorant works by loosening the fluid in your

4. lungs. Guaifenesin is a generic name for an expectorant found
on cough medicine labels. You must drink increased fluids
(water) for the expectorant to be effective.
Suppressants
(antitussive) are useful at night if a cough is keeping you awake
or during the day to prevent spreading the infection to others.
At other times it is often best to cough in order to clear
infection and mucous from respriatory passageways.
Dextromethorpan is a generic name for a suppressant found on
cough medicine labels. Some OTC cough medicines use a
combination of expectorant and suppressant. (In this case, as
with all medicines, it is best to decide what to use on the basis
of your particular symptoms.) If you have any questions
regarding any cold medication, your health care provider or
pharmacist is available to help you.
Avoid multiple medication (3 or more active ingredients) cold
preparations such as: Nyquil, Actifed Sinus Daytime/Nighttime
Caplets, Alka-seltzer Plus Nighttime Cold Medicine, Comtrex
Multi-Symptom Day/Night Caplet-Tablet.
Do not mix various cold medications.
Stay with recommended dosage.
Avoid alcohol while taking cold medications.
Checklist for Self-Care:
Gargle
Drink extra fluids
Rest
Throat lozenges
Analgesics
Decongestant/Antihistamine
Cough medicine
Chicken soup
The Cold Season
In the United States, most colds occur during the fall and
winter. Beginning in late August or early September, the
incidence of colds increases slowly for a few weeks and remains

5. high until March or April, when it declines. The seasonal
variation may relate to the opening of schools and to cold
weather, which prompt people to spend more time indoors and
increase the chances that viruses will spread from person to
person.
Seasonal changes in relative humidity also may affect the
prevalence of colds. The most common cold-causing viruses
survive better when humidity is low—the colder months of the
year. Cold weather also may make the nasal passages' lining
drier and more vulnerable to viral infection.
How Colds are Spread
Depending on the virus type, any or all of the following routes
of transmission may be common:
Touching infectious respiratory secretions on skin and on
environmental surfaces and then touching the eyes or nose.
Inhaling relatively large particles of respiratory secretions
transported briefly in the air.
Inhaling droplet nuclei, which are smaller infectious particles
suspended in the air for long periods of time
Handwashing is the simplest and most effective way to keep
from getting
rhinovirus
colds. Not touching the nose or eyes is another. Individuals
with colds should always sneeze or cough into a facial tissue,
and promptly throw it away. If possible, one should avoid close,
prolonged exposure to persons who have colds.
Because rhinoviruses can survive up to three hours outside the
nasal passages on inanimate objects and skin, cleaning
environmental surfaces with a virus-killing disinfectant might
help prevent spread of infection.
A cold vaccine?
The development of a vaccine that could prevent the common
cold has reached an impasse because of the discovery of many
different cold viruses. Each virus carries its own specific

6. antigens, substances that induce the formation of specific
protective proteins (antibodies) produced by the body. Until
ways are found to combine many viral antigens in one vaccine,
or take advantage
of the antigenic cross-relationships that exist, prospects for a
vaccine are dim. Evidence that changes occur in common-cold
virus antigens further complicate development of a vaccine.
Such changes occur in some influenza virus antigens and make
it necessary to alter the influenza vaccine each year
Pollen Allergy
Each spring, summer, and fall, tiny particles are released from
trees, weeds, and grasses. These particles, known as pollen,
hitch rides on currents of air. Although their mission is to
fertilize parts of other plants, many never reach their targets.
Instead, they enter human noses and throats, triggering a type of
seasonal allergic rhinitis called pollen allergy, which many
people know as hay fever or rose fever (depending on the
season in which the symptoms occur). Of all the things that can
cause an allergy, pollen is one of the most widespread. Many of
the foods, drugs, or animals that cause allergies can be avoided
to a great extent; even insects and household dust are escapeble.
Short of staying indoors when the pollen count is high--and
even that may not help--there is no easy way to evade
windborne pollen.
People with pollen allergies often develop sensitivities to other
troublemakers that are present all year, such as dust mites. For
these allergy sufferers, the "sneezin' season" has no limit. Year-
round airborne allergens cause perennial allergic rhinitis, as
distinguished from seasonal allergic rhinitis.
What is pollen?
Plants produce microscopic round or oval pollen grains to
reproduce. In some species, the plant uses the pollen from its
own flowers to fertilize itself. Other types must be cross-
pollinated; that is, in order for fertilization to take place and
seeds to form, pollen must be transferred from the flower of one

7. plant to that of another plant of the same species. Insects do this
job for certain flowering plants, while other plants rely on wind
transport.
The types of pollen that most commonly cause allergic reactions
are produced by the plain-looking plants (trees, grasses, and
weeds) that do not have showy flowers. These plants
manufacture small, light, dry pollen granules that are custom-
made for wind transport. Samples of ragweed pollen have been
collected 400 miles out at sea and 2 miles high in the air.
Because airborne pollen is carried for long distances, it does
little good to rid an area of an offending plant--the pollen can
drift in from many miles away. In addition, most allergenic
pollen comes from plants that produce it in huge quantities. A
single ragweed plant can generate a million grains of pollen a
day.
The chemical makeup of pollen is the basic factor that
determines whether it is likely to cause hay fever. For example,
pine tree pollen is produced in large amounts by a common tree,
which would make it a good candidate for causing allergy. The
chemical composition of pine pollen, however, appears to make
it less allergenic than other types. Because pine pollen is heavy,
it tends to fall straight down and does not scatter. Therefore, it
rarely reaches human noses.
Among North American plants, weeds are the most prolific
producers of allergenic pollen. Ragweed is the major culprit,
but others of importance are sagebrush, redroot pigweed, lamb's
quarters, Russian thistle (tumbleweed), and English plantain.
Grasses and trees, too, are important sources of allergenic
pollens. Although more than 1,000 species of grass grow in
North America, only a few produce highly allergenic pollen.
These include timothy grass, Kentucky bluegrass, Johnson
grass, Bermuda grass, redtop grass, orchard grass, and sweet
vernal grass. Trees that produce allergenic pollen include oak,
ash, elm, hickory, pecan, box elder, and mountain cedar.
It is common to hear people say that they are allergic to colorful
or scented flowers like roses. In fact, only florists, gardeners,

8. and others who have prolonged, close contact with flowers are
likely to become sensitized to pollen from these plants. Most
people have little contact with the large, heavy, waxy pollen
grains of many flowering plants because this type of pollen is
not carried by wind but by insects such as butterflies and bees.
Symptoms of Allergies to Airborne Substances
The signs and symptoms are familiar to many:
Sneezing often accompanied by a runny or clogged nose
Coughing and postnasal drip
Itching eyes, nose, and throat
Allergic shiners (dark circles under the eyes caused by
increased blood flow near the sinuses)
The "allergic salute" (in a child, persistent upward rubbing of
the nose that causes a crease
mark on the nose)
Watering eyes
Conjunctivitis (an inflammation of the membrane that lines
the eyelids, causing red-rimmed,
swollen eyes, and crusting of the eyelids).
In people who are not allergic, the mucus in the nasal passages
simply moves foreign particles to the throat, where they are
swallowed or coughed out. But something different happens to a
person who is sensitive to airborne allergens.
As soon as the allergen lands on the mucous membranes lining
the inside of the nose, a chain reaction occurs that leads the
mast cells in these tissues to release histamine and other
chemicals. These powerful chemicals contract certain cells that
line some small blood vessels in the nose. This allows fluids to
escape, which causes the nasal passages to swell, resulting in
nasal congestion.
Histamine also can cause sneezing, itching, irritation, and
excess mucus production, which can result in allergic rhinitis
(runny nose). Other chemicals made and released by mast cells,
including cytokines and leukotrienes, also contribute to allergic
symptoms.

9. When you get your picture taken, everyone says, "Say cheese!
Smile!" So you do - you open your mouth and show your teeth.
When you see the picture, you see a happy person looking back
at you. The healthier those teeth are, the happier you look. Why
is that?
It's because your teeth are important in many ways. If you take
care of them, they'll help take care of you. Strong, healthy teeth
help you chew the right foods to help you grow. They help you
speak clearly. And yes, they help you look your best.
Why Healthy Teeth Are Important
How does taking care of your teeth help with all those things?
Taking care of your teeth helps prevent
plaque
which is a clear film that sticks to your teeth. The film itself
may not sound so bad, but it's very sticky, and it acts like a
magnet for
bacteria
and sugar.
Just like ants at a picnic, the bacteria go crazy breaking the
sugar down into acids. These acids eat away at the tooth
enamel, and this can cause cavities. Plaque also causes
gingivitis
, which is gum disease (this can make your gums red and sore).
Your gums are those soft pink tissues in your mouth that hold
your teeth in place. Before long, the cavities and gums can
become very sore, eating may be more difficult, and you might
not feel like smiling so much.
Before Toothpaste Was Invented
We're lucky that we know so much now about taking care of our
teeth. Long ago, people's teeth would hurt and rot. To get rid of
a toothache, they had their teeth pulled out.
Finally people learned that cleaning their teeth was important,
but they didn't have toothpaste right away. While you're
swishing the minty paste around your mouth, think about what
people used long ago to clean teeth:
ground-up chalk or charcoal

10. lemon juice
ashes (you know, the stuff that's left over after a fire)
tobacco and honey mixed together
Yuck!
Today there are many toothpaste choices. Look for one with
fluoride
, which makes your teeth strong and fights cavities. You don't
need a lot of toothpaste, though; just squeeze out a bit the size
of a pea. It's not a good idea to swallow the toothpaste, either,
so be sure to rinse and spit.
It was only about 100 years ago that someone finally created a
minty cream to clean teeth. Not long after that, the toothpaste
tube was invented, so people could squeeze the paste right onto
the toothbrush! It was during World War II that brushing
became popular. The U.S. Army gave brushes and toothpaste to
the soldiers, and they learned to brush twice a day.
How You Can Keep Your Teeth Healthy
Brush at least twice a day, after breakfast and before bed. If you
can, brush after lunch or after sweet snacks. Brushing properly
breaks down plaque. Be sure to brush not just the front of your
teeth, but the sides and back of them, too. Brush away from
your gums. This helps to keep your gums healthy, too.
And take your time. Spend at least 3 minutes each time you
brush. If you have trouble keeping track of the time, use an egg
timer or play a recording of a song you like to help pass the
time.
Be sure that your toothbrush has soft bristles (the package the
brush comes in will tell you if they're soft) and that you get a
new toothbrush every 3 months.
Floss your teeth, too. It feels weird the first few times you do it,
but pretty soon you'll be a pro. Slip the dental floss in between
each tooth and up along the gum line. The floss gets rid of the
food that's hidden where your toothbrush can't get it.
It's also important to visit the dentist twice a year. Besides
checking for signs of cavities or gum disease, the dentist will

11. help keep your teeth extra clean, and he or she can help you
learn the best way to brush and floss.
It's not just brushing and flossing that keep your teeth healthy -
you need to be careful about what you eat and drink. Remember,
the plaque on your teeth is just waiting for that sugar to arrive.
Eat lots of fruits and vegetables and drink milk instead of soda.
And don't forget to smile!
Constipation
If you think that you're having a problem with constipation, tell
your parents. They can help you try some very simple ways of
getting your bowels back on a regular schedule. Most of the
time this means changing the kinds of foods you eat. You may
need to eat fewer fatty and greasy foods (like hamburgers and
fries) and fewer sugary foods (like candy bars and ice cream).
You may need more foods rich in fiber (like fruits, vegetables,
and whole grains). Drinking more water each day also helps.
Exercise is one of the best ways to keep your digestive system
moving, so you may want to switch some TV time for a bike
ride or a game of soccer. You might also try getting up a little
earlier in the morning to give yourself a few extra minutes to
use the bathroom before going to school. And when you're in
school, if you feel the urge to use the bathroom, don't wait.
Waiting for a better time to go only makes constipation worse.
And no matter what the TV commercials say, don't use laxatives
unless your parents and your doctor say that it's OK. Laxatives
can actually cause constipation if they're not used properly.
Diarrhea
Diarrhea means you have to move your bowels frequently, and
your bowel movements are loose, mushy, and watery.
Sometimes this happens if you change the kinds of foods you
eat or if you are taking some types of medicine. Sometimes
diarrhea happens when you don't wash your hands thoroughly

12. after going to the bathroom and before you eat. (Washing your
hands is an important part of preventing diarrhea.)
Other times diarrhea is caused by an infection in the intestines
or some other part of the body. Sometimes diarrhea is the only
symptom of an infection, but some infections can also cause you
to have other symptoms, like fever, nausea, vomiting, and
feeling "sick." If this happens, your parents can ask your doctor
about medicine or an office visit. Together with your doctor,
they can work out a plan to give you foods that are easy to
digest while you're getting better.
There may be times when being worried or upset gives you
either diarrhea or constipation. Or, you may find that your
digestive system seems to be switching back and forth from one
problem to the other (constipation-diarrhea-constipation-
diarrhea). If this happens, tell your parents. You may have a
sensitive bowel that goes into spasms easily. Doctors call this
problem irritable bowel syndrome, or IBS.