Vibrio cholera and Halophilic vibrio.pptDrmayuribhise
A 4-year-old boy developed severe watery diarrhea and vomiting. The stool collected has a rice water type of appearance. It was sent for bacteriological analysis.
a. What is the probable etiological diagnosis of this condition?
b. Describe in detail the pathogenesis of this condition.
c. Add a note on its laboratory diagnosis.
Which of the following media can be used as transport medium for vibrio?
a. Selenite F broth
b. Nutrient broth
c. Tetrathionate broth
d. Venkatraman–Ramakrishnan medium
All of the following tests can differentiate between classical and El Tor biotypes of V. cholerae, except:
a. β-hemolysis on sheep blood agar
b. Chick erythrocyte agglutination
c. Growth on TCBS agar
d. Polymyxin B (50 IU)
Pathogenesis of V. cholerae involves one of the following second messenger systems:
a. cGMP
b. cAMP
c. Ca2+
d. IP3
Selective media for Vibrio cholerae:
a. TCBS
b. Mannitol salt agar
c. Robertson cooked meat medium
d. Modified Thayer Martin medium
All of the following Vibrio species are halophilic, except:
a. V. cholerae
b. V. parahaemolyticus
c. V. alginolyticus
d. V. vulnificus
O139 (Bengal strain)—all are true, except:
a. Capsulated
b. Toxigenic
c. Clinically similar to El Tor
d. More common than El Tor
All are selective media for V. cholerae, except:
Alkaline peptone water
Alkaline bile salt agar
TCBS agar
Monsur’s agar (GTTTA) medium
Which of the following confirms the isolate of V. cholerae as Hikojima serotype?
a. If agglutinated with Ogawa antisera
b. If agglutinated with Inaba antisera
c. If agglutinated with Hikojima antisera
d. If agglutinated with both Ogawa and Inaba antisera
Gram negative
Rigid, curved rods
“Vibrio” – vibratory motility
Non - sporing
Non - capsulated
Present in marine environments & surface waters worldwide
1854 – observed by Pacini
1883 – first isolated by Koch
Vibrio cholerae Top
V. cholerae was first described as the cause of cholera by Pacini in 1854. Pathogenic V. cholerae
produces a heat-sensitive enterotoxin that causes the characteristic cholera symptoms, including
"rice water stool." The species comprises several somatic (O) antigen groups, including O-group1, which is associated with classical and El Tor biotypes. V. cholerae Ol may have several
serotypes, including Inaba, Ogawa, and Hikojima. V. cholerae non-O1 (referred to in older
literature as nonagglutinable or NAG vibrios) also can cause gastrointestinal disease, though
typically less severe than that caused by V. cholerae O1 (Yamamoto et al., 1983). Serotype O139
is an exception, and produces classic cholera symptoms. This serotype was first identified in
1992 (CWG, 1933) as the cause of a new epidemic of cholera in India and Bangladesh. Non-O1
V. cholerae is found more readily in estuarin! e waters and seafood in the United States than is
the Ol serogroup; however, the 0139 serogroup has not yet been found here. Because this species
can grow in media lacking sodium chloride, it is not considered a halophilic Vibr
Cholera, typhoid fever and dysentery are some communicable diseases that are mainly caused due to ingestion of food which are contaminated with pathogenic micro-organisms.
Amebiasis is a disease caused by a one-celled parasite called Entamoeba histolytica (ent-a-ME-ba his-to-LI-ti-ka).
Who is at risk for amebiasis?
Although anyone can have this disease, it is most common in people who live in developing countries that have poor sanitary conditions. In the United States, amebiasis is most often foundin immigrants from developing countries. It also is found in people who have traveled to developing countries and in people who live in institutions that have poor sanitary conditions. Men who have sex with men can become infected and can get sick from the infection, but they often do not have symptoms.
by Mostafa Mohammadzadeh fallah (MedStudent Iran)
Diarrhea & Constipation by dr Mohammed Hussien.
Ass. Lecturer of Gastroenterology & Hepatology
Kafrelsheik University
Membership at American Collage of Gastroenterology (ACG)
Membership at Egyptian association for Research and training in Hepatogastroentrology
Vibrio cholera and Halophilic vibrio.pptDrmayuribhise
A 4-year-old boy developed severe watery diarrhea and vomiting. The stool collected has a rice water type of appearance. It was sent for bacteriological analysis.
a. What is the probable etiological diagnosis of this condition?
b. Describe in detail the pathogenesis of this condition.
c. Add a note on its laboratory diagnosis.
Which of the following media can be used as transport medium for vibrio?
a. Selenite F broth
b. Nutrient broth
c. Tetrathionate broth
d. Venkatraman–Ramakrishnan medium
All of the following tests can differentiate between classical and El Tor biotypes of V. cholerae, except:
a. β-hemolysis on sheep blood agar
b. Chick erythrocyte agglutination
c. Growth on TCBS agar
d. Polymyxin B (50 IU)
Pathogenesis of V. cholerae involves one of the following second messenger systems:
a. cGMP
b. cAMP
c. Ca2+
d. IP3
Selective media for Vibrio cholerae:
a. TCBS
b. Mannitol salt agar
c. Robertson cooked meat medium
d. Modified Thayer Martin medium
All of the following Vibrio species are halophilic, except:
a. V. cholerae
b. V. parahaemolyticus
c. V. alginolyticus
d. V. vulnificus
O139 (Bengal strain)—all are true, except:
a. Capsulated
b. Toxigenic
c. Clinically similar to El Tor
d. More common than El Tor
All are selective media for V. cholerae, except:
Alkaline peptone water
Alkaline bile salt agar
TCBS agar
Monsur’s agar (GTTTA) medium
Which of the following confirms the isolate of V. cholerae as Hikojima serotype?
a. If agglutinated with Ogawa antisera
b. If agglutinated with Inaba antisera
c. If agglutinated with Hikojima antisera
d. If agglutinated with both Ogawa and Inaba antisera
Gram negative
Rigid, curved rods
“Vibrio” – vibratory motility
Non - sporing
Non - capsulated
Present in marine environments & surface waters worldwide
1854 – observed by Pacini
1883 – first isolated by Koch
Vibrio cholerae Top
V. cholerae was first described as the cause of cholera by Pacini in 1854. Pathogenic V. cholerae
produces a heat-sensitive enterotoxin that causes the characteristic cholera symptoms, including
"rice water stool." The species comprises several somatic (O) antigen groups, including O-group1, which is associated with classical and El Tor biotypes. V. cholerae Ol may have several
serotypes, including Inaba, Ogawa, and Hikojima. V. cholerae non-O1 (referred to in older
literature as nonagglutinable or NAG vibrios) also can cause gastrointestinal disease, though
typically less severe than that caused by V. cholerae O1 (Yamamoto et al., 1983). Serotype O139
is an exception, and produces classic cholera symptoms. This serotype was first identified in
1992 (CWG, 1933) as the cause of a new epidemic of cholera in India and Bangladesh. Non-O1
V. cholerae is found more readily in estuarin! e waters and seafood in the United States than is
the Ol serogroup; however, the 0139 serogroup has not yet been found here. Because this species
can grow in media lacking sodium chloride, it is not considered a halophilic Vibr
Cholera, typhoid fever and dysentery are some communicable diseases that are mainly caused due to ingestion of food which are contaminated with pathogenic micro-organisms.
Amebiasis is a disease caused by a one-celled parasite called Entamoeba histolytica (ent-a-ME-ba his-to-LI-ti-ka).
Who is at risk for amebiasis?
Although anyone can have this disease, it is most common in people who live in developing countries that have poor sanitary conditions. In the United States, amebiasis is most often foundin immigrants from developing countries. It also is found in people who have traveled to developing countries and in people who live in institutions that have poor sanitary conditions. Men who have sex with men can become infected and can get sick from the infection, but they often do not have symptoms.
by Mostafa Mohammadzadeh fallah (MedStudent Iran)
Diarrhea & Constipation by dr Mohammed Hussien.
Ass. Lecturer of Gastroenterology & Hepatology
Kafrelsheik University
Membership at American Collage of Gastroenterology (ACG)
Membership at Egyptian association for Research and training in Hepatogastroentrology
CRISPR-Cas9, a revolutionary gene-editing tool, holds immense potential to reshape medicine, agriculture, and our understanding of life. But like any powerful tool, it comes with ethical considerations.
Unveiling CRISPR: This naturally occurring bacterial defense system (crRNA & Cas9 protein) fights viruses. Scientists repurposed it for precise gene editing (correction, deletion, insertion) by targeting specific DNA sequences.
The Promise: CRISPR offers exciting possibilities:
Gene Therapy: Correcting genetic diseases like cystic fibrosis.
Agriculture: Engineering crops resistant to pests and harsh environments.
Research: Studying gene function to unlock new knowledge.
The Peril: Ethical concerns demand attention:
Off-target Effects: Unintended DNA edits can have unforeseen consequences.
Eugenics: Misusing CRISPR for designer babies raises social and ethical questions.
Equity: High costs could limit access to this potentially life-saving technology.
The Path Forward: Responsible development is crucial:
International Collaboration: Clear guidelines are needed for research and human trials.
Public Education: Open discussions ensure informed decisions about CRISPR.
Prioritize Safety and Ethics: Safety and ethical principles must be paramount.
CRISPR offers a powerful tool for a better future, but responsible development and addressing ethical concerns are essential. By prioritizing safety, fostering open dialogue, and ensuring equitable access, we can harness CRISPR's power for the benefit of all. (2998 characters)
Medical Technology Tackles New Health Care Demand - Research Report - March 2...pchutichetpong
M Capital Group (“MCG”) predicts that with, against, despite, and even without the global pandemic, the medical technology (MedTech) industry shows signs of continuous healthy growth, driven by smaller, faster, and cheaper devices, growing demand for home-based applications, technological innovation, strategic acquisitions, investments, and SPAC listings. MCG predicts that this should reflects itself in annual growth of over 6%, well beyond 2028.
According to Chris Mouchabhani, Managing Partner at M Capital Group, “Despite all economic scenarios that one may consider, beyond overall economic shocks, medical technology should remain one of the most promising and robust sectors over the short to medium term and well beyond 2028.”
There is a movement towards home-based care for the elderly, next generation scanning and MRI devices, wearable technology, artificial intelligence incorporation, and online connectivity. Experts also see a focus on predictive, preventive, personalized, participatory, and precision medicine, with rising levels of integration of home care and technological innovation.
The average cost of treatment has been rising across the board, creating additional financial burdens to governments, healthcare providers and insurance companies. According to MCG, cost-per-inpatient-stay in the United States alone rose on average annually by over 13% between 2014 to 2021, leading MedTech to focus research efforts on optimized medical equipment at lower price points, whilst emphasizing portability and ease of use. Namely, 46% of the 1,008 medical technology companies in the 2021 MedTech Innovator (“MTI”) database are focusing on prevention, wellness, detection, or diagnosis, signaling a clear push for preventive care to also tackle costs.
In addition, there has also been a lasting impact on consumer and medical demand for home care, supported by the pandemic. Lockdowns, closure of care facilities, and healthcare systems subjected to capacity pressure, accelerated demand away from traditional inpatient care. Now, outpatient care solutions are driving industry production, with nearly 70% of recent diagnostics start-up companies producing products in areas such as ambulatory clinics, at-home care, and self-administered diagnostics.
The dimensions of healthcare quality refer to various attributes or aspects that define the standard of healthcare services. These dimensions are used to evaluate, measure, and improve the quality of care provided to patients. A comprehensive understanding of these dimensions ensures that healthcare systems can address various aspects of patient care effectively and holistically. Dimensions of Healthcare Quality and Performance of care include the following; Appropriateness, Availability, Competence, Continuity, Effectiveness, Efficiency, Efficacy, Prevention, Respect and Care, Safety as well as Timeliness.
QA Paediatric dentistry department, Hospital Melaka 2020Azreen Aj
QA study - To improve the 6th monthly recall rate post-comprehensive dental treatment under general anaesthesia in paediatric dentistry department, Hospital Melaka
Welcome to Secret Tantric, London’s finest VIP Massage agency. Since we first opened our doors, we have provided the ultimate erotic massage experience to innumerable clients, each one searching for the very best sensual massage in London. We come by this reputation honestly with a dynamic team of the city’s most beautiful masseuses.
Global launch of the Healthy Ageing and Prevention Index 2nd wave – alongside...ILC- UK
The Healthy Ageing and Prevention Index is an online tool created by ILC that ranks countries on six metrics including, life span, health span, work span, income, environmental performance, and happiness. The Index helps us understand how well countries have adapted to longevity and inform decision makers on what must be done to maximise the economic benefits that comes with living well for longer.
Alongside the 77th World Health Assembly in Geneva on 28 May 2024, we launched the second version of our Index, allowing us to track progress and give new insights into what needs to be done to keep populations healthier for longer.
The speakers included:
Professor Orazio Schillaci, Minister of Health, Italy
Dr Hans Groth, Chairman of the Board, World Demographic & Ageing Forum
Professor Ilona Kickbusch, Founder and Chair, Global Health Centre, Geneva Graduate Institute and co-chair, World Health Summit Council
Dr Natasha Azzopardi Muscat, Director, Country Health Policies and Systems Division, World Health Organisation EURO
Dr Marta Lomazzi, Executive Manager, World Federation of Public Health Associations
Dr Shyam Bishen, Head, Centre for Health and Healthcare and Member of the Executive Committee, World Economic Forum
Dr Karin Tegmark Wisell, Director General, Public Health Agency of Sweden
Navigating the Health Insurance Market_ Understanding Trends and Options.pdfEnterprise Wired
From navigating policy options to staying informed about industry trends, this comprehensive guide explores everything you need to know about the health insurance market.
Leading the Way in Nephrology: Dr. David Greene's Work with Stem Cells for Ki...Dr. David Greene Arizona
As we watch Dr. Greene's continued efforts and research in Arizona, it's clear that stem cell therapy holds a promising key to unlocking new doors in the treatment of kidney disease. With each study and trial, we step closer to a world where kidney disease is no longer a life sentence but a treatable condition, thanks to pioneers like Dr. David Greene.
One of the most developed cities of India, the city of Chennai is the capital of Tamilnadu and many people from different parts of India come here to earn their bread and butter. Being a metropolitan, the city is filled with towering building and beaches but the sad part as with almost every Indian city
India Clinical Trials Market: Industry Size and Growth Trends [2030] Analyzed...Kumar Satyam
According to TechSci Research report, "India Clinical Trials Market- By Region, Competition, Forecast & Opportunities, 2030F," the India Clinical Trials Market was valued at USD 2.05 billion in 2024 and is projected to grow at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 8.64% through 2030. The market is driven by a variety of factors, making India an attractive destination for pharmaceutical companies and researchers. India's vast and diverse patient population, cost-effective operational environment, and a large pool of skilled medical professionals contribute significantly to the market's growth. Additionally, increasing government support in streamlining regulations and the growing prevalence of lifestyle diseases further propel the clinical trials market.
Growing Prevalence of Lifestyle Diseases
The rising incidence of lifestyle diseases such as diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and cancer is a major trend driving the clinical trials market in India. These conditions necessitate the development and testing of new treatment methods, creating a robust demand for clinical trials. The increasing burden of these diseases highlights the need for innovative therapies and underscores the importance of India as a key player in global clinical research.
CHAPTER 1 SEMESTER V - ROLE OF PEADIATRIC NURSE.pdfSachin Sharma
Pediatric nurses play a vital role in the health and well-being of children. Their responsibilities are wide-ranging, and their objectives can be categorized into several key areas:
1. Direct Patient Care:
Objective: Provide comprehensive and compassionate care to infants, children, and adolescents in various healthcare settings (hospitals, clinics, etc.).
This includes tasks like:
Monitoring vital signs and physical condition.
Administering medications and treatments.
Performing procedures as directed by doctors.
Assisting with daily living activities (bathing, feeding).
Providing emotional support and pain management.
2. Health Promotion and Education:
Objective: Promote healthy behaviors and educate children, families, and communities about preventive healthcare.
This includes tasks like:
Administering vaccinations.
Providing education on nutrition, hygiene, and development.
Offering breastfeeding and childbirth support.
Counseling families on safety and injury prevention.
3. Collaboration and Advocacy:
Objective: Collaborate effectively with doctors, social workers, therapists, and other healthcare professionals to ensure coordinated care for children.
Objective: Advocate for the rights and best interests of their patients, especially when children cannot speak for themselves.
This includes tasks like:
Communicating effectively with healthcare teams.
Identifying and addressing potential risks to child welfare.
Educating families about their child's condition and treatment options.
4. Professional Development and Research:
Objective: Stay up-to-date on the latest advancements in pediatric healthcare through continuing education and research.
Objective: Contribute to improving the quality of care for children by participating in research initiatives.
This includes tasks like:
Attending workshops and conferences on pediatric nursing.
Participating in clinical trials related to child health.
Implementing evidence-based practices into their daily routines.
By fulfilling these objectives, pediatric nurses play a crucial role in ensuring the optimal health and well-being of children throughout all stages of their development.
Navigating Challenges: Mental Health, Legislation, and the Prison System in B...Guillermo Rivera
This conference will delve into the intricate intersections between mental health, legal frameworks, and the prison system in Bolivia. It aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the current challenges faced by mental health professionals working within the legislative and correctional landscapes. Topics of discussion will include the prevalence and impact of mental health issues among the incarcerated population, the effectiveness of existing mental health policies and legislation, and potential reforms to enhance the mental health support system within prisons.
2. • Epidermic in India, Asia, Middle east and
Africa
• Outbreaks are common
• Case fatality 5%
• Water borne disease
• In endermic areas; acquired immunity in
adults
• In between epidermic, surface water, long
term human carriers
3. • Caused by vibrio chorelae
• Comma shaped gram negative bacilli
• Alkaline media
• Bile salts
• Killed at 50 degrees
• Infectivity rate 108
• Individuals with achlorhydria more
suspetible
4. • Two biotypes; EL Tor and classic
• EL Tor, is haemorrhagic, persist longer in
invironment, assymptomatic
• Both have three sub types: Ogawa, Inaba,
and Hikojima by anti-sera O, non O1
• 0139 Bengal is related to EL Tor
• Chorela toxin has two subunits; A and B
5. • B sub unit bind to lipid ganglioside
recepter on enterocytes
• A activates adenylate cyclase, increasing
intracellular cAMP
• This inhibits absorption and stimulates
secretion of large amounts of sodium,
chloride and bicarbonate
• Large amounts of copious diarrhoea
(isotonic low protein)
6. Clinical features
• Stool ; rice water
• Shock and dehydration
• Abdominal features; ileaus, poored, no
diarrhoea, chorela sicca, anuria
• Mental state- altered
• Hypoglycaemia, loss of consciouness, fits
• Electrolyte imbalance and renal failure
(hypokalaemia, hypo- hyper natreamia)
8. Investigations
• Stool identification of motile vibrios – dark
field or phase microscopy
• Slide agglutination – rapid test (0139 not
agglutinated)
• Growth; stool or rectal swab v. chorela
carried in carry blair and grown in
MacConkey and bile
TCBS(thiosulphate,citrate,bile salts and
sucrose agar)
10. Dysentery
• Dysentery is an infective disease of the large
bowel characterised by frequent passing of
blood stool with abdominal cramps.
• Microbial aetiology includes protozoa and
bacteria
• Dysentery caused by protozoa is called amoebic
dysentery and one caused by bacteria is called
bacillary dysentery.
•
