The document describes various Oracle SQL functions including: - Lower(), Upper(), and Initcap() which modify the case of character strings. - Substr() extracts a substring from within a string. - Instr() finds the position of a substring within a string. - Lpad(), Rpad() pads strings to a certain length by adding characters on the left or right. - Vsize() returns the byte size of a string. - Translate() replaces characters within a string. - Length() returns the length of a string. - Ltrim() and Rtrim() trim characters from the start or end of a string.

2. A) Lower():
-:Returns Character with all letters in
O/P-:
Lowercase.
Syn-:Lower(char)
Ex-:Select Lower(‘ORACLE’) “Lower case” from
dual;
oracle

3. B) Upper():
-:Return Character with all letters in upper case
Syn-: Upper(case)
EX-:select Upper(‘oracle’)”Upper case” from Dual;
O/P-: ORACLE

4. C) Initcap():
-:Return char with the first letter of each word in
uppercase,all other letters in uppercase.
Syn-: Initcap(char)
Ex-:select Initcap(‘oracle’)”capital” from Dual;
O/p-: Oracle

5. D) Substr():
-: Return the mid character
Syn-: Substr(<string>,<start-position>,<length>)
EX-: select Substr(‘substring’,3,4)”Substring” from Dual;
O/P-: bstr

6. E) Instr():
-:Returns the location of a substring in a string.
Syn-:Instr(char1,char2[,n[,m]])
EX-:select Instr(‘corporate Floor’,’or’,3,2) from Dual;
O/P-: 14

7. f) Lpad():
Syn-:Lpad(char1,n,[,char2])
Syn-: select Lpad(‘Atmiya’,10,’*’)”LPAD” from Dual;
****AtmiyaO/P-:

8. G) Rpad():
Syn-: Rpad(char1,n[,char2])
EX-:select Rpad(‘Atmiya’,10,’*’)”RPAD” from Dual;
O/P-: Atmiya****

9. H) Vsize():
-:Return the number of bytes in internal represention
EX-:Select Vsize(‘Welcome to Atmiya)”Size” from Dual;
O/P-: 17
of an expression.

10. I) Translate():
-:Replaces a sequence of character in a string with
other set of character.
Syn-:Translate(<string1>,<start_to_replace>,
EX-:select Translate(‘Atmiya12’,’12’,’ta’) “Translate
O/P-: Atmiyata
<replacement_string>)
change”from Dual;

11. J) Length():
-:Return the length of a word.
Syn-:Length(word)
EX-:select length(‘Sarvanaman’)”Length of Word”from Dual;
O/P-: 10

12. K) Ltrim():
-:Remove the charcter from the left side of char.
Syn-:Ltrim(char[,set])
Ex-:select ltrim(‘Atmiya’,’A’)”Ltrim” from Dual;
O/P-: tmiya

13. L) Rtrim():
-:Remove the character from the right side of char.
Syn-:Rtrim(char[,set])
Ex-:select Rtrim(‘Atmiya’,’a’)”Rtrim” from Dual;
O/P-: Atmiy

14. Thank You
Jay Swaminarayan