1. Intimate partner violence occurs most often in low socioeconomic households and can vary in frequency and intensity from verbal threats to assaults.
2. Children exposed to intimate partner violence often live in environments with neglect, parental discord, and high parental stress, which negatively impacts the parent-child relationship.
3. Exposure to intimate partner violence is associated with both internalizing behaviors in children like anxiety and depression, and externalizing behaviors like aggression and violence. However, the environmental factors within the home appear to have a stronger link to children's behavioral issues.
This research paper analyzes multiple research articles and explains the adverse effects that divorce has on children using internal dynamics of families, child education, and human development theories.
Media Violence exposure does not cause people to commit violent acts. The studies are flawed, and major groups like APA and AAP don't use up to date info, and depicts it as all studies have proven this
This research paper analyzes multiple research articles and explains the adverse effects that divorce has on children using internal dynamics of families, child education, and human development theories.
Media Violence exposure does not cause people to commit violent acts. The studies are flawed, and major groups like APA and AAP don't use up to date info, and depicts it as all studies have proven this
An Overview on Children Exposure to Interparental Violence: Definition, Impac...BASPCAN
Ms. See Lok Man, Mary
Assistant Lecturer
School of Nursing
The University of Hong Kong
Dr. Anna Choi
Assistant Professor
Department of Social Work and Social Administration
The University of Hong Kong
Children and Domestic Violence: Responding to Complex TraumaJane Gilgun
Children exposed to domestic violence rarely have one adversity in their lives. There are many other trauma associated with domestic violence. This powerpoint covers the following topics: complex trauma, neurobiology of trauma, attachment, resilience, self-regulation, and the common factors model. Two case studies show how these ideas work in practice.
Assessing low-income African-American pre-schoolers’
behaviour problems in relationship to community violence,
inter-partner conflict, parenting, informal social support
and social skillscfs_742 310..324
Linda M. Oravecz*, Philip J. Osteen†, Tanya L. Sharpe† and Suzanne M. Randolph‡
*Towson University, Department of Family Studies and Community Development, Towson, †University of Maryland,
School of Social Work, Baltimore, and ‡The MayaTech Corporation, Silver Spring, MD, USA
A B S T R AC T
This study examined the relations among community violence expo-
sure, inter-partner conflict and informal social support and the behav-
iour problems of pre-schoolers, and explored how mothers’ parenting
skills and children’s social skills may mediate the child outcomes
associated with such exposure. Participants were 185 African-
American mothers and female caregivers of Head Start children who
completed study measures in a structured interview. Path analyses
revealed that greater inter-partner conflict was associated with more
internalizing and externalizing child behaviour problems. Positive
parenting was associated with fewer internalizing and externalizing
behaviours. Higher levels of child social skills were associated with
fewer internalizing and externalizing behaviour problems. Child
social skills fully mediated the relationship between community vio-
lence and externalizing behaviours as well as between informal
support and externalizing behaviours. Social skills partially mediated
the relationships between positive parenting and externalizing behav-
iours. No mediating effect was found on the relationships between
inter-partner conflict and child behaviour problems. Implications of
the findings for intervention and future research are discussed.
Correspondence:
Linda M. Oravecz,
Department of Family Studies and
Community Development,
Towson University,
8000 York Road, Towson, MD 21252,
USA
E-mail: [email protected]
Keywords: African-American,
behaviour problems, community
violence
Accepted for publication: October
2010
I N T R O D U C T I O N
In the USA, nearly one in three African-American
children live in poverty (Annie E. Casey Foundation
2008), with many living in urban neighbourhoods
characterized by deteriorating housing, crime, drug
activity and community violence (e.g. Sampson et al.
1997; DeNavas-Walt et al. 2004; Elliott et al. 2006).
Additionally, adult inter-partner conflict has been
found to be more prevalent among families coping
with poverty and its related stressors than among
more affluent families (Browne & Bassuk 1997; Scott
et al. 2002). While data relative to childhood exposure
to violence worldwide are scarce, it is estimated that
4400 people die daily from inter-personal, collective
or self-directed violence (Krug et al. 2002). Previous
research examining the impact of exposure to com-
munity violence and inter-partner conflict on child
development has found a number of socio-emotional
and adjustment problems in .
An Overview on Children Exposure to Interparental Violence: Definition, Impac...BASPCAN
Ms. See Lok Man, Mary
Assistant Lecturer
School of Nursing
The University of Hong Kong
Dr. Anna Choi
Assistant Professor
Department of Social Work and Social Administration
The University of Hong Kong
Children and Domestic Violence: Responding to Complex TraumaJane Gilgun
Children exposed to domestic violence rarely have one adversity in their lives. There are many other trauma associated with domestic violence. This powerpoint covers the following topics: complex trauma, neurobiology of trauma, attachment, resilience, self-regulation, and the common factors model. Two case studies show how these ideas work in practice.
Assessing low-income African-American pre-schoolers’
behaviour problems in relationship to community violence,
inter-partner conflict, parenting, informal social support
and social skillscfs_742 310..324
Linda M. Oravecz*, Philip J. Osteen†, Tanya L. Sharpe† and Suzanne M. Randolph‡
*Towson University, Department of Family Studies and Community Development, Towson, †University of Maryland,
School of Social Work, Baltimore, and ‡The MayaTech Corporation, Silver Spring, MD, USA
A B S T R AC T
This study examined the relations among community violence expo-
sure, inter-partner conflict and informal social support and the behav-
iour problems of pre-schoolers, and explored how mothers’ parenting
skills and children’s social skills may mediate the child outcomes
associated with such exposure. Participants were 185 African-
American mothers and female caregivers of Head Start children who
completed study measures in a structured interview. Path analyses
revealed that greater inter-partner conflict was associated with more
internalizing and externalizing child behaviour problems. Positive
parenting was associated with fewer internalizing and externalizing
behaviours. Higher levels of child social skills were associated with
fewer internalizing and externalizing behaviour problems. Child
social skills fully mediated the relationship between community vio-
lence and externalizing behaviours as well as between informal
support and externalizing behaviours. Social skills partially mediated
the relationships between positive parenting and externalizing behav-
iours. No mediating effect was found on the relationships between
inter-partner conflict and child behaviour problems. Implications of
the findings for intervention and future research are discussed.
Correspondence:
Linda M. Oravecz,
Department of Family Studies and
Community Development,
Towson University,
8000 York Road, Towson, MD 21252,
USA
E-mail: [email protected]
Keywords: African-American,
behaviour problems, community
violence
Accepted for publication: October
2010
I N T R O D U C T I O N
In the USA, nearly one in three African-American
children live in poverty (Annie E. Casey Foundation
2008), with many living in urban neighbourhoods
characterized by deteriorating housing, crime, drug
activity and community violence (e.g. Sampson et al.
1997; DeNavas-Walt et al. 2004; Elliott et al. 2006).
Additionally, adult inter-partner conflict has been
found to be more prevalent among families coping
with poverty and its related stressors than among
more affluent families (Browne & Bassuk 1997; Scott
et al. 2002). While data relative to childhood exposure
to violence worldwide are scarce, it is estimated that
4400 people die daily from inter-personal, collective
or self-directed violence (Krug et al. 2002). Previous
research examining the impact of exposure to com-
munity violence and inter-partner conflict on child
development has found a number of socio-emotional
and adjustment problems in .
Literature Review - Gun Violence from a Family PerspectiveParissaShedd
Literature review that explores the topic of gun violence from a family perspective. This paper demonstrates the importance of family life and how one’s emotional climate can greatly affect their development.
ORIGINAL ARTICLESchool-Based Group Interventions for Child.docxalfred4lewis58146
ORIGINAL ARTICLE
School-Based Group Interventions for Children Exposed
to Domestic Violence
E. Heather Thompson & Shannon Trice-Black
Published online: 6 March 2012
# Springer Science+Business Media, LLC 2012
Abstract Children exposed to the trauma of domestic vio-
lence tend to experience difficulties with internalized and
externalized behavior problems, social skills deficits, and
academic functioning. Mental health practitioners in the
school setting, including school counselors, school psycholo-
gists, and school social workers, can address developmental
concerns that impede development through group counseling
interventions that include both structured activities and play
therapy. The school environment offers an ideal setting in
which to work with child survivors of trauma, as all students
have accessibility to school mental health resources. This
article outlines the primary objectives and corresponding pro-
cedures for a developmentally- appropriate group interven-
tions for elementary-aged children who have been exposed to
the trauma of domestic violence.
Keywords Domestic violence . Children . Counseling
Nearly four million children in the United States struggle
with a diagnosable mental disorder that significantly hinders
various areas of functioning which impacts their ability to be
successful at school (U.S. Department of Health and Human
Services 1999). Less than 20% of those children will get the
mental health services they need (U.S. Department of Health
and Human Services 2000). Many of the urgent mental
health needs of children are first recognized and addressed
in the school setting (Farmer et al. 2003; Salmon and Kirby
2008). Recent research indicates the importance of provid-
ing mental health services for children within their schools
in order to help them succeed academically and socially
(Baker et al. 2006; Farmer et al. 2003).
School mental health professionals often provide preven-
tive and responsive interventions to student needs (American
School Counselor Association [ASCA] 2005; National
Association of School Psychologists 2010). In fact, the
ASCA (2005) recommends that school counselors spend at
least 80% of their time in direct contact with students. Based
on this, schools counselors often are faced with the wide-
reaching problem of domestic violence which affects ap-
proximately 15 million children each year (McDonald et al.
2006). Children who reside in homes marked by domestic
violence are exposed to various forms of aggression which
may include repeated physical assaults, mental humiliation
and degradation, threats and assaults with guns and knives,
threats of suicide and homicide, and destruction of property
(McClosky et al. 1995). Investigation of the negative effects
of children’s exposure to domestic violence reveals a link
between witnessing violence in the home and a wide array of
adjustment problems. Child-witnesses of domestic violence
often experience chaotic, distressing events, of which .
Examining the role of parental factors on depression amongUrBetseyCalderon89
Examining the role of parental factors on depression among
Urban African American youth living in public housing
Anthony T. Estreet a,b, Dawn Thurmana, Sapphire Goodmana,b, M. Taqi Tirmazia,b,
Takisha J. Cartera, and Von Nebbittc
aSchool of Social Work, Morgan State University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA; bHealth & Addiction Research
Training Lab, Morgan State University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA; cGeorge Warren Brown School of Social
Work, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
ABSTRACT
This study examined the potential risk and protective parental factors
associated with depression among African American youth living in
public housing. Utilizing a community-based participatory research
approach, 239 African-American youth surveys were collected during
2013–2014 in two urban public housing developments with low
socioeconomic profiles. Over half (52.3%) of the sample was in high
school and female (58%). 65.3% reported living with their mother
while 38% reported being employed. Bivariate analysis revealed sig-
nificant correlations between depression and maternal substance
abuse, paternal monitoring, parent-child relationship, and family
time. Results from the regression analyses indicated that higher
depression scores were significantly associated with youth who
reported poor parent-child relationships, low levels of paternal super-
vision and high levels of maternal drug abuse. These findings provide
support for claims about the importance of parent-child relationship
and paternal monitoring as a protective factor for depressive symp-
toms, particularly during adolescence. Moreover, findings suggest
that interventions which are targeted towards urban African
American youth should address parental factors as a pathway to
decrease depression among this population.
KEYWORDS
Depression; risk factors;
protective factors; African
American; youth
Introduction
Depression among African Americans youth is a major public health concern that has
been linked to substance use, heightened sex-risk and suicidal behaviors (i.e., ideation and
attempts) (Breland-Noble, Burriss, & Poole, 2010; Okwumabua, Okwumabua, & Wong,
2014). Although there has been a slight increase in focus on depression among African
American youth over the last decade, this group remains understudied in mental health
research (Matlin, Molock, & Tebes, 2011). Evidence suggests that parents and family play
a critical role in the lives of their adolescent and emerging adult children (Lindsey, Joe, &
Nebbitt, 2010). It is reasonable to postulate, therefore, that parental factors are related to
the emotional well-being of urban African American youth. Using a sample of 239 African
American youth living in urban public housing, this paper contributes to the gap in
CONTACT Anthony T. Estreet [email protected] School of Social Work, Morgan State University, 1700
East Cold Spring Lane, Baltimore, MD 21251, USA.
JOURNAL OF HUMAN BEHAVIOR IN THE SOCIAL ENVIRONMENT
2018, ...
Contents lists available at ScienceDirectChildren and YoutAlleneMcclendon878
Contents lists available at ScienceDirect
Children and Youth Services Review
journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/childyouth
Service needs of children exposed to domestic violence: Qualitative findings
from a statewide survey of domestic violence agencies☆
Kristen A. Berg1, Anna E. Bender, Kylie E. Evans, Megan R. Holmes⁎, Alexis P. Davis2,
Alyssa L. Scaggs, Jennifer A. King
Center on Trauma and Adversity at the Jack, Joseph and Morton Mandel School of Applied Social Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, United States
A R T I C L E I N F O
Keywords:
Intimate partner violence
Child maltreatment
Family violence
Intervention
Trauma-informed care
A B S T R A C T
Objective: Each year, more than 6% of all U.S. children are exposed to domestic violence and require inter-
vention services from agencies that serve affected families. Previous research has examined detrimental biop-
sychosocial consequences of domestic violence exposure during childhood and the importance of effective
prevention and intervention services for this population. However, less research has explored diverse inter-
vention professionals’ own perspectives on the needs of the domestic violence-exposed children they serve.
Method: This study employed an inductive approach to thematic analysis to investigate intervention profes-
sionals’ reflections and advice regarding the service, policy, and research needs as well as overall strategies to
better protect children exposed to domestic violence.
Results: Respondents articulated four primary themes of (a) building general education and awareness of the
effects of domestic violence exposure on children; (b) the need for trauma-informed care; (c) the salience of
cultural humility in serving affected families; and (d) essential collaboration across service domains.
Respondents discussed these themes in the context of four key systems of care: the clinical or therapy, family,
school, and judicial systems.
Conclusions: Future research should integrate the voices of affected children and families as well as examine
models for effectively implementing these recommendations into practice settings.
1. Introduction
More than a quarter of children are projected to witness domestic
violence (also known as intimate partner violence) in the United States
by the time they reach age 18, with an estimated 6.4% of all children
exposed each year (Finkelhor, Turner, Ormrod, Hamby, & Kracke,
2009). Domestic violence exposure induces substantial economic
burden nationwide, incurring over $55 billion in aggregate lifetime
costs, including increased healthcare spending, increased crime, and
reduced labor market productivity (Holmes, Richter, Votruba, Berg, &
Bender, 2018). Children who have been exposed to domestic violence
are at higher risk for a range of behavioral and mental health problems
compared with non-exposed children (e.g., Fong, Hawes, & Allen, 2019;
Kitzmann, Gaylord, Holt, & Kenny, 2003; Vu, Jouriles, McDonald, &
Rosenfi ...
! 1Unraveling Juvenile Delinquency in Ventura County, Calif.docxmayank272369
! 1
Unraveling Juvenile Delinquency in Ventura County, California
A Case Study of Youth in the City of Oxnard, CA
XXXXX
! 2
Unraveling Juvenile Delinquency in Ventura County, California
Literature Review
Background of Study
There have been several studies conducted on juvenile delinquency in recent years.
Different factors have been studied to determine what causes youth to become involved in
delinquency, in order to create early intervention programs for those individuals in hopes of
steering them away from delinquency. There is good evidence that early interventions in
childhood (e.g., nurse home visiting, preschool intellectual enrichment programs, and parent
management training) are effective in preventing delinquency (Loeber,Farrington, and Petechuk,
2013). Fomby and Sennott (2013) hypothesized that where family structure transitions are
related to changes in residences and school enrollments, youth will be more likely to develop
negative peer networks that are associated with a higher likelihood of problem behavior. Here,
changes in the family structure can have a negative impact on the youth’s behavior. Schroeder,
Osgood, and Oghia (2010) state that family structure transitions can be detrimental to children’s
well-being and family functioning and have the potential to contribute to juvenile delinquency.
Studying family structure is an important factor in order to determine what in that factor causes
youth to become involved with delinquency.
Data has shown that a substantial proportion of children now spend time in single or
cohabiting parent households and these households tend to be less stable than marriages (Fomby
and Sennott, 2013). As a result, much of the effect of family instability on children and
adolescent behavior has been attributed to economic stress and changes in parenting behavior
(Fomby and Sennot, 2013) after a change in family structure. In addition, according to Theobald,
Farrington, and Piquero (2012), conflict between parents can also have deleterious effects on the
! 3
Unraveling Juvenile Delinquency in Ventura County, California
children where they can experience inconsistent parenting, reduce affection and warmth, and
reduced supervision, all which have been found to be predictive of late delinquency.
Economic stress can also be an indicator why youth become delinquent. It has always
been assumed that youth who have low socioeconomic status are more vulnerable to be involved
in delinquent acts. Agnew, Matthews, Bucher, Welcher, and Keyes (2008) explain that these
youth experience frustration with their status and as a result may turn to delinquency to achieve
economic success, to make themselves feel better, to seek revenge against those who frustrate
them or to achieve status in the eyes of their peers. Economic stress can also be triggered by the
neighborhood these youth reside in. As stated by Sampson (1986), lower class areas ...
Running Head VIDEO GAME VIOLENCE AND CHILDREN .docxMARRY7
Running Head: VIDEO GAME VIOLENCE AND CHILDREN 1
VIDEO GAME VIOLENCE AND CHILDREN 5
Video Game Violence and Children
Michele L. Jackson
Argosy University Online
Abstract
Over the past few years, violence in America has been on the rise. In today's society children are becoming more and more violent, causing many experts to wonder if there is a correlation between video games and violent behaviors displayed by youthful offenders. It has been argued for years by Psychologists that children who play violent video games become desensitized after extensive video game playing; a once helpful outgoing child would show signs of behavioral problems. Other experts believe that third party variables such as environment, peer pressure, home life and mental illness contribute to those youthful crimes and that a correlation between video game playing and youth violence does not exist.
Research Proposal
Thesis: Violent video games do not result in violent youths or individuals.
Explanation:
Research conducted by D.M. Daane, (2003) states that “video games do not make children violent without other variables in place, such as environment and mental health status.” Christopher Ferguson (2011) concluded in his research that there is no direct link between an individual’s behavior and violent video games. Bringing up some doubt on other studies that claim the two were related.
Sub points:
1. Violence in the real world has decreased prior to the increase in video games sales.
2. Media narrative revolving violent video games and violence behavior have been caused by limited resources and attention necessary for the society to challenge crime problems.
3. Playing the video games has a minor soothing effect on youths with symptoms of attention deficit thus reduced cases of bullying or negative aggressiveness?
Possible Objections:
1. Extensive video game playing can result in behavioral problems in children (Bavelier, Green, et al, 2011).
2. Violent video games lead to students becoming “listless in school”, (Bavelier, et al, 2011), resulting in bad grades.
3. Young children who are addicted to video games set themselves apart from society consequently they develop shyness and become less informed on reality.
Response to Objections:
1. While there are cases where violent video games have led to aggressive behaviors, there are other underlying variables to consider for these actions; such as mental health problems, peer pressure, abusive environment (Daane, 2003).
2. Children would rather play video games instead of doing school work, it is up to the parent or guardian to ensure that the child completes their school assignments prior to playing video games.
3. If parents chose for their children to play video games with violent content, it is their responsibility to intervene when their child becomes addicted, and begins ...
Similar to Children And Intimate Partner Violence (20)
Running Head VIDEO GAME VIOLENCE AND CHILDREN .docx
Children And Intimate Partner Violence
1. What are the effects? Children and Intimate Partner Violence
2. Intimate Partner Violence (IPV) Occurs in predominantly single head households in low socioeconomic status areas (Fantuzzo, Fusco, Mohr & Perry, 2007; Knutson, Lawrence, Taber, Bank & DeGarmo, 2009). Varies in frequency and intensity from verbal threats to assault with a weapon (Knutson et al., 2009). Strong studies will clearly define the type of IPV and the frequency as this plays a role in the effect on the child (Knutson et al., 2009)
3. Environmental Factors Surrounding IPV Child neglect and parental discord is often present in these households (Goddard & Bedi, 2009; Huth-Bocks & Hughes, 2007; Mbilinyi, Edleson, Hageneister & Beeman,2007; Moylan, Herrenkohl, Sousa, Tajima, Herrenkohl & Russo, 2009; Owen, Thompson, Shaffer, Jackson & Kaslow, 2009; van de Bosse & McGinn, 2009). Parental stress negatively impacts the parental-child relationship (Huthbocks & Hughes, 2007). Many mother’s admit to not being able to care for their child in the manner that they wish too after n IPV episode (Mbilinyi et al., 2007).
4. Environmental Factors Surrounding IPV Contd. Parents are more likely to utilize abnormally harsh punishment after IPV (Mbilinyi et al., 2007). Mother’s report often being hurt because of something that their child did (Mbilinyi et al., 2007). Children model parents and may learn ineffective boundaries and poor conflict resolution (Adler, Rosenfeld & Proctor, 2009). Adaptability is often too high or low which creates turmoil in the family (Adler et al., 2009).
5. Internalization Occurs when children witness IPV and hold onto the abuse (Glicken, 2004; Kashani & Allan, 1998). Can present in the form of anxiety and depression in children (Goddard & Bedi, 2009; Kashani & Allan, 1998). Depression may also be present due to the child modeling the abused parent (Kashani & Allan, 1998). Can result in Lockage Phenomenon where the child sees only two ways out of the situation: suicide or homicide (Kashani & Allan, 1998).
6. Externalization Children utilize violence because they see it being utilized (Glicken, 2004; Kashani & Allan, 1998). Adolescent males are at the highest risk for externalizing behaviors (Goddard & Bedi, 2009; Kashani & Allan, 1998). Can include anger, violence and running away from home (Goddard & Bedi, 2009; Kashani & Allan, 1998).
7. Social Implications Children suffer from impaired social development (Kashani & Allan, 1998). Implications can include a lack of attachment to others, perceived diminished social support and decreased social integration (Kashani & Allan, 1998). Aggression and antisocial behaviors can also impact adult development and relationships (Glicken, 2004; Kashani & Allan, 1998).
8. Potential Flaws in Research Design Many studies involving IPV exposure are flawed due to the fact that they did not take into account the type of exposure and violence (Knutson et al., 2009). Varying degrees of exposure and violence can affect the way that the child is impacted (Kashani & Allan, 1998; Knutson et al., 2009).
9. Potential Flaws in Research Design Contd. Studies conducted by van de Bosse and McGinn (2009) and Fantuzzo ,Fusco, Mohr & Perry (2007) utilized only reports from Child Protective Services and police reports. In rural areas police and CPS are rarely contacted and in urban areas police are generally only called when the violence escalates to extreme levels (Fantuzzo et al., 2007). This data is largely second hand and biased (Fantuzzo et al., 2007).
10. How to Strengthen Research Data should be collected first hand from the source. This can be witnessed in the research collected by ; Mbilinyi, Edleson, Hageneister & Beeman(2007) who gathered data from mothers who were abused in an anonymous telephone survey. As noted previously, IPV must be appropriately defined for accurate research (Knutson et al., 2009).
11. Discussion Children being present for IPV episodes shows a very weak correlation with behavioral problems (Goddard & Bedi, 2009; Huth-Bocks & Hughes, 2007; Mbilinyi et al., 2007; Moylan et al., 2009; Owen et al., 2009). There appears to be a stronger link between the environment which is present in these homes and the internalizing and externalizing behaviors the children exhibit(Goddard & Bedi, 2009; Huth-Bocks & Hughes, 2007; Mbilinyi et al., 2007; Moylan et al., 2009; Owen et al., 2009).
12. References Adler, R.B., Rosenfeld, L.B. & Proctor, R.F. (2007). Interplay: The process of interpersonal communication. New York: Oxford University Press, Inc. Fantuzzo, J., Fusco, R., Mohr, W. & Perry, M. (2007). Domestic violence and children’s presence: A population-based study of law enforcement surveillance of domestic violence. Journal of Family Violence, 22(6), 331-340. doi: 10.1007/s10896-007-9080-4 Glicken, M.D. (2004). Violent young children. Boston: Pearson Education, Inc. Goddard, C. & Bedi, G. (2010). Intimate partner violence and child abuse: A child centered-perspective. Child Abuse Review, 19(1), 5-20. DOI: 10.1002/car.1084 Huth-Bocks, A. & Hughes, H. (2008). Parenting stress, parenting behavior, and children’s adjustment in families experiencing intimate partner violence. Journal of Family Violence, 23(4), 243-251. doi: 10.1007/s10896-007-9148-1 Kashani, H.K. & Allan, W.D. (1998) The impact of family violence on children and adolescents. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications, Inc. Knutson, J.F., Lawrence, E., Taber, S.M., Bank, L. & DeGarmo, D.S. (2009). Assessing children’s exposure to intimate partner violence. Clinical Child & Family Psychology Review, 12(2), 157-173. doi: 10.1007/s10567-009-0048-1 Mbilnyi, L., Edleson, J., Hagemesiter, A. & Beeman, S. (2007). What happens to children when their mothers are battered? Results from a four city anonymous telephone survey. Journal of Family Violence, 22(5), 309-317.doi: 10.1007/s10896-007-9087-x Moylan, C., Herrenkohl, T., Sousa, C., Tajima, E., Herrenkohl, R. & Russo, M. (2010). The effects of child abuse and exposure to domestic violence on adolescent internalizing and externalizing behavior problems. Journal of Family Violence, 25(1), 53-63. doi: 10.1007/s10896-009-9269-9 Owen, A., Thompson, M., Shaffer, A., Jackson, E, & Kaslow, N. (2009). Family variables that mediate the relation between intimate partner violence (IPV) and child adjustment. Journal of family violence, 24(7), 433-445. doi: 10.1007/s10896-009-9239-2 Van den Bosse, S. & McGinn, M.A. (2009). Child welfare professionals’ experiences of childhood exposure to domestic violence. Child Welfare, 88(6), 49-65. Retrieved from http://web.ebscohost.com/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?hid=14&sid=4a870464-6a1c-4b12-bb17-ae3ffc11cd3b%40sessionmgr4&vid=38