The document discusses definitions related to child rights, including the definition of a child, children's rights, and child welfare. It provides definitions from various sources for what constitutes a child. It also discusses the concept, meaning, nature, and scope of child welfare, along with its aims and goals. The document outlines the need for and importance of child welfare services in Pakistan, including issues like child abuse, labor, education, and healthcare. It discusses the roles of organizations like UNICEF, WHO, and others in providing child welfare services and protections. Finally, it examines the sociological significance of family in the personality development of a child.

1. Child Rights

2. Definitions
Definition of Child :
 An immature or irresponsible person.
 Biologically, a child (plural: children) is generally a human between
the stages of birth and puberty. The legal definition of child generally
refers to a minor, otherwise known as a personyounger than the age
of majority
 Children Rights Convention (CRC) Article 1 defines,“A child is any
human being below the age of eighteen years, unless under the law
applicable to the child, majority is attained earlier
 A personwho has not attained maturity or the age of legal majority
 According to UNO , A personunder 18 years called a child
( UNO stand for Union Nation Organization )
 The Convention defines a 'child' as a person below the age of 18,
unless the laws of a particular country set the legal age for adulthood
younger
 ” Child” for the purpose of this Act means a natural person who has
not attained the age of eighteen years
 the term “child” comes from the Latin infantwhich means ” the one
who does not speak “.
Definition of Rights :
 Which is morally correct , just , or honorable
 A moral or legal entitlement to have or do something
Definition of Child Rights :
Children's rights are the human
rights of children with particular attention to the rights of specialprotection
and care afforded to minors. This includes their right to associationwith
both parents, human identity as well as the basic needs for food,universal
state-paid education, health care and criminal laws appropriate for the age
and developmentof the child, equal protectionof the child's civil rights, and
freedom from discrimination on the basis of the child's race, gender,sexual

3. orientation, genderidentity, national origin , religion , disability , color,
ethnicity or other characteristics
Introduction
 Child welfare its Concept, Meaning , Nature & Scope , Amis & Goals
Child Welfare Definition & Meaning
 Social work centered upon the
welfare of children (as upon
improvementin health and home
conditions) and upon vocational
training
 social work aimed at improving
he lives of disadvantaged
children
 The child welfare system is a
group of public and private services
that are focusedon ensuring that all
children live in safe,permanent and
stable environments that supporttheir
well-being. Child welfare services may
interact with entire families,or they
may be focused on direct intervention with children.
 See also from book , Page # 200

4. Child Welfare Concept:
See in Book , Page # 206 & 207
The Child Welfare League of America, or the CWLA,is only one of many
programs in the United States that supports and concentrates on a child's
safety and well being. They offerresourcesand connections forchildren
and families who are in need of assistance to build a better foundation for
their home life. There are also many programs that offerassistance to
these families, such as the Title IV-E Guardianship Assistance Program,
which was established in 2008 by the Fostering Connections to Success
and Increasing Adoptions Act.
This particular program gives states the ability to provide financial
assistance to families for children who are preparing to leave fostercare to
be with a guardian or family member.Such programs as these help families
and children adjust and are one of the many ways the governmentprovides
help for kids in need.
The Children's Bureau focuses on the following categories:Adoption,Child
Abuse & Neglect,Child Welfare Services,FosterCare, Guardianship, and
Tribes.Their website is very useful in many other topics and offers
exclusive information for those are seeking help in such areas.
Protecting children is a very important subjectfor every family, as
emergencysituations can arise at any time without expectation.There are
many things that can affecta child's mental and physical well being, from
violence in schools to changes at home. As we celebrate the centennial for
the foundation of The Children's Bureau, it's important that we evaluate the
situation of a child who may be in need and take the appropriate

5. procedures to make sure every child has a steady, safe, and healthy
lifestyle.
Nature & Scope :
Providing best education
Protectionof physical and mental health
Economic security
Protecting from exploitation through effective legislation
Recreational
Basic needs
Better family life
Love & Care
Character Building
SpecialServices
Note : For details see in Book , Page # 201
SpecialNote : Also use your Brain :D messageby Guryaa :p
Aims & Goals :
 Providing a healthy, safe and secure environment for children;
 Encouraging each child in his/her developmentalgrowth by
providing an environment that encourages learning through action,
inquiry and exploration
 Assisting each child to gain better control and understanding of
his/her body through interaction with the environment, materials,
and equipment
 Helping each child develop language skills which will enable
expressionof thoughts and feelings as well as an opportunity to
increase knowledge

6.  Promoting a good self image in each child by providing an
environment that encourages independence,decisionmaking, and
problem solving
 Fostering an appreciation for the ethnic and cultural diversity of its
families and its community; discrimination, in any form, will not be
tolerated
 Promoting a cooperative,informative, and respectfulrelationship
with family
 To provide quality care and comfortin a safe friendly environment
 Need and importance of child welfare services in Pakistan ,
History of child welfare services
Need , importance & History of child welfare services in
Pakistan :
Note : Also see from Book , Page # 206 to 208
Child abuse is not only a widely practiced phenomenonin Pakistan
despite its Islamic antecedents but also on the rise, However, rarely is
the problem addressedsince the topic is socially and culturally a taboo,
and there is an incorrect impressionthat the problem doesn’t not exist
The problems in the sphere of juvenile justice in Pakistan are manifold
and often complex;and all are important from a child rights standpoint.
The Juvenile Justice System Ordinance was enacted in 2000 and deals
with children who come into conflictwith the law. Child labor has many
faces in Pakistan. It is estimated that there are over 10 million child
laborers in Pakistan
Child education in Pakistan is in a dismal state. Inadequacies of
education system in terms of weak infrastructure, poor quality teaching,
lack of qualified teachers, teacher absenteeism,corporalpunishment
and emotional, verbal abuse, strict conditions and lack of learning
materials pushes children out of school
Corporal Punishment is prohibited in the government schools of Sindh
since 2004.Despite all these measures, physical violence, government,

7. `and private schools are widely prevalent and institutions have failed to
bring about a major change in banning the practice
This bleak situation is mainly due to a lack of vision and the lopsided
policies and priorities of the people at the helms of affairs
Every child has a right to live his/her life free from violence, including
corporal/physicalpunishment and humiliating and degrading
punishment. The understanding, acceptance and implementation of
child rights can gradually eliminate violence against children in all forms
and from the entire institutions
Health care for a majority of children suffers from basic deficiencies.
That is forgivable and not surprisingly accounts for the poorhealth
indicators for Pakistan's children, which is inevitably reflected in the
national statistics on health and economic productivity. With the infant
mortality rate at 84 per 1000 live births, under- five mortality rate a
shocking 125 per 1000 and 38 percent of children under five being
under-weight, one can only hold the state accountable for its failure to
fulfill its basic duty of providing healthcare to its citizens, especiallythe
younger ones
History Of Child Welfare Services
 Child welfare services in Pakistan , their Organization &
Functioning
Child welfare Servicesin Pakistan :
From Book
Their Organization& Functioning :
There are many organizations of
child welfare are working in Pakistan , Some of their names are
Voice of Children , Children First , Children education & Health , Make a
Wish and many others
They are playing an important role
Functioning is as above
Who

8. WHO seeks to improve maternal, newborn and child health in Pakistan. In
particular, since the devolution of health services, the provincial role of WHO
Pakistan has become more important.
WHO's maternal, newborn and child health programme provides technical
support to provincial health authorities through the recruitment of maternal,
newborn and child health officers and assists them to implement maternal,
newborn and child health strategies and programmes.
The programme includes family planning and reproductive health components.
Training and community awareness
The maternal, newborn and child health programme focused on capacity
development in 2011. Using newly developed or adapted training modules,
health care providers have been trained in the integrated management of
newborn and childhood illness, essential newborn care and basic emergency
obstetric care.
WHO Pakistan developed an emergency obstetric care package, in accordance
with the pregnancy, childbirth, postpartum and newborn care guidelines for
health care providers working at first-level care facilities.
Support was also provided on the integration of training on essential newborn
care, integrated management of newborn and childhood illness, and hospital
management of severe acute malnutrition into the curricula of medical schools.
Integrated management of newborn and childhood illness pre-service training
was expanded to eight additional medical schools across Pakistan.
 Child Welfare Services & their developmentin Allied Societies
The traditional child welfare or child protectionservice of the
organization completesinvestigations in circumstances of child abuse
and neglect when children and youth are under the age of sixteen. The
goal of the service is to ensure the safety of children while also

9. supporting the natural family and whenever possible,keeping children
and parents together. To this end, counseling supportand alternative
placements are available when necessary.
The following non-legal definitions describewhat might constitute a
situation which could require reporting to the agency and warrant child
protectionintervention:
a. Non-accidental infliction of physical harm
b. Malnutrition
c. Emotional harm
d. Sexual abuse/harm
PhysicalHarm:is when a child has been injured by a personwho has care
or custodyof him, or if that person has permitted the injury. This includes,
but is not necessarily restricted to, physical beating, wounding, burning,
poisoning and related assaults causing visible or invisible physical injuries.
Physical harm for the purposes ofthese provisions is also reportable if the
child’s health is at serious risk because of an adult’s neglector refusal to
obtain necessarycare or treatment for him. Failure to thrive diagnosis are
included in this the definition.
Malnutrition:addresses alack of sufficientor adequate nourishment.
Dehydration is included in this definition.
EmotionalHarm: refers to a situation where a child’s emotional needs
have beenso seriously neglected as a result of rejectionor lack of affection
that intervention is essential. In such cases,the mental ill-health is
reportable if the action or attitude of the personwho has the child’s care is
the primary cause of the child’s condition. It is usually accompanied by an
unwillingness or inability on the part of the care-taking personto assistthe
child to obtain appropriate treatment.
SexualAbuse/Harm: refers to any impropersexual activity between a
child and the adult who has his care or custody. The consent of the child is
irrelevant, as is the absence of physical injury. Incestuous relationships are
included in this definition. Improperor excessive sexual activity between
children may constitute sexual abuse/harm if an adult in charge of either
child knows about it and does nothing. The definition is not intended to
encompass normal sexual experimentation between children.

10. Most people in our community want, and try, to be good parents. The
majority are capable and responsiblein caring for and protecting their
children. There are times when some parents may mistreat or harm
their children due to problems they are having in their family. Whena
requestfor help or a report is made to Differing Child and Family
Services,that a child has been or is suspectedof being mistreated or
harmed, a Child ProtectionWorker will becomeinvolved by speaking
with everyone in the family to determine what is happening and what
services may be of help to protectthe child from risk of harm
 Child Welfare Roll of United Nation Agencies
UNICEF Child ProtectionProgrammers
The United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF) is the main UN organization
defending,promoting and protecting children’s rights. It also works towards
protecting the world’s mostdisadvantaged children. UNICEF believes that
children have the
 Right to Adequate Nutrition,
 Right to Education,
 Right to Health,
 Right to Participate,
 Right to Protection,
 Right to Clean Water
Protecting children from violence, exploitation and abuse is an integral
component of protecting their rights to survival, growth and
development. UNICEF’s commitment to protecting children is
underlined in UNICEF's Child Protection Strategy (CPS), approved in

11. 2008 and contains two main pillars that are applicable in all contexts,
including emergencies
1) Strengthening child protectionsystems – including laws, policies,
regulations and services across all social sectors but especiallysocial
welfare, education, health, security and justice
2) Supporting social change that contributes to improved protection of
children from violence, exploitation and abuse. We draw on our Core
Corporate Commitments, the Convention on the Rights of the Child, the
Millennium Declaration and numerous international human rights
agreements as the basis for our response.
Key Issues addressedunderChild Protection
Violations of the child’s right to protection take place in every country
and are massive, under-recognized and under-reported barriers to child
survival and development, in addition to being human rights violations.
Children subjected to violence, exploitation, abuse and neglect are at
risk of death, poor physical and mental health, HIV/AIDS infection,
educational problems, displacement, homelessness, vagrancy and
becoming poorparents later in life.
Family as an institution with reference to child
Rights

12.  sociologicalsignificance of family in personality developmentof a
child
The part played by the family in the emotional growth of children,
particularly with reference to maladjustments, has been stressed
repeatedlyby psychoanalysts and psychiatrists.
ProfessorW.F. Ogburn, as a sociologist,emphasized the unique place of
the family in providing for the emotional developmentof its members.In
fact, he asserted that the essential function of the family at the present time
inhered in relationships of affectionabout which it is organized and through
which it endures.
The environment that you as a family provide for your child will also
influence his personality development. According to the AAP, if you and
your partner fight in front of your child, he may exhibit aggressive
behavior or becomewithdrawn and cry frequently. A child who is part of
a stable family environment developsa sense of belonging -- which
leads to a healthy self-esteem,confidence and individuality.
The child who is born or adopted into a one-thousand-word family is
certainly at a disadvantage on an intelligence test, all other factors being
equal, when compared with a child who has been brought up in a family
with a 10,000 word vocabulary. More important than the number of words
are the meanings of words and their construction into idioms that express
attitudes and customary behavior. Language is thus a measure of social-
cultural participation.
Often the cultural attitude implanted in the child is a frustrated ambition of a
parent, as the mother who brought her daughter up to go to college and
become ateacher as she herself had planned but circumstances
prevented.Or the parent may have aspirations of a great career or noble
service for the child
The mind of the child is . . . deeply rooted in the family as its center; his
earliest words, ideas, modes of thought, are those he gathers from parents
and brothers; and each day he takes back to them the new words and
ideas which he gathers in the outside world, and they again are molded

13. and interpreted by the family. He recounts his exploits, tells of his
companions and teachers, is subjected to praise or criticism,and listens to
similar narratives from other members;and next day he returns to the
outside
Conflicts between parents and children, as well as mental and moral
conflicts within the person,are almost always the result of the clash
between family and community standards.
 The Family's Influence on a Child's Personality
There are numerous factors that influence your child's personality
development.While certainly your little one's choices and friendships will
affecthis behavior and temperament, your family's make-up, the genes that
you pass along to him and
his familial environment are
all powerful influences on
your child's personality.
Let’s discuss in detail with
points
Environment and
Personality
The environment that
children grow up in
certainly has some impact
on what type of personality
characteristics they
develop.If families are high
conflict, and the children are drawn into many arguments and
disagreements,they are much more likely to becomewithdrawn or have a
personality that is conflict-drivenas they grow older. In addition, if a family
does not have any sort of structure within the household,children will be

14. much more impulsive and may get into trouble more often than children
who come from structured households.
Genetic Factors
Despite the environment playing a role in personality traits, there are still
genetic influences that play a role in the developmentof personality traits.
Genetic similarities between the family and child can lead to children
having a temperamentand attitude that is similar to their parents. For
example, outgoing parents can have children who are more willing to take
risks as they continue to grow older.
Personality Disorders
Genetic and environmental influences also have been linked to the
developmentof personality disorders,or deeply ingrained, inflexible
patterns of personality traits that cause distress in a person’s life. According
to the American Psychiatric Association,genetic influences play a role in
the developmentof personality disorders,especiallyin obsessive-
compulsive disorder,while environmental influences such as past trauma
and verbal abuse also contribute to the disorders.Developing strong bonds
to people can help prevent the developmentof a personality disorder,
whether that bond is with a parent, close relative or even a peer.
Birth Order
Birth orderin children can have major effects on their personality traits as
they continue to get older, especiallyif the age between siblings is close.
First-borns have been shown to take on more responsibilitythan younger
siblings, which likely has to do with the parenting style of the new parents.
They are often perfectionists who feel large amounts of pressure to
accomplishthe mostthat they can. In addition, a middle child can tend to

15. get lost in the mix of the family and be more withdrawn and impulsive than
the other children.
From Book : 203 to 206
 Parenthood & Roll of a parents in Child Rearing
Definition of Parenthood :
 The state of being a parent and the responsibilities
involved.
 The state of being a Mother or a Father
Parenthood :
Parenthood is the state of being a parent, or one who is either
a father or mother. A parent is responsible forthe well being, education and
care for a child while the child is a minor, or under the age of 18
The parent has a moral, social and legal obligation to the child under his
care. This means that the parent is legally obligated to provide food,
shelter, clothing, safety, health care and an education for the child until the
child's 18th birthday. Parents are also charged with the socialization of the
child, making sure that the child has the social and communicationskills
necessaryto interact successfullyin society. The parent is legally
responsible formeeting his obligations to the child and for any actions that
the child takes while underage. For instance, if a child commits a crime,
such as stealing, the parents are considered as culpable in the eyes of the
law as if they had perpetrated the incident. If a parent is found to be
neglecting or abusing a child, the state government can revoke parental
rights. A parent can also give up his parental rights legally by passing them
along to someone elseas part of a legal adoption of the child.
 Roll of Parents in Child Rearing :

16. Children Need Confidence
Children with confidence have an easier time at schooland in society,
according to KidsHealth.org. A child gets his first taste of confidence at
home when he figures out that a toothless grin at any passing adult will
garner attention and smiles. As the child grows, parents are responsible for
continuing to build that confidence.Children should be given increasing
responsibilities so theyexperience successand build confidence in their
abilities. A toddler can help put toys in a toy box. A preschoolercan help
set a table and elementary-aged kids are able to sweep,take out trash and
do other chores.Praising successand correcting errors build a child's
confidence whichwill serve him well in life.
Boosting Your Child's Self-Esteem
Kids start developing their sense of self as babies when they see
themselves through their parents' eyes. Your tone of voice,your body
language, and your every expressionare absorbed by your kids. Your
words and actions as a parent affecttheir developing self-esteem more
than anything else.
Praising accomplishments,however small, will make them feelproud;
letting kids do things independently will make them feelcapable and strong.
By contrast, belittling comments or comparing a child unfavorably with
another will make kids feelworthless.
Avoid making loaded statements or using words as weapons. Comments
like "What a stupid thing to do!" or "You act more like a baby than your little
brother!" cause damage just as physical blows do.
Choose your words carefully and be compassionate.Let your kids know
that everyone makes mistakes and that you still love them, even when you
don't love their behavior

17. Set Limits and Be ConsistentWith Your Discipline
Discipline is necessaryin every household.The goal of discipline is to help
kids choose acceptable behaviors and learn self-control.They may test the
limits you establish for them, but they need those limits to grow into
responsible adults.
Establishing house rules helps kids understand your expectations and
develop self-control.Some rules might include: no TV until homework is
done, and no hitting, name-calling, or hurtful teasing allowed.
Make Time for YourKids
It's often difficult forparents and kids to get togetherfor a family meal, let
alone spend quality time together. But there is probably nothing kids would
like more. Get up 10 minutes earlier in the morning so you can eat
breakfast with your child or leave the dishes in the sink and take a walk
after dinner. Kids who aren't getting the attention they want from their
parents often act out or misbehave because they're sure to
be noticed that way.
Many parents find it rewarding to schedule together time with their kids.
Create a "specialnight" each week to be together and let your kids help
decide how to spend the time. Look for other ways to connect — put a note
or something specialin your kid's lunchbox.
Benefits Dads Bring
Children whose fathers are involved in their everyday lives have better
social development,self-esteem and chances of academic success,
according to Christine Langlois, author of “Raising Great Kids." This may
be because your role as a father in child-rearing is differentfrom your
partner's, or because children benefitfrom having the increased attention
and interest from both of you. The best predictorof this involvement is the
amount of quality time you spend one-on-one with your kids. Children

18. whose dads are actively involved usually also have better
language skills and fewer behavioral problems
Be a Good Role Model
Young kids learn a lot about how to act by watching their parents. The
younger they are, the more cues they take from you. Before you
lash out or blow your top in front of your child, think about this:
Is that how you want your child to behave when angry? Be
aware that you're constantly being watched by your kids.
Studies have shown that children who hit usually have a role
modelfor aggressionat home.
Model the traits you wish to see in your kids: respect,friendliness,honesty,
kindness, tolerance. Exhibit unselfishbehavior. Do things for other people
without expecting a reward. Express thanks and offercompliments.Above
all, treat your kids the way you expect other people to treat you
Daddy'sGirls
You can also help your daughters develop their sense of what it means to
be a woman, according to Langlois. A woman's relationship with men
seems to be based on her relationship with her dad, the first male in her
life. Your daughters learn from you that they are worthy of being loved by a
man. You are also the modelof how a man should treat women. Girls
whose dads are less involved tend to have more mental health problems
later in life, Finello reports. When you praise your daughter, she is more
likely to develop independence and confidence.
From Book : Page # 203 to 206
Ahh…. Haaaa , Jy main ny ol Amo ny mil k bay hain Notes :P , hay nzr na lgy :P

19. Psychological Factors
 Personality growth of a child in Unhappy Homes , Broken Families ,
Suffering with illness & Constrains
A. Unhappy Homes
Poor upbringing
No Self Grooming
Fear of Society
Don’t know how to talk
Less Confidence
Embarrassment
In Complex
DisturbedMind ( Suicide , Adjustment, Bagi)

20. B. Broken Families
Children from broken families are nearly five times more likely to suffer
damaging mental troubles than those whose parents stay together,
Government research has found.
It also showed that two parents are much better than one if children are to
avoid slipping into emotional distress and anti-social behavior.
It also looked at conduct disorders which result in aggressive,violent or
anti-social behavior.
A child whose parents had split during this time was more than four and a
half times more likely to have developedan emotional disorderthan one
whose parents stayed together.
They were nearly three times more likely to exhibit a conduct disorder.
Eleven per cent of those children whose families broke up had emotional
disorders,against 3 per cent among those whose families were still
together
Parental divorce has as stronger
impact than separation and
even death of a parent.
However, the effectsdifferby
gender: The results suggestthat
boys are on average more
negatively affected by parental
death than girls, while girls
seem to suffermore from a
separation or divorce of their
parents.
Children experiencing family
disruptions during adolescence.
At the same time, these children are more likely to develop behavioral
problems.The effects on personality developmentare smaller when
children are olderat the time of the experienced disruption.
Some older children may show very little emotional reaction to their
parents’ divorce.This may not be developmentallybeneficial. Some
children who show little emotional response are actually bottling up their
negative feelings.This emotional suppressionmakes it difficultfor parents,
teachers and therapists to help the child process her feelings in
developmentally appropriate ways. Other children may experience anxiety,

21. which can make it difficultfor them to seek positive socialinteractions and
engage in developmentallybeneficialactivities such as teen sports
C. Suffering with Illness
Mental illness in children include low self-esteem,poorbodyimage, a
tendency to be highly self-critical,and feeling helpless when dealing with
negative events
Teenagers who sufferfrom conduct disorder,attention deficithyperactivity
disorder(ADHD), clinical anxiety, or who have cognitive and learning
problems,as well as trouble relating to others are at higher risk of also
developing a mental disorder.
Mentalillness
Mental disorders in children are quite common,occurring in about one-
quarter of this age group in any given year.
The most commonchildhood mental disorders are anxiety disorders,
depression,and attention deficithyperactivity disorder (ADHD).
Children with mental-health problems can have lower educational
achievement, greater involvement with the criminal justice system,and
fewer stable placements in the child welfare system than their peers
Anxiety disorders
Children with anxiety disorders respond to certain things or situations with
fear and dread, as well as with physical signs of anxiety (nervousness),
such as a rapid heartbeat and sweating
D. Constrains
Some children are more likely to have problems building inner strength.
They may have risk factors, such as being in certain situations, having
certain medical conditions,or having certain personalities,that make it
harder for them to be resilient. But the more parents understand about

22. these risk factors, the better they will be able to help their children learn
how to cope.
Internalrisk factors
Internal risk factors are part of a child's personality or health history.
Examples include:
 Hyperactivity.
 Concentration problems.
 Problems with learning.
 Serious illness.
Externalrisk factors
External risk factors are in the family, schools,and community. Examples
include:
 Poverty.
 Parents with severe marital problems.
 Remarriage of parents.
 Moving to a new town.
 Overcrowded classrooms.
 High crime rate in the neighborhood.
A counseloror therapist can help you and your child learn healthy ways to
cope with stress.

23.  Family Relationship & Emotional Development
Families are a vital part of children's and young people'slives as this is
where they are loved, nurtured, cared for and learn to become independent
adults.
The family and the relationships within have a huge influence on a child's
well-being and emotional developmentand their ability to cope with
situations, challenges, relationships and living
Having good and healthy relationships between family members will assist
the child/young personto feelsafe, secure and loved. Regardless of the
structure of a family, the parent's and care’s role is to establish an
environment of love, care, nurturing and respectas well as to provide
supportand guidance for children and young people as they grow. This role
is critical for fostering their development
In particular, parent-child relationships have a crucial impact on child
outcomes,with warm and supportive parents being associated with positive
mental, behavioral, emotional and physical child development.A child
needs this type of emotional environment in which to learn and grow
Harsh, abusive, and/or emotionally neglectfulparenting may create
emotional, behavioral, mental, and physical health difficulties in childhood
and at later stages in life
 Tips for growingstrongerfamily relationships
Show emotionalstability and consistency
Parents are able to demonstrate emotional stability and consistencyin
thought and actions they are more likely to be warm, cooperative and
sympathetic in relation to their children. This in turn plays an important role
in creating a quality parent-child relationship. As parents show that they
value socially acceptable behaviors in both themselves and their children
they fostergreater trust, harmony, active cooperationand positive
coexistence with their children. Being consistently warm and respectfulis a
great way to show children and young people that they are being loved and
cared for.

24. Be attentive to your childrenand involve them in family life
Being listened to and being involved in family life is a necessityfor every
child and young person. Provide your child with opportunities to express
their opinion and also be part of the household decisions making. It will
help you to understand their point of view and will help them feel that they
are part of the family.
Spend time together
Spend time togetherdoing things that you both enjoy, such as playing
together, going to the local park etc. Use the time that you spend together
such as mealtimes for conversation and a good laugh. Make sure your
family doe’s fun stuff together on a regular basis. When planning family
outings and activities take into consideration the needs all family members.
One way of spending quality with younger children is by reading with them
on a regular basis. This is a great way to develop their reading abilities as
well as having time together. This in turn will strengthen the parent-child
bond and will provide your child with a great head start at school
Give space to your child to express theirindependence
It is important to know what's going on in the lives of children and young
people but they also need their own personal space and autonomy suited
to their age, stage of developmentand maturity.
 The Compositionof the Family & its Efforton Personality
Development
E. The Only Child
Defilation :
 An only child is a person with no siblings, either biological or adopted.

25.  Stereotypesaboutonly Child
Only children are bossy& aggressive also have imaginary companions to
compensate fortheir loneliness.
They are also Spoiled & Selfish
Only children are people who grow up without siblings. They have been
stereotyped as "selfish," "lonely," and "maladjusted."
To begin, the only child is first and last child in one and so is the only
chance at parenting the parents get. Thus they take this charge very
seriously. Because they want to do right by their son or daughter, parenting
an only child can be high-pressure parenting. They don't want to make
mistakes at the child's expense and so are very conscientious and
deliberate in their parenting. Usually the child feels a comparable obligation
to do right by the parents. This is not a laid back family because everyone
is trying extremely hard to do their best by each other.
Second,the only child gets the entire social, emotional, and material
resources those parents have to provide. He or she is their sole
beneficiary. Because parents typically make a high investment in nurturing

26. and providing for the child, they oftenhave a high expectation of return.
They expect the child to turn out well.
 Only child personality traits
What are the personality traits of only children?
The psychologyof only children
Only children are usually overly confidentif not arrogant. Because no one
steals the attention they get from their parents only children get used to
being in the center of attention and this usually makes them showy adults.
Only children usually impress adults with their brilliance and intelligence.
As a result of growing up with adults around them they learn quickly and
develop better life skills provided that they are not spoiled.
If an only child was spoiled he will develop completelydifferent
personality traits, for example, he might lack properlife skills, he
might lack self confidence and will becomeoverly dependenton others.
Only children personality and socializing
If the only child was allowed to play with other children he will develop the
social skills needed and the personality traits that will help him connect
with others.
If he was isolated then he might not develop social interest and might not
learn how to cooperate with others.
An only child also has got the ability to entertain himself and to feelgood
on his own as a result of finding himself alone most of the time. This
doesn'tmean that only children are not social but it only means that they
can enjoy the company of others as well as enjoying their own company.

27. SocialInteraction of only Child
Because only children lack siblings, they lose the immediate availability
of others near their own age with whom to interact socially. In order to
develop normal social skills, only children must be exposed to other
children of the same age through other means. For example, play groups
can be valuable for the learning of socialskills. However, only children
must work to win friends because family life does not provide them.
F. The Middle Child :
Definition :
 When a middle child - typically of a family of three kids who are close
in age - feels left out or neglected.

28.  Stereotypesaboutmiddle children
They are consideredto be neglected,resentful, have no drive, have a
negative outlook, and feellike they don’t belong— in other words
The challenge that the middle child faces is that he finds himself
squeezed between two other siblings who get most of the
attention.
As a result of this situation the
 Middle child might develop these personality traits:
Low self esteem
If the middle child didn't learn how to cope with that situation he will
develop low self esteem and becomesocially withdrawn because of
believing that there is something wrong with him
Shyness
The middle child might develop a personality trait such as shyness if he felt
overlooked.Many people lookat shyness superficially without
understanding that it’s usually an indication of the person's low estimation
of his self worth. As a result of not getting enough attention the middle child
might think that he is inferior and so develop shyness. (See Shyness in
children)
Middle childrenare diplomats
Middle children usually become diplomats and peace makers who help the
youngest and the eldest get along. In some cases the middle child might

29. develop excessive jealousy of his siblings and then grow up thinking that
he is not loved or overlooked (see Jealousy between siblings)
Middle children can become problemchildren: If the middle child started
becoming rebellious against the lack of attention he might turn into a
problem child. Many people don't understand that the personality
traits problem children develop result from the need of attention that they
crave for.
Middle children feelless pressure to achievethan firstborns
Parents place extra focus on their first child and once the third one comes
along, the middle child has more space to come into his or her own. Middle
kids aren’t expected to be the role model and they aren’t being babied as
the youngest so they have more freedom to cookup experiments in the
corner.
Middles are ambitious
Although ambition is a trait most associated with firstborns,middle-borns
are often extremely driven, motivated by principals and willing to break new
ground.
G. The YoungestChild
Definition
 One that is the least old; especially: the youngest child or memberof
a family.
 StereotypesaboutYoungestChild
They are commonlypretend like a parent or confidentalso little selfish
The youngest child finds himself in he usually becomes overly
ambitions and highly competitive.Youngest children usually are the ones

30. who usually make big changes to the world as a result of their extreme
ambition and their strong fighting spirit. There is one important fact you
must understand about how personality traits develop which is that there
are two ways in which a person could respond to his environment, The
first one is a the positive way which involves a positive response that
helps the persongrow while the other way is the negative one which
prevents the developmentof a healthy personality.
 Personality traits of youngest children
Parentingstyle and personality
If the youngest child was raised in house that gave him extra attention
than his brothers and sisters then that child might turn into showy
adult because that way he will be able to replicate the favorable condition
he was in when he was young.
Youngest children have a burning desire to be the first at everything they
do, being the youngest child myself i discovered that when i was eagerly

31. reading about psychologytrying to understand why do i always want to
be on the top of everything that interests me.
If the parents of the youngest child were overprotective and if they
pampered him too much then he might develop some undesirable
personality traits such as a lack of self confidence.
Selfishness
Youngest children sometimesdevelop is selfishness. If the youngest
child always found everyone around him serving him then he might grow
up thinking that he is more important than others and thus becomeself
centered.
Solid Self confidence
Youngest children who are pampered and who are not allowed to face
life themselves fail to develop the life skills they need and thus start
feeling inferior compared to others.
H. Children in Large Family :
The large families usually have a diametrically differentculture and milieu
to that of the small family. Parental interaction is rare to nonexistent. As
a result of this little or none parental interaction, children in large families do
not develop the close relationship with their parents that children from small
families have. In fact, the conceptof a close and intense parent-child
relationship in large families is quite an anathema to put it mildly.
Because of little or no parental interaction with their children in large to very
large families,it is quite rife for children to mainly interact with each other.
They either raise themselves and/or each other. Children having little or
no parental interaction have lower levels of intellectual maturity. They
possess more childish mannerisms because all they interact with are other

32. children who are on the lower, same, and/or higher level. It is not
uncommon for children from large families to state that they learn more
from their siblings than they do from their parents. Studies show that in
order for children to develop properly, parental interaction is important;
however, this is missing in the average large family.
Yes, there is a marked differencebetweenchildren from small and children
from large families in terms of parental interaction and in
intellectual/academic development. Children in large families are also
inculcated not to value their individuality and to considerthemselves to be
put of a group. They oftenhave little or no sense of self because they
were taught that to have a sense of self is consideredto be self-indulgent,
self-centered,and in general, selfish. They are taught not to voice their
needs and their individual needs are last.
The conceptof privacy is nil in the large family environment. They are
taught that personal privacy is totally unnecessary. Psychologistsand
social scientists have emphasized the importance of personal space and
privacy to the human psyche but it falls on deaf ears in large families.
People in large families are used to doing things in crowds. They have a
crowd mentality and are quite uncomfortable with solitude and/or being
alone. There are many ways which the large family environment
dramatically differs from that of the small family environment!
Parents in large families seldom interact with their children, leaving that
responsibilityto their oldest/olderchildren, especiallydaughters. Middle
children, forgetabout it, are totally ignored in large families. If they exist,
fine, and if not, well..... In other words, they are mostly in the way. As a
result of their nebulous status, many middle children either become more
unobtrusive than they actually are or become more vocal and aggressive in
a bid to garner parental attention. Well,the youngest, of course, have the
longestchildhood and the least responsibilitiesof the birth orders in a large
family. He/she has the longestand most carefree childhood and
adolescence of all. If you hear anyone say that they loved being part of a
large family, guess what- they are ALWAYS the youngest child.

33.  Advantages of a large family
A large family has some very strong advantages, Members can help each
other in bad times. A large family has parents, children and uncles, aunties
and grandparents. Therefore,children can enjoy the company of all the
members.They are never alone. A large family also has a joyful
atmosphere.Everyone has his/her story at the end of the day and they all
sit and talk about their good experiences,their problems and possible
solutions together. Finally, a large family can save money in various
differentways. Because they all live together, the cost becomes lowin total
and they can save a lot. A large family is a lovely place to live in.
 Disadvantages of a Large Family
There are several disadvantages of having a large family. First of all, there
is hardly any privacy. In a large family, you may have to share bedrooms
with your sisters or brothers. It is hard to have any time alone because
there are so many people living in one house. In addition, a large family
often has more expenses than a small family. Sometimes,children or
parents cannot buy what they want because they have to save money for
others in the family. Finally, in a large family there is more responsibilityon
the parents to take care of all their children. It takes a lot of work by parents
to make sure that all their children grow up to be good people.A large
family is not easy to live in.
I. The Family Cycle with Reference to Child’s Life :

34. J. Personality Developmentin the Extended Family as
Compareto the Nuclear Family :
Definition of ExtendedFamily :
 An extended family is a family that extends beyond the
immediate family, consisting of grandparents, aunts, uncles, and
cousins all living nearby or in the same household. An example is a
married couple that lives with either the husband or the wife's
parents.
Definition of Nuclear Family :
 A nuclear family or elementary family is a family group consisting of a
pair of adults and their children. This is in contrast to a single-
parent family, to the larger extended family, and to a family with more
than two parents.
Personality developmentin ExtendedFamily VS Nuclear Family
Family is the most basic social unit in any society.A family is a unit that
consists of biologically related people that live together in a house. There
are two types of family: Nuclear family and Extended family. It basically
said that because of the size of the family, each sibling doesn'tget a
sufficientamount of per child parental time and this can result in a more
childlike intellectual level. They found that children from smaller families
were more likely to have beenread to by their parents earlier in life and
were more likely to engage themselves in activities of intellectual or cultural
achievement. They also were said to have better social skills because
children in larger families are less likely to possessan urgency to associate
or play outside of the family.
Children in small families receive a greater amount of individual attention
and tend to be comfortable around adults at an early age. They may also
be overprotected,however, which can result in dependence,lack of
initiative, and fear of risk, and the increased parental attention may also
take the form of excessive scrutiny and pressure to live up to other people's
expectations.Researchers have found that only children are often loners
and have the lowest need for affiliation. They tend to have high IQs and are
successfulacademically
Note : Read previous topic “ Children in large families”

35. Problems of the Children
 Social , Psychological , Emotional Problems of the Children
1. SocialProblems
Some of the Social problems are given bellow
Family Separation
Separation and divorce,and the events leading up to them, interrupt the
stability and predictability that children need. Other than the death of an
immediate family member,divorce is the most stressfulevent that can
affecta family. Because the world as they know it has ended, children may
feela great loss as well as anxiety, anger, and sadness.Children may fear
being abandoned or losing their parents' love. Also,for many reasons,
parenting skills oftenworsen around the time of the divorce.Parents are
usually preoccupiedand may be angry and hostile toward each other.
Children may feel guilty about causing the divorce. If parents ignore
children or visit sporadically and unpredictably, children feelrejected.
Child Abuse
Child abuse is the physical, sexual or emotional maltreatment or neglectof
a child or children.

36.  Physical abuse
Involves physical aggressiondirected at a child by
an adult.
 Child sexual abuse (CSA)
Is a form of child abuse in which an adult or older
adolescentabuses a child for sexual stimulation.
 Emotional abuse
Is defined as the production of psychologicaland
social defectsin the growth of a child as a result
of behavior such as loud yelling, coarse and rude attitude, inattention,
harsh criticism, and denigration of the child's personality. Other examples
include name-calling, ridicule, degradation, destruction of personal
belongings
Child trafficking
Child trafficking is the recruitment, transportation, transfer, harboring or
receiptof children for the purpose of exploitation.[
Children are trafficked for
purposes such as of commercialsexual exploitation, bonded labor, camel
jockeying, child domestic labor, drug couriering, child soldiering, illegal
adoptions,begging. It is difficult to obtain reliable estimates concerning the
number of children trafficked each year, primarily due to the covert and
criminal nature of the practice
Child marriage
A child marriage is a marriage whereby minors are given in matrimony -
often before puberty. Child marriages are commonin many parts of the
world, especiallyin parts of Asia and Africa. These marriages are typically
arranged and often forced;as young children are generally not capable of
giving valid consentto enter into marriage, child marriages are often
considered bydefault to be forced marriages. Marriages under the age of
majority have a great potential to constitute a form of child abuse

37. Child Labor
Child labor refers to the employmentof children in any work that deprives
children of their childhood,interferes with their ability to attend regular
school,and that is mentally, physically, socially or morally dangerous and
harmful. This practice is considered exploitative by many international
organizations. Legislations across the world prohibit child labor
StreetChildren
Street children is a term for children experiencing homelessness who live
on the streets of a city. Homeless youth are often called street
kids and street youth
Book , Page # 212 to 221
2. PsychologicalProblems
Mentalillness
Mental disorders in children are quite common,occurring in about one-
quarter of this age group in any given year.
The most commonchildhood mental disorders are anxiety disorders,
depression, and attention deficithyperactivity disorder(ADHD).
Children with mental-health problems can have lower educational
achievement, greater involvement with the criminal justice system,and
fewer stable placements in the child welfare system than their peers
Anxiety disorders
Children with anxiety disorders respond to certain things or situations with
fear and dread, as well as with physical signs of anxiety (nervousness),
such as a rapid heartbeat and sweating.
Disruptive behavior disorders
Children with these disorders tend to defy rules and often are disruptive in
structured environments, such as school.

38. Pervasivedevelopmentdisorders
Children with these disorders are confused in their thinking and generally
have problems understanding the world around them.
Eating disorders
Eating disorders involve intense emotions and attitudes, as well as unusual
behaviors associated with weight and/or food.
Elimination disorders
Disorders that affectbehavior related to using the bathroom. Enuresis, or
bed-wetting, is the mostcommonof the elimination disorders.
Learning and communication disorders
Children with these disorders have problems storing and processing
information, as well as relating their thoughts and ideas.
Affective (mood) disorders
These disorders involve persistent feelings of sadness and/or rapidly
changing moods,and include depressionand bipolar disorder.A more
recent diagnosis is called disruptive mood deregulations disorder,a
childhood and adolescentcondition involving chronic or persistent irritability
and frequent angry outbursts.
Schizophrenia
This disorderinvolves distorted perceptions and thoughts.
Behavior
Children show aggressioneven for miner things
3. EmotionalProblems
Children with emotional or behavioral disorders are characterized primarily
by behavior that falls significantly beyond the norms of their cultural and
age group on two dimensions:externalizing and internalizing. Both patterns

39. of abnormal behavior have adverse effects on children’s academic
achievement and social relationships.
Externalizing Behaviors
The most commonbehavior pattern of children with emotional and
behavioral disorders consists of antisocial or externalizing behaviors. In the
classroom,children with externalizing behaviors frequently do the following
 Get out of their seats
 Yell, talk out, and curse
 Disturb peers
 Hit or fight
 Ignore
 Complain
 Argue excessively
 Steal
 Lie
 Destroy property
 Do not comply with directions
Internalizing Behaviors
A child with an internalizing disorder is said to be suffering from depression,
and experience loss of interest in activities including social activities, work,
and life.
Internalizing behaviors are negative, problematic behaviors that are
directed toward the self.Children with internalizing behaviors have difficulty
coping with negative emotions or stressfulsituations, so they directtheir
feelings inward. internalizing behaviors are usually not visible to others.
 Social withdrawal
 Feelings of loneliness or guilt

40.  Unexplained physical symptoms, i.e., headaches and stomach aches, not
due to a medical condition
 Not talking to or interacting with others
 Feeling unloved
 Feelings of sadness
 Nervousness or irritability
 Fearfulness
 Not standing up for yourself
 Changes in sleeping or eating patterns
From Book : Page # 209
 Child Rights Convection
The Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC) is the first legally binding
international instrument to incorporate the full range of human rights—civil,
cultural, economic,politicaland social rights. In 1989,world leaders
decided that children needed a specialconvention just for them because
people under 18 years old often need specialcare and protectionthat
adults do not. The leaders also wanted to make sure that the world
recognized that children have human rights too
The Convention sets out these rights in 54 articles and two Optional
Protocols.It spells out the basic human rights that children everywhere
have: the right to survival; to develop to the fullest; to protectionfrom
harmful influences, abuse and exploitation; and to participate fully in family,
cultural and social life
The four core principles of the Convention
Non-discrimination
Devotion to the bestinterests of the child
The right to life, survival and development
Respectfor the views of the child

41. Every right spelled out in the Convention is inherent to the human dignity
and harmonious developmentof every child. The Convention protects
children's rights by setting standards in health care; education; and legal,
civil and social services.
By agreeing to undertake the obligations of the Convention (by ratifying or
acceding to it), national governments have committed themselves to
protecting and ensuring children's rights and they have agreed to hold
themselves accountable for this commitmentbefore the international
community. States parties to the Convention are obliged to develop and
undertake all actions and policies in the light of the bestinterests of the
child.
Pakistan
Pakistan ratified the Convention on the Rights of the Child on 12 November
1990
SaudiArabia
Saudi Arabia ratified the Convention in 1996,with a reservation "with
respectto all such articles as are in conflictwith the provisions of Islamic
law” and considers it to be a valid source of domestic law. The Committee
on the Rights of the Child, which reviewed Saudi Arabia's treatment of
children under the Convention in January 2005,strongly condemned the
government for its practice of imposing the death penalty on juveniles,
calling it "a serious violation of the fundamental rights". The committee said
it was "deeplyalarmed" over the discretionary power judges hold to treat
juveniles as adults
From Book , Page # 210
 Child Rights in Islam
Allah, subhanahu wa ta`ala, has made the parents' heart as the source
of love for their children. The love for children has been `legislated' by
Allah in the very nature of parenthood. It is normal for a parent to love

42. this or her child; it is abnormal for a parent not to love his or her child.
This is the natural law as well as the religious law.
Islam has provided some wonderful guidelines for the parents in orderto
bring up their children —from birth to age 21— in the properIslamic
manner. The Prophet said to Imam ‘Ali: “O ‘Ali, there are as many rights of
children incumbent upon parents as there are rights of parents incumbent
upon children.”
The topic of Islam and children includes the rights of children in Islam,
children's duties towards their parents, and parent's rights over their
children, both biologicaland fosterchildren. Also discussedare some of the
differences regarding rights with respectto differentschools of thought.
 Some Basic Rights
The rights of children upon their parents can be summarized under the
following six items:
THE RIGHT TO LIVE
No parent has the right to abort the child or to kill the child after birth for
any reason whatsoever. For example, the Qur'ân has strongly condemned
those who kill their children for fear of poverty. Allah says: “Do not kill your
children because of (fear of) poverty—We will provide for you and them.”
(6:152)The Prophetsaid, “Whoeverrefrains from marriage because of fear
of poverty, he has indeed thought badly of God.”
THE RIGHT TO BELONG TO A FAMILY
No parent can disown his or her child, or deprive the child from the family
name.
THE RIGHT TO HAVE A GOOD NAME
Imam ‘Ali says: “The first beneficence ofa parent towards his child is to
give him a good name; therefore,you should name your child with a good
name.” A child hears his name day and night; and it is reasonable to
believe that the meaning of that name subconsciouslystrengthens those
characteristics which are implied in that name. What is emphasized here is

43. the fact that a name has a psychologicaleffecton the person, provided it is
not counter-mended by rearing or society.
A bad name has one more tangible evil effect.Wheneverthat name is
announced, the personwill feel embarrassmentand the name will become
a source of constant irritation, affecting his outlook on society. Hence the
emphasis in ahâdith on giving good names to children.
The Prophet used to emphasize this aspectof life so much that Imam as-
Sadiq said, “The Prophet used to change the bad names of people and
places.”
THE RIGHT OF MAINTENANCE
It is a child's right to be provided by the parents with the necessities of life:
food,dress,shelter, furniture, and whatever a personnormally needs to live
a respectablelife.
THE RIGHT TO HAVE BASIC EDUCATION
It is the right of a child to receive basic secular as well as religious
education.
THE RIGHT TO BE BROUGHT UP ACCORDING TO ISLAM
It is the right of the child to be brought up in a home environment which is
Islamic.
Equality and Justice Between children
Justice, in particular social justice, is a major theme in Islam, which was
revealed in a time when justice was lacking. Islam's teachings and rulings
restored social justice in the tribal societies at the time.
Muslims who fear Allah in their heart and are keen to earn His satisfaction
should treat their children equally, not favoring one over the others, in
spending,treatment, and giving gifts to them.
Children are a blessing from Allah and to thank Allah for such a blessing,
parents should fulfill the duties Allah prescribed onthem towards their
children

44.  Messenger of Allah (PBUH) and
Loving Children
Once Messengerof Allah (PBUH) was on
his way to someone'shome;he saw Imam
Hussain playing with boys. Messengerof
Allah (PBUH) extended his hands for little
Imam Hussain to go up and played with him
and made him laugh in front of everybody; then he held him and gave him
a kiss.
Messengerof Allah (PBUH) used to give his Salaam (greetings)to children
and would tell his companions (Sahaba): "I give my Salaam to children and
respectthem, and Muslims should followmy behavior and always be warm
and loving with children."
Messengerof Allah (PBUH) said : Children are the Flowers of Jannah
Prophet Muhammad was reported as saying: "Be fair and just in terms of
the gifts you offeryour children. If I was to give preference to any (gender
over the other) I would have preferred femalesover males (in terms of
giving gifts)."
 Relationship betweenParents and Childrenin Islam:
"Your parents and your children, you know not which of them is the nearer
to you in usefulness;this is an ordinance from Allah: Surely Allah is
knowing, Wise." Noble Qur'an (4:11)
The above verse from Noble Qur'an shows the Islamic attitude towards the
relationship betweenparents and children. From infancy to adulthood, it is
unparalleled tender love and care of the parents which brings the child from
the stage of absolute weakness and helplessnessto perfectstrength and
independence.
Conversely, in old age a man becomeslike a small child; the mind and
body turn so weak that Allah (SWT)says in Noble Qur'an: If We grant long

45. life to any, We cause him to be reversed in nature: Will they not then
understand? Noble Qur'an (36:68)
Messengerof Allah (PBUH) says: "The parents are responsible with regard
to their children in the same manner in which the children are responsible
with regard to their parents."
 The Rights of Children on Parents in Islam
Muslims have responsibilities towards their children, and they stand
accountable for these responsibilitiesso that they can truly enjoy and
appreciate the blessings ofhaving children and get rewarded by the Giver.
The adult of today was the child of yesterday, and the child of today is the
adult of tomorrow. In order for children to fulfill their responsibilitiestowards
their parents, they must first get their rights from them.
Muslim parents should teach their children all about Islam and show them
how to worship Allah, with no compulsionor force.
They should also guide them to the stairways to Paradise, and protectthem
from falling into Hellfire. It is the responsibilityof parents to provide their
children with the environment and tools to learn all about Islam.
Allah says in the Qur'an what means:
{O ye who believe! save yourselves and your families from a Fire whose
fuel is Men and Stones.} (At-Tahrim 66:6)
 Adoption & Fostering
Islam highly recommends the "fostering" of children, defined as "assuming
partial or complete responsibilityof a child in lieu of the biologicalparents".
However, Islam forbids naming the child as one's own, or creating any
"fictive relationships".Islamic adoption is sometimes called "fostering" or
"partial adoption" and is similar to "openadoption" Traditionally Islam has
viewed legal adoption as a source of potential problems,such as
accidentally marrying one's sibling or when distributing inheritance

46. If a child is adopted he or she does not become ason or daughter, but
rather a ward of the adopting caretaker(s). The child’s family name is not
changed to that of the adopting parent(s) and his or her guardians are
publicly known as such. Legally, this is close to other nations' systems
for fostercare. Other commonrules governing adoption in Islamic
culture address inheritance, marriage regulations, and the fact that
adoptive parents are considered trustees of another individual's child rather
than the child's new parents. Usually an adopted child inherits from his or
her biologicalparents, not automatically from the adoptive parents. If the
child is below the age of consentat the time of inheritance (from the
biologicalfamily), his or her adoptive parents serve as trustees over the
child's wealth, but may not intermingle with it.
Adoptionwas a commonpractice in pre-Islamic Arabia. According to this
custom, the adopted son would take the name of his adoptive parent, and
would be assimilated into the family in a "legal sense".[1]
Islam viewed this
practice as "erasure of natal identity".
 Fatherless Children
The Quran in 19 versus forbids harsh and oppressive treatment of
orphaned children while urging kindness and justice towards them. Six-
year-old Muhammad himself became an orphan after his mother died in
577. An early Quranic verse celebrates God'sprovidence and care towards
him. Other Quranic verses identify those who repulse the orphan as
unbelievers, rebuke those who do not honor the orphans, and encourage
the unbelievers to feed the orphans The Quran speaks of the reward
waiting for those who feed orphans, poor and the prisoner for the love of
Allah. It also warns those who wrongfully consume the propertyof orphans
that they will be punished in the hereafter with "fire in their own
bellies".The Quran also gives concrete instructions to guardians regarding
the orphans, particularly on how to protecttheir wealth and property rights

47. Child Welfare Services
 Child Health Services
ACCESS to child healthcare and education is a challenge for many families
who simply cannot afford providing these facilities to their children, primarily
in the rural areas of the country.
The situation of child health in Pakistan is abysmal and serious efforts are
needed by the governmentand civil societyto save the lives of thousands
of children who die every year from preventable diseases.
Medical reports reveal that one child dies every minute from the expanded
programmers on immunization diseases,diarrhea and acute respiratory
tract infection.They also reveal that every year about 400,000 infants die
during the first year of their life.
Child health in Pakistan is among the most important national issues that
needs serious attention. Child mortality in Pakistan is a major cause of
concern, with every one among 10 children dying before reaching the age
of five and one among 30 just after they are born.
Low state spending on healthcare, abject poverty, low literacy, lack of
skilled birth attendants, widespread communicable diseases,insufficient
emergencychild health services in government-run district and rural
hospitals are amongst other major reasons behind growing diseases in
children.
WHO
WHO seeks to improve maternal, newborn and child health in Pakistan. In
particular, since the devolution of health services,the provincial role of
WHO Pakistan has become moreimportant.

48. WHO's maternal, newborn and child health programme provides technical
supportto provincial health authorities through the recruitment of maternal,
newborn and child health officers and assists them to implement maternal,
newborn and child health strategies and programmes.
The programme includes family planning and reproductive health
components.
Child Health Centers
Child Health Centers are staffed by registered nurses with qualifications in
child and family health. They provide a range of services in partnership with
parents and careers of babies and young children up to the age of 4 years.
Community Child Health Nurses can assess children's health and
developmentas well as provide information about many aspects of
parenting, maternal and family health and healthy lifestyles.
Child DevelopmentServices
Child DevelopmentService provides a range of supportservices for
children, with or at risk of developmentaldifficulties,and their families.
Developmental difficulties may include problems with:
 Coordination and movement (e.g. crawling, walking, writing and
drawing)
 Social/emotionalskills (e.g. managing feelings,relating to others)
 Behavior
 Speechand language
 Learning and attention
From Book , Page # 202 , 203

49.  Post Natal Care , Infant Care , Diseases ofChildren , Causes of
Infant Morality
A. Post Natal Care
Definition
 Postnatal care is pre-eminently about the provision of a supportive
environment in which a woman, her baby and the wider family can
begin their new life together. It is not the management of a condition
or an acute situation
Basic care for all newborns should include promoting and supporting
early and exclusive breastfeeding, keeping the baby warm, increasing
hand washing and providing hygienic umbilical cord and skin care,
identifying conditions requiring additional care and counseling on when
to take a newborn to a health facility. Newborns and their mothers
should be examined for danger signs at home visits. At the same time,
families should be counseled on identification of these danger signs and
the need for prompt care seeking if one or more of them are present.
Newborns with who have preterm birth or low birth weight, who are sick
or are born to HIV-infected mothers need special care.
Newborns born in health facilities should not be sent home in the crucial
first 24 hours of life, and postnatal visits should be scheduled. For all
home births a visit to a health facility for postnatal care as soonas
possible afterbirth is recommended. In high mortality settings and
where access to facility based care is limited, WHO and UNICEF
recommend at least two home visits for all home births: the first visit
should occur within 24 hours from birth and the second visit on day 3. If
possible, a third visit should be made before the end of the first week of
life.

50.  Handling a Newborn
If you haven't spent a lot of time around newborns, their fragility may be
intimidating. Here are a few basics to remember:
Wash your hands (or use a hand sanitizer)before handlingyour baby
Newborns don't have a strong immune system yet, so they are susceptible
to infection. Make sure that everyone who handles your baby has clean
hands.
Be careful to support your baby'shead and neck
Cradle the head when carrying your baby and support the head when
carrying the baby upright or when you lay your baby down.
Be careful not to shake yournewborn, whetherin play or in
frustration
Shaking that is vigorous can cause bleeding in the brain and even death. If
you need to wake your infant, don't do it by shaking — instead, tickle your
baby's feetor blow gently on a cheek.
B. Infant Care
Definition
 The term "infant care" refers to the social welfare service
concerning supportfor nursery facilities and home fostering,
taking care of and nurturing from 0 to 5 year old infants in a
healthy and safe manner, while providing them with education that
is suitable for their mental and physical developmental
characteristics.
Eating is pretty much a new infant’s favorite way to spend "awake
time"
Newborns grow very quickly and have a need to consume milk, either
from a breast or bottle, to help support and sustain that growth. Breast
milk or formula is a choice each parent should make before a newborn
arrives so they can be prepared with the appropriate knowledge and

51. equipmentthat will be needed to feed a newborn. Make sure to ask the
nursing staff or a lactation consultant if you need help feeding your
infant before leaving the hospital.
Bathing an infant everyday is not necessary
Since most newborns do not get down on the floorand crawl around in
dirt, bathing is not essential to everyday care. However, it is a good idea
to give your infant a wipe down (especiallyin the diaper area and under
chin/neck folds)just to ensure baby is clean and sanitary. A gentle bath
at night before bed may help an infant relax and sleep better
Toys are notnecessary to newborn infants as they cannotsee far
and have little interestin anything butpeople and faces
If you want to buy toys for your infant, pick things that are contrasting,
like a softblack and white block with some red on it, as colors are very
hard for newborns to make out.
Sleep is importantfor both new parents and new babies
New babies should sleep about 16 hours a day, but they usually sleep
in spurts. Don't get frustrated with your infant because they won't sleep,
there is probably a reason why. Most babies need to be fed about every
2-4 hours because they have small stomachs.Uncomfortable wetness
or dirty diapers can also wake a baby. Sometimes,babies just want to
be held or comforted.Develop a strategy with your partner for taking
care of an infant when you are both tired. Ensuring that everybodyis
well rested will make life with an infant much easier.
Continuity of care
Having one caregiver over an extended period of time rather than
switching every 6 to 9 months or so is important to the expansion of a
child's development.Switching from one caregiver to another takes its
toll. The child has to build trust all over again. When a very young child
loses a caregiver, he really loses part of his sense of himself and the
way the world operates:The things that the child knows how to do, and
the ways that he knows to be simply don't work any more. Too many
changes in caregivers can lead to a child's reluctance to form new
relationships.

52. Cultural and familial continuity
If there is no one in a child care setting who speaks the child's home
language, or validates the childrearing values and beliefs of the family,
the early developmentof the self is threatened. Particularly for infants,
what they sense from their caregivers is incorporated into their definition
of self.If infants get subtle messagesthat their way of communicating
should change or that they are hard to understand, both their sense of
rightness about where they come from and their feelings of personal
potency are shaken. Child care should be in harmony with what goes
on at home, following the form and style of what is familiar to the child.
C. Diseasesof Children
Chickenpox
Red, quite itchy, spots or blisters are typically scattered over the entire
body, spreading to the arms, legs and face.
Whooping cough
Whooping coughis a bacterial infection affecting the respiratory system,
caused by the bacterium Bordetellaperuses.
The condition is characterized by fever, nasal discharge and long fits of
coughing followed by wheezy breathing and possiblyvomiting. Symptoms
are typically worse at night.
Three-day-fever
A child with three-day-feverhas a high fever for three days.
The fever then drops and the child develops arash consisting of pale,
reddishspots,perhaps with small heads. It affects the body and spreads to
the arms and legs, lasting for about 12-14 hours. Then its over. It is mostly
seen in children under the age of three years.
Hand, foot and mouth disease
This condition can be due to a number of differententer viruses, causing
the child to develop a large number of small spots and blisters,particularly
in the mouth and on the feet and hands. The disease can cause a fever of

53. up to 39ºC for a few days.
D. Causes ofInfantMortality
Definition
 The death of children under the age of one year.
The most commoncauses of death in children are
Birth asphyxia
Failure to initiate and sustain breathing at birth, which accounts for
about a quarter of all newborn deaths across the world. Effective
resuscitation at birth can prevent a large proportion of these deaths.
Pneumonia
The prime cause of death in children under five. The major risk factors
include malnutrition and indoor air pollution. Measures to prevent it
include vaccination and breastfeeding,and children who sufferfrom
pneumonia need access to antibiotics and oxygen.
Pre-term birth complications
Pre-term birth is rising in mostcountries, and is now the second leading
cause of death globally for children under five, after pneumonia. Low-
birth-weight babies are more likely to survive if they are kept warm by
skin-to-skin contact with the mother.
Diarrhealdiseases
Which are a major cause of sickness and death among children in
developing countries. Breastfeeding helps prevent diarrhea among

54. young children and treatment with oral rehydration salts combined with
zinc supplements is safe, cost-effective,and saves lives.
Malaria
This kills one child every minute. Insecticide-treated bed nets prevent
transmission and increase child survival.
Measles
This is a leading cause of childhood mortality. Measles can be
completelyprevented with two doses of a safe,effective and
inexpensive vaccine but in many developing countries, poverty, poor
health systems and a lack of information can make it difficultfor families
to secure preventative vaccinations for each of their children.
Malnutrition
This makes children more vulnerable to severe diseases,is an
underlying factor in about one-third of all child deaths.
 Physical , Social & Cognitive Developmentof Children
A. PhysicalDevelopmentof Children
Definition
 The term motor development refers to physical growth or growth
in the ability of children to use their bodies and physical skills.
Motor development often has been defined as the process by
which a child acquires movementpatterns and skills
As a child matures, parents eagerly await important milestones such as
learning how to roll over and crawl. Each of these represents a part of
physical development.The maturation processhappens in an orderly

55. manner; that is, certain skills and abilities generally occurbefore other
milestones are reached. For example, mostinfants learn to crawl before
they learn to walk. However it is also important to realize that the rate at
which these milestones are reached can vary. Some children learn to walk
earlier than their same-age peers,while others may take a bit longer.
 Motor Skill Development
As a child grows, his or her nervous system becomesmore mature. As this
happens, the child becomes more and more capable of performing
increasingly complexactions. The rate at which these motor skills emerge
is sometimesa worry for parents. Caregivers frequently fret about whether
or not their children are developing these skills at a normal rate. As
mentioned above, rates may vary somewhat. However, nearly all children
begin to exhibit these motor skills at a fairly consistent rate unless some
type of disability is present.
There are two types of motor skills:
 Gross (or large)motor skills
Involve the larger muscles including the arms and legs. Actions requiring
gross motor skills include walking, running, balance and coordination. When
evaluating gross motor skills, the factors that experts look at include
strength, muscle tone, movementquality and the range of movement.
 Fine (or small) motor skills
Involve the smaller muscles in the fingers, toes, eyes and other areas. The
actions that require fine motor skills tend to be more intricate, such as
drawing, writing, grasping objects,throwing, waving and catching.
 PhysicalGrowth
Physical developmentin children follows a directional pattern:
Large muscles develop before smallmuscles

56. Muscles in the body's core,legs and arms develop before those in the
fingers and hands. Children learn how to perform gross (or large) motor
skills such as walking before they learn to perform fine (or small) motor skills
such as drawing.
The center ofthe body develops before the outer regions
Muscles located at the core of the body become strongerand develop
soonerthan those in the feetand hands.
Development goes from the top down,from the head to the toes
This is why babies learn to hold their heads up before they learn how to
crawl.
B. SocialDevelopmentof Children
Definition
 Social development is about putting people at the centre of
development.This means a commitment
that development processes need to benefit people,particularly
but not only the poor, but also a recognitionthat people,and the
way they interact in groups and society,and the norms that
facilitates such interaction
The significance of social and emotional developmentis seen in every area
of a child's life. A child will have a strong foundation for later developmentif
he or she can manage personal feelings,understand others' feelings and
needs,and interact positively with others. Differencesin social and
emotional developmentresult from a child's inborn temperament,cultural
influences,disabilities, behaviors modeled by adults, the level of security

57. felt in a child's relationships with adults, and the opportunities provided for
social interaction.
 Social Developmentis aware of others. Enjoys exploring objects with
adults as a basis for establishing relationships (e.g., plays "peek-a-
boo" over and over again with grandfather).
 Social Developmentmay make simple overtures to familiar children
(e.g., looks for and smiles at children at the store, offers a toy or hug
to another child whether or not the gesture is welcome).
 Social Development shows "contagious distress" when others are
unhappy (e.g., at child care, starts to cry when he or she sees
another child crying).
 Social Development when a conflictoccurs with another child or
adult, he or she often acts out physically or emotionally (e.g., another
child grabs Sara's shovel, so she pushes the child and screams).
Calms down when an adult helps resolve the conflict.
Healthy socialand emotionaldevelopmentallows children to
 Develop relationships
 Master the ability to initiate, discover,play and learn
 Develop persistenceand attention
 Self-regulate their behavior
 Develop emotional range
C. Cognitive Developmentof Children
Definition
 Cognitive developmentis the construction of thought processes,
including remembering,problem solving,and decision-making,
from childhood through adolescenceto adulthood

58.  Stages of Cognitive Development
The Sensor motor Stage:A period of time between birth and age two
during which an infant's knowledge of the world is limited to his or her
sensory perceptions and motor activities. Behaviors are limited to simple
motor responsescaused by sensorystimuli.
The Preoperational Stage: A period betweenages two and six during
which a child learns to use language. During this stage, children do not yet
understand concrete logic,cannot mentally manipulate information and are
unable to take the point of view of other people.
The Concrete Operational Stage: A period betweenages seven and
eleven during which children gain a better understanding of mental
operations. Children begin thinking logically about concrete events, but
have difficultyunderstanding abstract or hypothetical concepts.
The Formal Operational Stage: A period between age twelve to
adulthood when people develop the ability to think about abstract concepts.
Skills such as logical thought, deductive reasoning and systematic planning
also emerge during this stage

59.  Institutional Care , FosterCare , Guardianship , Custody&
Adoption
A. InstitutionalCare
Definition
 Facility for care (usually long-term) of patients who are not sick
enough to need hospital care but are not able to remain at home.
Children in institutional care are at risk of attachment disorderand
developmental delay.
Children in institutional care are more likely to sufferfrom poor health,
physical underdevelopmentand deterioration in brain growth.
A minority of children live without their parents, either because their
biologicalparents have died or abandoned them or because their
parents do not have the means to care for them appropriately. Under
the United Nations' Convention on the Rights of the Child all 52
countries in the World Health Organization's European region agreed to
provide children in need with temporary or permanent substitute care.
Substitute care varies from institutional care to forms of family based
care, such as guardianship by relatives or friends,fostering,or
adoption. The services that have been offeredhave changed over time
and have been influenced by political, economic,and social changes.
Institutional care is damaging to children without exception.Children’s
physical, cognitive and emotional developmentis severely damaged
and clear evidence exists to demonstrate structural and functional
changes in the brains of children who grow up in institutional care. Most
have low academic achievement and many fall victim to trafficking,
exploitation, unemployment, homelessnessand depressionon leaving
the care system.Many institutional care leavers becomesingle parents
and rely on institutional care for their children.

60. B. Foster Care
Definition
 Fostercare is a system in which a minor has beenplaced into a
ward, group home, or private home of a state-certified caregiver
referred to as a "fosterparent". The placementof the child is
usually arranged through the government or a social-service
agency
Fostercare is a way of providing a family life for children who cannot live
with their own parents. All over the world, fosterfamilies open their hearts
to children in need, and share their family life with them.
Fostercare is often used to provide temporary care while parents get help
sorting out problems,or to help children or young people through a difficult
period in their lives. Often children will return home once the problems that
caused them to come into fostercare have been resolved and it is clear
that their parents are able to look after them safely. Others may stay in
long-term fostercare, some may be adopted,and others will move on to
live independently.
The institution, group home or fosterparent is compensatedfor expenses.
The state via the family court and child protectionagency stand in loco
parentis to the minor, making all legal decisions while the fosterparent is
responsible forthe day-to-day care of the minor.
The vast majority of children who would otherwise need fostercare are
in kinship care, that is, in the care of grandparents or other relatives.[2]
Most
kinship care is done informally, without the involvement of a court or public
organization. However, in the U.S., formal kinship care is increasingly
common.In 2012,a quarter of all children in formal fostercare were placed
with relatives.

61. Fosterparents may care for a child for a short period,perhaps only
overnight, or they may care for them for years. While the system varies
from state to state, temporary or permanent custody of the child is held by
the state or a private agency. Fosterparents are responsible forthe day-to-
day care of the children but social workers and the courts make major
decisions,sometimes with input from birthparents.
C. Guardianship
Definition
 Guardianship is the office or duty of one who legally has the care
and management of the person, or the estate, or both, of a child
during its minority."
According to the country’s guardian and wards law, a court may appoint
outlanders as guardians, considering the well-being of a child; and also
has the authority to allow the guardian to take the child abroad.
There would be no illegality if a Pakistani court appointed a foreign
national a guardian and allowed them to take the child abroad and there
is no legal hurdle for guardians to formalize an adoption in other
countries having law on adoption
A legal guardian is an adult designated to care for a child in case both
parents die before that child reaches adulthood. While the thought might
make you shudder, you need to choose a guardian so the courts don't do it
for you if the worst should happen.
If you think your mother or sister would automatically receive custody of
your child, you're mistaken. Unless you specificallyname a guardian in

62. your will, anyone can step forward and ask for the job, and a judge will
decide who gets custody.
A court can remove an appointed guardian because of any of the
reasons like, abuse of trust; incapability to perform the duties well,
neglecting or showing indecent behavior to the ward, not withholding
the court’s orders as per GWA provisions,being convicted in an offence
of defectin character, bankruptcy, or residing beyond the limits of the
court’s jurisdiction. Besidesthe above reasons,a guardian can himself
relinquish from the responsibilitiesby submitting to court a request
thereof; death of guardian, upon the ward attaining majority; after the
marriage of female ward whose husband is fit to take care of her
responsibilities orthe court itself taking the responsibilityof
superintendence of the minor.
 Guardianship for Minor
Most countries and states have laws that provide that the parents of
a minor child are the legal guardians of that child, and that the parents
can designate who shall becomethe child's legal guardian in the event
of death, subjectto the approval of the court. Some jurisdictions allow a
parent of a child to exercise the authority of a legal guardian without a
formal court appointment. In such circumstances the parent acting in
that capacity is called the natural guardian of that parent's child.
D. Custody
Definition
 The protective care or guardianship of someone or something.

63.  Typesof Custody
PhysicalCustody
Physical custodymeans that a parent has the right to have a child live with
him or her. Some states will award joint physical custodywhen the child
spends significant amounts of time with both parents. Joint physical
custody works bestif parents live relatively close to each other, as it
lessens the stress on children and allows them to maintain a somewhat
normal routine.
Where the child lives primarily with one parent and has visitation with the
other, generally the parent with whom the child primarily lives (called the
"custodial" parent) will have sole or primary physical custody,and the other
parent (the noncustodial parent) will have the right to visitation or parenting
time with his or her child.
LegalCustody
Legal custodyof a child means having the right and the obligation to make
decisions about a child's upbringing. A parent with legal custody can make
decisions about the child's schooling,religious upbringing and medical
care, for example. In many states, courts regularly award joint legal
custody, which means that the decisionmaking is shared by both parents.
If you share joint legal custodywith the other parent and you exclude him
or her from the decision-making process,your ex can take you back to
court and ask the judge to enforce the custodyagreement. You won't get
fined or go to jail, but it will probably be embarrassing and cause more
friction between the two of you -- which may harm the children. What's
more, if you're represented by an attorney, it's sure to be expensive.
Sole Custody
One parent can have either sole legal custodyor sole physical custody of a
child. Courts generally won't hesitate to award sole physical custodyto one

64. parent if the other parent is deemed unfit -- for example, because of alcohol
or drug dependencyor charges of child abuse or neglect.
It goes without saying that there may be animosity between you and your
soon-to-be ex-spouse.But it's best not to seek sole custody unless the
other parent truly causes direct harm to the children. Even then, courts may
still allow the other parent supervised visitation.
Joint Custody
Parents who don't live together have joint custody (also called shared
custody) when they share the decision-making responsibilities for,and/or
physical control and custody of, their children. Joint custodycan exist if the
parents are divorced,separated,or no longer cohabiting, or even if they
never lived together.Joint custody may be:
 Joint legal custody
 Joint physical custody (where the children spend a significant portion of
time with each parent), or
 Joint legal and physical custody.
 Child Custody in case of Divorce
Children are focus of attention for any couple being their joint
responsibilityto take care of their needs,responsibilities,medicaland
emotional desires and care. In case of divorce the responsibilityis split
as per best abilities of each parent. In the Holy Quran (2:233) children’s
future after divorce is specificallyemphasized with the principle of
“mutual consent and counsel” focusing on co-parenting relationship. As
father being the legal guardian, has got the responsibilityto look after
the material needs,while mother preferablygot the role of physical care
in order to be their emotional guardian of children thus balancing
multitude levels of children’s need

65. E. Adoption
 Definition
Adoptionis the act of taking something on as your
own. Adoptionusually refers to the legal process of becoming a non-
biologicalparent, but it also refers to the act of embracing ideas, habits,
or free kittens.
The history of establishing the Edhi child adoption centre and childcare
services dates back to 1949. Mrs. Bilquis Edhi is supervising and looking
after the caring and feeding of babies and children. For this purpose,
exclusive cradles have been placed outside all Edhi Centers, across the
country with a view to keep the abandoned and illegitimate babies in these
cradles.
Mostly these abandoned newborn babies are provided to the childless
couples, who in accordance with our own policies, after ensuring that they
are fully deserved and exactly suitable for this noble cause. Bilquis Edhi,
after completely going through the background of the couples, and
undertaking a rigorous screening process she decides that the couple or
the family is precisely suitable for the baby adoption.
On annual basis, Edhi Foundation is giving over 250 babies or children for
adoption. Till to date, over 23,320 babies and children have been provided
to the childless couples and families.
 Adoption creates a legal parent / child relationship for:
 Children whose birth parents make an adoptive plan
 Children adopted from outside Pakistan
 Children adopted by stepparents

66.  Children who come under guardianship of the country
 Services of the Orphan & those in need of Special Care
A. Services of Orphan
Definition
 A child whose parent ( father ) dead. And only called Orphan till 12
Years. After that he can earn for himself
Children orphaned by AIDS are especially vulnerable to abuse and
exploitation because of stigma and the lack of adult care and support. A
large share of orphaned children is living in households headed by women
and by elderly family members.
Orphaned children face a number of vulnerabilities and risks, such as sexual
exploitation and abuse, hazardous child labor, early sexual debut and
marriage, dispossession of property, poor access to basic services, poor
school attendance and performance and poor emotional and mental health.
The Government, national institutions and civil society are supported by
UNICEF and other partners to increase access to basic services and social
protection for orphaned and other vulnerable children in provinces most
affected by HIV and AIDS.
Building government capacity, mobilizing communities to support orphaned
and vulnerable children and delivery of essential services are the main
strategies used for this objective. Institutional capacity building is a pre-
condition to improving the lives of vulnerable children.
UNICEF’s work is guided by the national Plan of Action for Orphaned and
Vulnerable Children, which outlines the main principles of intervention,

67. targets and priority actions that have been agreed upon by the Government,
civil society, and multi-lateral partners.
B. Services in Need of Special Care
The term, "children with specialhealth care needs," includes those with a
broad range of chronic health conditions, from major physical or
developmental disabilities to oftenless limiting conditions such as attention
deficitdisorderor asthma. One- quarter of children with specialhealth care
needs are, according to parents' report, usually or always affected bytheir
condition, while about one in three (35 percent) are never affectedin their
ability to do things that other children their age do. (Appendix 2) In 2000,
children with specialhealth care needs accounted for 34 percent of all
health care costs among children, more than twice their share of the child
population.
The coordination of care, involving doctors,teachers,and community
resources,can be challenging for parents of children with specialhealth
care needs.The required time commitmentalone is substantial for some
parents. More than one of every five children with specialcare needs (24
percent) has parents who spend at least five hours a week coordinating
care.24 percent of children with specialhealth care needs required at least
one health service they did not receive in 2009-2010.In addition, parents
may have to schedule care at the last minute or miss work to care for their
children. Fifty-one percentof children with specialhealth care needs ages 5
to 17 missed at least four days of schooldue to illness. (Appendix2) More
than one-third of children with special health care needs in 2009-2010had
inadequate insurance, according to parents' responses.In sum, parents
may need help navigating a complexhealth care system.Indeed,more
than one-fifthof parents of children with special health care needs report
receiving help with coordination of care or services.
SpecialCare Nursing Services,has caregivers well trained to help the
individual to continue to enjoy independence at home. Whetherit's
advanced stages of Alzheimer's,a long-term disability or the natural
occurrences of aging, SpecialCare Nursing has caregivers that can
enhance a person's quality of life. To help continue their independenceat
home, the caregiver will assist with daily activities that may include
assisting with shower, dressing,meals, light housekeeping,visiting friends,
going to church or synagogue,or meeting a friend at a senior center,

68. movie, dinner or an Adult Day Care Program. Each referral is handled
personally by a qualified coordinatorthat takes the referral step by step to
ensure that the propercaregiver is assigned.
Book , Page # 202 , 203
 Importance of Health Services in Schools
Why important
To provide emergencycare for illness or injury while at school,to ensure
that all students get appropriate referrals to health care providers,to
monitor for and control the spread of communicable disease,to provide
education and counseling in a variety of health and wellness topics,to
serve as a medical resource in the developmentof policies and procedures
in the school.
Requirements
The state requires local schoolboards to have written policies and
procedures to provide immediate emergency care for students and school
personnel.The local school boards are allowed but not required to appoint
a schoolnurse. A school nurse must be an RN and be licensed in the state
of NH. If no nurse is available, there must be at least one person with
current certification in first aid and CPR.
Schoolmentalhealth services are integralto studentsuccess
Mental health is as important as physical health to children’s quality of life
and directly impacts their learning and development.Children cannot learn
effectivelyif they are struggling with a mental health problem,such as
depression,or feeloverwhelmed by academic,social or family pressures.It
is important to recognize that mental health is not simply the absence of
mental illness; it also means having the skills necessaryto cope with life’s
challenges. Students, families,schools,and society at large benefit when
schools meetthe needs of the whole child by fostering social-emotional
skills and identifying and preventing mental health problems early.

69. Schools are a naturalplace to providementalhealth services
Virtually every community has a schooland most children spend at least
six hours a day there. Schools offeran ideal context for prevention,
intervention, positive development,and regular communication between
schooland families.Parents and children are familiar with the environment
and staff. In fact, students are more likely to seek counseling when services
are available in schools (Slade, 2002).In many states, schools are the
major providers of mental health services to children (Rones & Hoagwood,
2000).In some cases,such as rural areas, schools provide the only mental
health services in the community.
 Child Guidance Clinics
The Child Guidance Clinic provides comprehensive mental health,
educational, developmental, behavioral, and consultative services
The problem child in the early movement was a socialproblem;its
definition signified nonconformityto socially defined norms of behavior. The
clinics were invested with social importance, responsibleforenforcing
norms of behavior and preventing social deviance. By 1930,child guidance
began to help individual children whose problems were seen as important
only to themselves and their families.The focus of problems had changed
from an aggressive,extroverted,misbehaving child, to the internal
psychologicaland emotional states of children. Child psychiatrists,
psychologistsand psychiatric social workers, saw their work as medical;
diagnosing psychologicaldisorders in children.
 PRINCIPLES OF CHILD GUIDANCE TREATMENT
PRINCIPLESOF CHILD GUIDANCE TREATMENT The treatment of the
child is carried out not by one personbut by a team of workers. The team
of staff members is constituted of a psychiatrist, a pediatrician, a PHN, and
educational psychiatric social worker, and playroom workers. The child is
treated as a whole and the personality has many aspects,viz., physical,
intellectual, educational, emotional, social and economic,etc each of these

70. aspects is studied by the respective staff memberwho has specialized in
that particular field.
A child guidance clinic is one of the medico-socialamenities and may be
bestdefined as a centre for the organized and scientific study and
treatment of maladjustment in children
Whenevera child is referred to the Clinic, he usually always comes with
other associated problemsalso. There are three cardinaldifferentiating
points between adultand child psychiatry :
 The enormous influence of environment (particularly the immediate
environment) on the child’s mental processes.Immediate
environment includes parents, brothers, sisters, teachers and
companions.
 In children, problems are caused by environment as opposed to the
adults’. It is oftendue to direct frustration.
 Simple adjustments in environment cure the disorder.
The egoistic tendencies
The child has egoistic tendencies:a desire for praise and affection,self-
assertion, self-display,rivalry, and jealousy which are more evident in
children with behavior problems.
 The treatment of the child is carried out not by one person but by a
team of workers. The team of staff members is constituted of a
psychiatrist, a pediatrician, a PHN, and educational psychiatric social
worker, and playroom workers.
 The child is treated as a whole and the personality has many aspects,
viz., physical, intellectual, educational, emotional, social and
economic,etc each of these aspects is studied by the respective staff
memberwho has specialized in that particular field.
The TREATMENT can be divided broadly as:
 Treatment of the child himself.
 Treatment of any physical illness if it is present.
 Psychotherapy which includes :
 Suggestionand Persuasion.
 Hypnosis

71.  Re-education
 Psychoanalysis
 Play therapy and other forms of expressive therapies
 Change of environment as treatment :
 Fosterhome placement.
 Institutional placement.
Book , Page # 203
Agencies & the Roll of Social Work
 Knowledge of the functioning & Structures of all Major Agencies in
the field of Child Welfare in Pakistan both Government & Voluntary
Organization & the Roll of Social Workerin the Welfare Services for
Children
Knowledge of the functioning & Structures of all Major Agencies in
the field of Child Welfare in Pakistan both Government& Voluntary
Organization
Reed From Book, Page # 206 to 209
Also Read Full chapter 200 to 230
Roll of SocialWorker in the Welfare Services for Children
Child welfare is considereda specialarea of practice within the
professionof social work, and the principles and values of the social work
professiongenerally fit with policies that guide modern child welfare
organizations.
The mandate of child welfare agencies is to work with the community to
identify children who are in need of protectionand to decide how bestto
help and protectthose children. A fundamental belief is that government

72. interference in family life should be as minimal as possible,exceptwhen
parental care is below the community standard and places a child at risk of
harm. The major guiding principle is always to act in the best interests of
the child.
Social workers in child welfare agencies are involved with the planning and
delivery of a variety of services for children and families, such as family
support, residential care, advocacy, and adoptions and fostercare
programs,as well as child protection.The social worker’s task is to
understand a
variety of factors related to the child, the family, and the community and to
balance the child’s safety and well-being with the rights and needs of a
family that may be in need of help. The professionalsocial work judgment
involved in these decisions serves children and families well in the great
majority of situations, a fact often lost when a case decisionbecomesthe
objectof intense public and legal scrutiny. As in other professionalwork, it
is difficultnever to make a mistake, and most decisions about complex
matters involve risks as well as benefits.
The typical referral to a child welfare agency involves a child who is the
victim of neglect,not of physical or sexual abuse. Very few children who
are
known to child welfare agencies are removed from their homes.Social
workers in child welfare believe that most children are better served within
their own homes,with resources being used to shore up and strengthen
families, and removing children from their homes is a measure of last
resort.
Social work in child welfare settings is frequently stressful.Caseloads are
often large and there are chronic shortages of needed resources,both
within the child welfare system itself and in community agencies that
supportit. Sometimes socialworkers experience differencesbetweenthe
demands of the workplace and their own allegiance to the ethics of the
social work profession,largely because the systems that employ them are
driven by political and budgetary agendas. Nevertheless,there are many
thousands of skilled and ethical professionalsocial workers work in child
welfare agencies and whose efforts have made positive differences inthe
lives of countless vulnerable children and families.