Chest x-ray findings can help diagnose various cardiac conditions. Right atrial enlargement is seen as an elongated, convex right cardiac border forming over 50% of the total border. Left atrial enlargement causes dilation of the left atrial appendage and elevation of the left mainstem bronchus. Left ventricular enlargement appears as an elongated, convex left cardiac border dipping into the diaphragm. Right ventricular enlargement causes the heart silhouette to appear boot-shaped. Pericardial effusion results in a globular heart shape with no chamber enlargement. Pulmonary vascular markings may be prominently seen in conditions involving increased pulmonary blood flow such as shunts.
This document provides guidance on interpreting a cardiac x-ray. It defines key terms like rotation, inspiration, projection and exposure used in a CXR. It describes how to evaluate lung volume based on visible ribs and identifies signs of right/left ventricular enlargement like convex cardiac borders. Specific findings are outlined like enlarged pulmonary arteries, abnormal vessel patterns and cardiomegaly. Measurement techniques like Rigler's ratio and Eyeler's ratio to quantify left ventricular size are also summarized. Overall, the document is a comprehensive guide to reading a CXR and identifying normal and abnormal cardiac features.
This presentation is almost a complete Pictoral view of Radiograph chest.
This presentation will help radiologist in daily reporting.
This presentation will help physicians, surgeons, anesthetist and almost all medical professionals in diagnosing commonly presenting cardiac diseases.
This will also help all in preparaing TOACS examination.
This document provides an overview of cardiac x-ray interpretation. It begins with the basics of a chest x-ray including technical factors like rotation, inspiration, projection and exposure. It then discusses the structures seen on anterior and lateral views and how to evaluate things like chamber enlargement, pulmonary circulation, congenital heart disease, pericardial disease and other pathologies. Evaluation techniques like measuring the cardiothoracic ratio, Rigler's measurement and Eyeler's ratio to assess for chamber enlargement are covered. The document provides a systematic approach to cardiac x-ray interpretation.
This document discusses how chest x-rays can be used to diagnose various cardiac conditions. It covers normal chest x-ray anatomy and measurements like the cardiothoracic ratio. It describes how the positioning of the patient and technical factors like exposure impact the image. Enlargement of the individual heart chambers is defined. Specific signs of conditions like cardiomegaly, pericardial effusion, and right or left ventricular enlargement are provided. The document provides a comprehensive guide to interpreting chest x-rays in the diagnosis of cardiac abnormalities.
This document provides guidance on systematically interpreting pediatric chest x-rays. It discusses evaluating rotation, inspiration, image quality and exposure. It describes analyzing the cardiac silhouette, lungs, diaphragm and hidden areas. Common abnormalities like consolidation, atelectasis, effusion and pneumothorax are presented. Interpreting neonatal chest x-rays involves assessing lung volumes, air bronchograms and complications of prematurity. The document emphasizes using anatomical landmarks and silhouette signs to detect subtle findings and avoid overlooking areas. It aims to equip readers with a standardized approach for accurate chest x-ray interpretation in pediatrics.
This document discusses evaluating the cardiovascular system on chest x-rays. It describes the normal appearance and positioning of the heart and major vessels. It then discusses how various cardiovascular abnormalities may appear on chest x-rays, including enlargement of the different cardiac chambers and changes in the pulmonary vasculature seen in conditions like pulmonary edema. It also covers evaluating implanted devices, postoperative changes, and pericardial effusions. The key information is evaluating the size and positioning of the heart and vessels and knowing how different cardiovascular diseases may cause identifiable changes visible on chest x-rays.
This document provides guidance on properly conducting and interpreting chest x-rays for cardiovascular diseases. It outlines how to ensure ideal exposure, centering and labeling of x-rays. It describes how to evaluate lung fields, the cardiovascular silhouette and other structures. Specific abnormalities are also discussed like pulmonary edema, pulmonary hypertension and various congenital heart diseases. Proper technique is emphasized to obtain diagnostic quality images for cardiovascular assessment.
The document describes the anatomy and function of the heart. It discusses the four chambers of the heart, including the right and left atria separated by the interatrial septum and the right and left ventricles separated by the interventricular septum. It also describes the four heart valves - the mitral and tricuspid valves between the atria and ventricles, and the aortic and pulmonary valves at the exits of the ventricles.
This document provides guidance on interpreting a cardiac x-ray. It defines key terms like rotation, inspiration, projection and exposure used in a CXR. It describes how to evaluate lung volume based on visible ribs and identifies signs of right/left ventricular enlargement like convex cardiac borders. Specific findings are outlined like enlarged pulmonary arteries, abnormal vessel patterns and cardiomegaly. Measurement techniques like Rigler's ratio and Eyeler's ratio to quantify left ventricular size are also summarized. Overall, the document is a comprehensive guide to reading a CXR and identifying normal and abnormal cardiac features.
This presentation is almost a complete Pictoral view of Radiograph chest.
This presentation will help radiologist in daily reporting.
This presentation will help physicians, surgeons, anesthetist and almost all medical professionals in diagnosing commonly presenting cardiac diseases.
This will also help all in preparaing TOACS examination.
This document provides an overview of cardiac x-ray interpretation. It begins with the basics of a chest x-ray including technical factors like rotation, inspiration, projection and exposure. It then discusses the structures seen on anterior and lateral views and how to evaluate things like chamber enlargement, pulmonary circulation, congenital heart disease, pericardial disease and other pathologies. Evaluation techniques like measuring the cardiothoracic ratio, Rigler's measurement and Eyeler's ratio to assess for chamber enlargement are covered. The document provides a systematic approach to cardiac x-ray interpretation.
This document discusses how chest x-rays can be used to diagnose various cardiac conditions. It covers normal chest x-ray anatomy and measurements like the cardiothoracic ratio. It describes how the positioning of the patient and technical factors like exposure impact the image. Enlargement of the individual heart chambers is defined. Specific signs of conditions like cardiomegaly, pericardial effusion, and right or left ventricular enlargement are provided. The document provides a comprehensive guide to interpreting chest x-rays in the diagnosis of cardiac abnormalities.
This document provides guidance on systematically interpreting pediatric chest x-rays. It discusses evaluating rotation, inspiration, image quality and exposure. It describes analyzing the cardiac silhouette, lungs, diaphragm and hidden areas. Common abnormalities like consolidation, atelectasis, effusion and pneumothorax are presented. Interpreting neonatal chest x-rays involves assessing lung volumes, air bronchograms and complications of prematurity. The document emphasizes using anatomical landmarks and silhouette signs to detect subtle findings and avoid overlooking areas. It aims to equip readers with a standardized approach for accurate chest x-ray interpretation in pediatrics.
This document discusses evaluating the cardiovascular system on chest x-rays. It describes the normal appearance and positioning of the heart and major vessels. It then discusses how various cardiovascular abnormalities may appear on chest x-rays, including enlargement of the different cardiac chambers and changes in the pulmonary vasculature seen in conditions like pulmonary edema. It also covers evaluating implanted devices, postoperative changes, and pericardial effusions. The key information is evaluating the size and positioning of the heart and vessels and knowing how different cardiovascular diseases may cause identifiable changes visible on chest x-rays.
This document provides guidance on properly conducting and interpreting chest x-rays for cardiovascular diseases. It outlines how to ensure ideal exposure, centering and labeling of x-rays. It describes how to evaluate lung fields, the cardiovascular silhouette and other structures. Specific abnormalities are also discussed like pulmonary edema, pulmonary hypertension and various congenital heart diseases. Proper technique is emphasized to obtain diagnostic quality images for cardiovascular assessment.
The document describes the anatomy and function of the heart. It discusses the four chambers of the heart, including the right and left atria separated by the interatrial septum and the right and left ventricles separated by the interventricular septum. It also describes the four heart valves - the mitral and tricuspid valves between the atria and ventricles, and the aortic and pulmonary valves at the exits of the ventricles.
Atrial septal defect (ASD), ventricular septal defect (VSD), patent ductus arteriosus (PDA), and tetralogy of Fallot (TOF) are four common types of congenital heart disease. ASD is a hole in the atrial septum that allows blood to flow from the left to the right atrium. VSD is a hole in the ventricular septum that allows blood to flow between the ventricles. PDA is a persistent opening between the aorta and pulmonary artery that normally closes after birth. TOF involves four abnormalities that reduce pulmonary blood flow.
Cardiopatías congénitas or congenital heart defects occur in 8 out of every 1000 live births. The most common types are ventricular septal defect, atrial septal defect, tetralogy of Fallot, and persistent ductus arteriosus. Evaluation of congenital heart defects using radiological imaging focuses on pulmonary vasculature, cardiac chamber growth, situs, location of the aortic arch, and bone or soft tissue changes. The size and distribution of vessels within the lungs can provide clues about conditions like pulmonary hypertension or increased/decreased blood flow.
The document discusses pericardial effusion, beginning with the anatomy of the pericardium. It then covers causes of pericardial effusion including idiopathic, inflammatory, infectious, post-surgical/trauma, and malignancy. Imaging methods for diagnosing pericardial effusion are described, including echocardiography, CT and MRI. Characteristic signs on different imaging modalities are provided. Management options for pericardial effusion include conservative care for small, asymptomatic effusions, pericardiocentesis for large or symptomatic effusions, and pericardial fenestration for recurrent effusions.
Radiographic Presentation of Congenital Heart DiseaseTarique Ajij
1. The document discusses the radiographic presentation of various congenital heart diseases including atrial septal defects, ventricular septal defects, patent ductus arteriosus, atrioventricular septal defects, pulmonic stenosis, aortic stenosis, coarctation of the aorta, tetralogy of Fallot, Ebstein's anomaly, transposition of the great arteries, truncus arteriosus, and total anomalous pulmonary venous connection.
2. Key findings on chest x-rays are described such as enlargement of specific heart chambers, changes in pulmonary vascularity, positioning of the great vessels, and rib notching.
3. Diagnosis is made through precordial examination, echocard
1. An atrial septal defect is an opening in the septum between the left and right atria, allowing blood to shunt from the left to the right side of the heart.
2. It is one of the most common congenital heart defects found in adults.
3. Symptoms range from none in small defects to fatigue and shortness of breath from right heart strain in large defects that cause significant shunting of blood from the left to the right atrium.
This document provides an overview of tricuspid and pulmonary valve diseases. It discusses the anatomy of the right atrium, right ventricle, and tricuspid valve. It then covers tricuspid stenosis, including causes, chest X-ray findings, echocardiography findings, and severity assessment. Tricuspid regurgitation is also discussed, including causes, chest X-ray findings, and echocardiography findings. MRI and CT imaging of tricuspid valve disease is briefly mentioned. The document concludes by stating that Ebstein anomaly is a myopathy.
- Chest radiography is useful for assessing pulmonary edema, infiltrates, effusions, pneumothorax, and positioning of lines and tubes in intensive care patients. Common findings include air bronchograms, hilar enlargement, Kerley lines, and increased vascular pedicle width.
- Pneumomediastinum is suggested by findings like the continuous diaphragm sign, Naclerio's V sign, and double bronchial wall sign. A pneumothorax may be occult or demonstrated by a pleural line with absent lung markings.
- Proper positioning of central lines is important but can be challenging due to anatomical variability. The tip should lie in the SVC above the pericardial
The document describes various congenital heart defects categorized into 5 groups based on their appearance on chest x-ray. Group I lesions show increased pulmonary blood flow without cyanosis. Group II lesions cause cyanosis with decreased lung vascularity and normal heart size. Group III lesions also cause cyanosis but with decreased lung vascularity and enlarged heart. Group IV lesions have increased pulmonary blood flow causing cyanosis. Group V shows signs of pulmonary venous congestion. Specific defects are described within each group along with their characteristic chest x-ray findings.
This document summarizes the key radiological features for diagnosing pulmonary hypertension across various imaging modalities. It discusses the signs seen on chest x-rays, computed tomography scans, echocardiograms, angiograms, and magnetic resonance imaging. For each test, the document outlines the advantages and any findings indicative of pulmonary hypertension, such as enlarged pulmonary arteries or signs of right ventricular strain. It concludes that the main modalities are chest x-rays, CT, echocardiography, MRI and angiography, and each has their own benefits and limitations for evaluating pulmonary hypertension.
This document discusses pulmonary thromboembolism (PE), including:
- The anatomy of the pulmonary vasculature and definitions of acute PE.
- Risk factors for PE include inherited or acquired hypercoagulability states.
- Presentation is often nonspecific but may include dyspnea, chest pain, or syncope. Diagnosis is made using D-dimer, CTA, or V/Q scan.
- CTA directly visualizes intraluminal thrombi and allows assessment of right heart strain. Chronic thromboembolism involves organized thrombi causing pulmonary hypertension.
The document discusses surgical management of pulmonary stenosis, a congenital heart defect where the pulmonary valve is narrowed. It describes the embryology, causes, symptoms, diagnostic tests including echocardiogram and catheterization, and treatments including balloon valvuloplasty to widen the valve. Balloon valvuloplasty is the recommended treatment for symptomatic patients and helps avoid the need for open heart surgery.
This document provides information on evaluating the cardiovascular system using chest X-rays. It discusses:
1) Technical factors like milliamperage, kilovoltage and exposure duration that determine chest X-ray quality as well as patient factors like body habitus and breathing ability.
2) The limitations of portable chest X-rays including poorer resolution, accuracy and increased radiation dose compared to standard X-rays.
3) How to analyze a normal chest X-ray by first assessing anatomy, then physiology and pathology. Key anatomical structures like the heart size and position are outlined.
4) Factors that can influence the appearance of structures on chest X-rays like age, obesity and lung disease. System
This document provides information on evaluating the cardiovascular system using chest X-rays. It begins with an introduction and then discusses technical factors that can affect chest X-rays. It describes the appearance of normal chest X-rays, including the heart, lungs, vessels and other structures. It then reviews how to evaluate chest X-rays for heart disease, including assessing chamber sizes, vascular patterns and signs of conditions like edema or enlargement of specific chambers. Throughout it includes images to illustrate key points.
This document provides an overview of how to interpret chest x-rays. It discusses the relative densities of different tissues seen on chest x-rays. It then describes the general principles and systematic approach for analyzing chest x-rays, including assessing patient details, x-ray views, inspiration vs expiration, exposure, rotation and angulation. It provides details on common chest x-ray views and anatomical landmarks. It then outlines an ABCDEFGH approach for analyzing different areas of the chest x-ray, including the airways, bones, cardiac shadow, diaphragm, effusions, lung fields, gastric bubble and hila/mediastinum. It describes how to evaluate for various common lung abnormalities.
Valvular heart disease affects the mitral, aortic, tricuspid, and pulmonary valves. Imaging plays an important role in assessing valve stenosis and regurgitation, effects on ventricular function, and associated pulmonary pathologies. Echocardiography is the main imaging modality and can evaluate valve structure and function, ventricular size, and pressures. Chest x-ray is also useful and can show valve calcification and chamber enlargement. Imaging is used to assess disease severity and guide management.
This document presents the case of a 22-year-old male who presented with symptoms of easy fatigability, abdominal discomfort, lower extremity edema, and breathlessness on exertion. Physical examination revealed cachexia, elevated jugular venous pressure, pitting edema, hepatomegaly, and elevated heart rate and respiratory rate. Initial testing suggested right heart failure and differentials included constrictive pericarditis, restrictive cardiomyopathy, and dilated cardiomyopathy. Further testing including echocardiogram, cardiac catheterization, and CT scan established a diagnosis of constrictive pericarditis based on findings of pericardial thickening and equalization of diastolic pressures between the right and left ventricles
This document provides guidance on evaluating chest x-rays for congenital heart disease. It outlines key aspects to examine such as cardiac size and position, pulmonary vasculature, and abnormalities in specific heart structures. Common errors made in interpretation are also discussed, such as misdiagnosing over- or under-penetration of images. Example x-rays of various congenital heart conditions are provided to demonstrate typical features, including tetralogy of Fallot, transposition of the great vessels, and total anomalous pulmonary venous return.
A 22-year-old male presented with complaints of easy fatigability, abdominal discomfort, leg swelling, and shortness of breath with exertion over the past 6-8 months. Examination found edema, elevated jugular venous pressure, hepatomegaly, and cachexia. Testing showed elevated liver enzymes and BNP. Echocardiogram demonstrated thickened pericardium with ventricular interdependence and equal diastolic pressures, consistent with constrictive pericarditis. The patient was diagnosed with constrictive pericarditis likely due to a prior unknown infection or inflammatory process causing thickening and scarring of the pericardium.
Executive Directors Chat Leveraging AI for Diversity, Equity, and InclusionTechSoup
Let’s explore the intersection of technology and equity in the final session of our DEI series. Discover how AI tools, like ChatGPT, can be used to support and enhance your nonprofit's DEI initiatives. Participants will gain insights into practical AI applications and get tips for leveraging technology to advance their DEI goals.
Atrial septal defect (ASD), ventricular septal defect (VSD), patent ductus arteriosus (PDA), and tetralogy of Fallot (TOF) are four common types of congenital heart disease. ASD is a hole in the atrial septum that allows blood to flow from the left to the right atrium. VSD is a hole in the ventricular septum that allows blood to flow between the ventricles. PDA is a persistent opening between the aorta and pulmonary artery that normally closes after birth. TOF involves four abnormalities that reduce pulmonary blood flow.
Cardiopatías congénitas or congenital heart defects occur in 8 out of every 1000 live births. The most common types are ventricular septal defect, atrial septal defect, tetralogy of Fallot, and persistent ductus arteriosus. Evaluation of congenital heart defects using radiological imaging focuses on pulmonary vasculature, cardiac chamber growth, situs, location of the aortic arch, and bone or soft tissue changes. The size and distribution of vessels within the lungs can provide clues about conditions like pulmonary hypertension or increased/decreased blood flow.
The document discusses pericardial effusion, beginning with the anatomy of the pericardium. It then covers causes of pericardial effusion including idiopathic, inflammatory, infectious, post-surgical/trauma, and malignancy. Imaging methods for diagnosing pericardial effusion are described, including echocardiography, CT and MRI. Characteristic signs on different imaging modalities are provided. Management options for pericardial effusion include conservative care for small, asymptomatic effusions, pericardiocentesis for large or symptomatic effusions, and pericardial fenestration for recurrent effusions.
Radiographic Presentation of Congenital Heart DiseaseTarique Ajij
1. The document discusses the radiographic presentation of various congenital heart diseases including atrial septal defects, ventricular septal defects, patent ductus arteriosus, atrioventricular septal defects, pulmonic stenosis, aortic stenosis, coarctation of the aorta, tetralogy of Fallot, Ebstein's anomaly, transposition of the great arteries, truncus arteriosus, and total anomalous pulmonary venous connection.
2. Key findings on chest x-rays are described such as enlargement of specific heart chambers, changes in pulmonary vascularity, positioning of the great vessels, and rib notching.
3. Diagnosis is made through precordial examination, echocard
1. An atrial septal defect is an opening in the septum between the left and right atria, allowing blood to shunt from the left to the right side of the heart.
2. It is one of the most common congenital heart defects found in adults.
3. Symptoms range from none in small defects to fatigue and shortness of breath from right heart strain in large defects that cause significant shunting of blood from the left to the right atrium.
This document provides an overview of tricuspid and pulmonary valve diseases. It discusses the anatomy of the right atrium, right ventricle, and tricuspid valve. It then covers tricuspid stenosis, including causes, chest X-ray findings, echocardiography findings, and severity assessment. Tricuspid regurgitation is also discussed, including causes, chest X-ray findings, and echocardiography findings. MRI and CT imaging of tricuspid valve disease is briefly mentioned. The document concludes by stating that Ebstein anomaly is a myopathy.
- Chest radiography is useful for assessing pulmonary edema, infiltrates, effusions, pneumothorax, and positioning of lines and tubes in intensive care patients. Common findings include air bronchograms, hilar enlargement, Kerley lines, and increased vascular pedicle width.
- Pneumomediastinum is suggested by findings like the continuous diaphragm sign, Naclerio's V sign, and double bronchial wall sign. A pneumothorax may be occult or demonstrated by a pleural line with absent lung markings.
- Proper positioning of central lines is important but can be challenging due to anatomical variability. The tip should lie in the SVC above the pericardial
The document describes various congenital heart defects categorized into 5 groups based on their appearance on chest x-ray. Group I lesions show increased pulmonary blood flow without cyanosis. Group II lesions cause cyanosis with decreased lung vascularity and normal heart size. Group III lesions also cause cyanosis but with decreased lung vascularity and enlarged heart. Group IV lesions have increased pulmonary blood flow causing cyanosis. Group V shows signs of pulmonary venous congestion. Specific defects are described within each group along with their characteristic chest x-ray findings.
This document summarizes the key radiological features for diagnosing pulmonary hypertension across various imaging modalities. It discusses the signs seen on chest x-rays, computed tomography scans, echocardiograms, angiograms, and magnetic resonance imaging. For each test, the document outlines the advantages and any findings indicative of pulmonary hypertension, such as enlarged pulmonary arteries or signs of right ventricular strain. It concludes that the main modalities are chest x-rays, CT, echocardiography, MRI and angiography, and each has their own benefits and limitations for evaluating pulmonary hypertension.
This document discusses pulmonary thromboembolism (PE), including:
- The anatomy of the pulmonary vasculature and definitions of acute PE.
- Risk factors for PE include inherited or acquired hypercoagulability states.
- Presentation is often nonspecific but may include dyspnea, chest pain, or syncope. Diagnosis is made using D-dimer, CTA, or V/Q scan.
- CTA directly visualizes intraluminal thrombi and allows assessment of right heart strain. Chronic thromboembolism involves organized thrombi causing pulmonary hypertension.
The document discusses surgical management of pulmonary stenosis, a congenital heart defect where the pulmonary valve is narrowed. It describes the embryology, causes, symptoms, diagnostic tests including echocardiogram and catheterization, and treatments including balloon valvuloplasty to widen the valve. Balloon valvuloplasty is the recommended treatment for symptomatic patients and helps avoid the need for open heart surgery.
This document provides information on evaluating the cardiovascular system using chest X-rays. It discusses:
1) Technical factors like milliamperage, kilovoltage and exposure duration that determine chest X-ray quality as well as patient factors like body habitus and breathing ability.
2) The limitations of portable chest X-rays including poorer resolution, accuracy and increased radiation dose compared to standard X-rays.
3) How to analyze a normal chest X-ray by first assessing anatomy, then physiology and pathology. Key anatomical structures like the heart size and position are outlined.
4) Factors that can influence the appearance of structures on chest X-rays like age, obesity and lung disease. System
This document provides information on evaluating the cardiovascular system using chest X-rays. It begins with an introduction and then discusses technical factors that can affect chest X-rays. It describes the appearance of normal chest X-rays, including the heart, lungs, vessels and other structures. It then reviews how to evaluate chest X-rays for heart disease, including assessing chamber sizes, vascular patterns and signs of conditions like edema or enlargement of specific chambers. Throughout it includes images to illustrate key points.
This document provides an overview of how to interpret chest x-rays. It discusses the relative densities of different tissues seen on chest x-rays. It then describes the general principles and systematic approach for analyzing chest x-rays, including assessing patient details, x-ray views, inspiration vs expiration, exposure, rotation and angulation. It provides details on common chest x-ray views and anatomical landmarks. It then outlines an ABCDEFGH approach for analyzing different areas of the chest x-ray, including the airways, bones, cardiac shadow, diaphragm, effusions, lung fields, gastric bubble and hila/mediastinum. It describes how to evaluate for various common lung abnormalities.
Valvular heart disease affects the mitral, aortic, tricuspid, and pulmonary valves. Imaging plays an important role in assessing valve stenosis and regurgitation, effects on ventricular function, and associated pulmonary pathologies. Echocardiography is the main imaging modality and can evaluate valve structure and function, ventricular size, and pressures. Chest x-ray is also useful and can show valve calcification and chamber enlargement. Imaging is used to assess disease severity and guide management.
This document presents the case of a 22-year-old male who presented with symptoms of easy fatigability, abdominal discomfort, lower extremity edema, and breathlessness on exertion. Physical examination revealed cachexia, elevated jugular venous pressure, pitting edema, hepatomegaly, and elevated heart rate and respiratory rate. Initial testing suggested right heart failure and differentials included constrictive pericarditis, restrictive cardiomyopathy, and dilated cardiomyopathy. Further testing including echocardiogram, cardiac catheterization, and CT scan established a diagnosis of constrictive pericarditis based on findings of pericardial thickening and equalization of diastolic pressures between the right and left ventricles
This document provides guidance on evaluating chest x-rays for congenital heart disease. It outlines key aspects to examine such as cardiac size and position, pulmonary vasculature, and abnormalities in specific heart structures. Common errors made in interpretation are also discussed, such as misdiagnosing over- or under-penetration of images. Example x-rays of various congenital heart conditions are provided to demonstrate typical features, including tetralogy of Fallot, transposition of the great vessels, and total anomalous pulmonary venous return.
A 22-year-old male presented with complaints of easy fatigability, abdominal discomfort, leg swelling, and shortness of breath with exertion over the past 6-8 months. Examination found edema, elevated jugular venous pressure, hepatomegaly, and cachexia. Testing showed elevated liver enzymes and BNP. Echocardiogram demonstrated thickened pericardium with ventricular interdependence and equal diastolic pressures, consistent with constrictive pericarditis. The patient was diagnosed with constrictive pericarditis likely due to a prior unknown infection or inflammatory process causing thickening and scarring of the pericardium.
Similar to Chest x ray in relation to cardiovascular evaluataion.pptx (20)
Executive Directors Chat Leveraging AI for Diversity, Equity, and InclusionTechSoup
Let’s explore the intersection of technology and equity in the final session of our DEI series. Discover how AI tools, like ChatGPT, can be used to support and enhance your nonprofit's DEI initiatives. Participants will gain insights into practical AI applications and get tips for leveraging technology to advance their DEI goals.
This presentation was provided by Steph Pollock of The American Psychological Association’s Journals Program, and Damita Snow, of The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), for the initial session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session One: 'Setting Expectations: a DEIA Primer,' was held June 6, 2024.
it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
Walmart Business+ and Spark Good for Nonprofits.pdfTechSoup
"Learn about all the ways Walmart supports nonprofit organizations.
You will hear from Liz Willett, the Head of Nonprofits, and hear about what Walmart is doing to help nonprofits, including Walmart Business and Spark Good. Walmart Business+ is a new offer for nonprofits that offers discounts and also streamlines nonprofits order and expense tracking, saving time and money.
The webinar may also give some examples on how nonprofits can best leverage Walmart Business+.
The event will cover the following::
Walmart Business + (https://business.walmart.com/plus) is a new shopping experience for nonprofits, schools, and local business customers that connects an exclusive online shopping experience to stores. Benefits include free delivery and shipping, a 'Spend Analytics” feature, special discounts, deals and tax-exempt shopping.
Special TechSoup offer for a free 180 days membership, and up to $150 in discounts on eligible orders.
Spark Good (walmart.com/sparkgood) is a charitable platform that enables nonprofits to receive donations directly from customers and associates.
Answers about how you can do more with Walmart!"
How to Manage Your Lost Opportunities in Odoo 17 CRMCeline George
Odoo 17 CRM allows us to track why we lose sales opportunities with "Lost Reasons." This helps analyze our sales process and identify areas for improvement. Here's how to configure lost reasons in Odoo 17 CRM
A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
The simplified electron and muon model, Oscillating Spacetime: The Foundation...RitikBhardwaj56
Discover the Simplified Electron and Muon Model: A New Wave-Based Approach to Understanding Particles delves into a groundbreaking theory that presents electrons and muons as rotating soliton waves within oscillating spacetime. Geared towards students, researchers, and science buffs, this book breaks down complex ideas into simple explanations. It covers topics such as electron waves, temporal dynamics, and the implications of this model on particle physics. With clear illustrations and easy-to-follow explanations, readers will gain a new outlook on the universe's fundamental nature.
Pengantar Penggunaan Flutter - Dart programming language1.pptx
Chest x ray in relation to cardiovascular evaluataion.pptx
1. Chest x ray
Chest x ray in Heart and vessels
conditions
Dr ananya Goswami
2.
3.
4.
5.
6. CT RATIO
• Ratio Of The Transverse Cardiac
Diameter (TCD) To The Maximal Internal
Diameter Of The Thorax At The Level Of
The Diaphragm On An Upright PA film
7. CT RATIO
• Normal CTR: 33-50%.
• Trans thoracic diameter is measured by
a line drawing across the thoracic cage
at level of inner border of 9 rib.
13. RIGHT ATRIAL ENLARGEMENT
• Right border more convex and
elongated and forms > 50% of right
cardiac border
• Mid vertical line to maximum
convexity in right border is >5 cm in
adults and> 4 cm in children
. Right cardiac border > 2.5
cm from the lateral aspect
of the thoracic vertebra.
• Right border of heart >3.5cm from
sternal right border
• Right atrial border extends beyond 3
ICS
• Dilatation of SVC & IVC that causes
widening of the right superior
mediastinum
14. LAO view-best view to visualise RAE.
upper half of anterior cardiac border is RA
and lower half isRV
When RA enlarges the upper anterior
cardiac border becomes squared giving a
box like appearance.
CHEST X RAY IN DIAGNOSIS OF CARDIAC CONDITIONS
16. LEFT ATRIAL ENLARGEMENT
dilation of the left atrial appendage- focal
convexity where there is normally a concavity
between LPA and left border of LV
elevates the left main stem bronchus-widens
the angle of the carina, normal being 45- 75
degrees . (splaying of the carina)
marked LA enlargement- double density
(Shadow within shadow)
lateral film= focal, posteriorly directed bulge;
posterior and upward displacement of the left
main stem bronchus
17.
18.
19.
20. LEFT ATRIAL
ENLARGEMENT
Displacement of thoracic aorta to left
Straightening of left heartborder
Distance from right border of LA to left
bronchus >7 cm
Grading of LAE
I=Right border of LA is withinRHB
II=Right border of LA matches with RHB
Right border of LA is right to RHB
21. CHEST X RAY IN DIAGNOSIS OF CARDIA C CONDITIONS
22.
23. LEFT VENTRICULAR
ENLARGEMENT
PAVIEW:
◦ Left cardiac border gets elongated and becomes
convex resulting in cardiomegaly.
◦ Obtuse cardiophrenic angle
◦ Left cardiac border dips into left dome of diaphragm.
◦ Rounded apical segment: duck back appearance
◦ gastric air bubble is displaced inferiorly (PAview) and
anteroinferiorly (lateral view) .
◦ LV aneurysm - localized cardiac bulge in left cardiac
border.
LATERAL VIEW:
◦ Riglers measurement >17mm
◦ Eyelers ratio >0.42
◦ Obliteration of retrocardiacspace
24. CHEST X RAY IN DIAGNOSIS OF CARDIAC CONDITIONS
HOFFMAN RIGLERS
SIGN
25. HOFFMAN
RIGLERS SIGN
• On a lateral chest radiograph, if the distance
between LVborder and the posterior border of IVC
exceeds 1.8 cm, at a level 2 cm above the
intersection of diaphragm and IVC, LVenlargement is
suggested
26. EYELERS
RATIO
Valid when IVC
shadow is absent on
lateral view.
Mar k point of junction
where posteroinferior
cardiac border meets
dome as B.
From B draw a
horizontal line to
posterior border of
sternum AB
From B draw another
line to inner border of
rib BC
Ratio of AB/BC i
s
EYELERS RATIO.
I t is 0.42 or less.
27.
28.
29. LV aneurysms, result in a localized bulge that projects
beyond the normal ventricular contour or an
angulation of LVcontour
30. RIGHT VENTIRCULAR
ENLARGEMENT
As RV dilates, it expands superiorly, laterally and
posteriorly
classic signs of RV enlargement are a boot-shaped
heart
In adults it is rare for RV to dilate without LV dilation
seen as an isolated finding in CHD, typically TOF
PAVIEW: cardiac apex moves posteriorly
RV forms left cardiac border resulting in rounded and
elevated apex.
LATERAL VIEW:
Obliteration of retrosternal space. contact of anterior
cardiac border greater than 1/3 of the sternallength
Riglers ratio A <17mm
Eyelers ratio:<0.42
Isolated RV enlargement is unusual;More typically, there is
assoC
c
HE
ia
ST
t
X
e
RA
d
Y IN
p
D
r
IA
o
GN
m
OSI
i
S
n
OF
e
C
n
AR
c
DIA
e
C C
o
O
f
NDI
R
TIO
A
NS
and PT
31. MCC of increased retrosternal soft tissue -
previous median sternotomy.
37.
Narrow vascular pedicle
Cardiomegaly directly proportional to severity of pericardial
effusion
rounded, globular appearance with no particular chamber
enlargement
Cardiophrenic angle become more and more acute
Oligaemia
Marked change in cardiac silhouette in decubitus posture
‘Epicardial fat pad sign’- anterior pericardial strip bordered by
epicardial fat post. and mediastinal fat ant.>2mm
CHEST X RAY IN DIAGNOSIS OF CARDIAC CONDITIONS
40. LEFT MEDIASTINAL
OUTLINE
bulge just above the cardiophrenic
angle- MI or ventricular aneurysm.
Bulge at the cardiophrenic angle
pericardial cysts
prominent fat pads
adenopathy.
41. LEFT MEDIASTINAL OUTLINE
AORTIC KNOB:
prominent knob -ectasia, aneurysm or
hypertension.
Notching or ‘figure of 3” sign-coarctation.
42. CHEST X RAY IN DIAGNOSIS OF CARDIAC CONDITIONS
LEFT AORTIC ARCH
RIGHT AORTIC ARCH
53. PULMONARY
VASCULATURE
patient standing erect
Vessels supplying the upper lungs are one third to
one quarter the size of those in the lower
lungs
Vessels are smaller and fewer in upper lungs
increasing gradient of perfusion per unit volume of lung
tissue from apex to base
Patient supine
flow per unit volume of lung becomes equal between
apex and base
vessel sizes and numbers tend to equalize
54.
central main right and left pulmonary
arteries are usually not individually
identifiable, because they lie within the
mediastinum
normally become too small to be seen
near the pleura
55. 1. major arteries –central
2. clearly distinguishable
midsized pulmonary
arteries (third or fourth
order branches) -middle
zone
3. small arteries and
arterioles -normally below
the limit of resolution -in
the outer zone.
56.
57. REDISTRIBUTION
OF FLOW
placing the patient supine
Failure to expose the film at full inspiration
pulmonary venous hypertension, pulmonary
arterial hypertension increased RV cardiac
output
pulmonary parenchymal destruction
58.
59.
60.
61.
uniformly distributed vascular markings with absence of the normal lower
lobe vascular predominance
Increased RDPA size (> 16 mm in male and >14 mm in female)
PAbranch that is larger than its accompanying bronchus (best noted
in the right parahilar area )
Prominent MPA and proximal PA
Presence of pulmonary arterial vascular markings in lateral one third
of lungfields
Dipping below diaphragm
End on view of PAs-3(unilateral)-5(bilateral)
If the ratio of RDPA to trachea is more than 1 in a child < 12 years
Hilar Haze in lateral film
Artery to vein ratio > 1.3:1 in upper lobe
62.
Prominent vascularity -only if Qp-to-Qs ratio is
>1.5:1
overt cardiac enlargement implies a shunt
>2. 5: 1.
unilateral plethora –BT shunt and in
unilateral MAPCA
Asymmetry in lung vascularity
1) Glenn surgery
2) PAbranch stenosis
3) absent RPA or LPA
64. PULMONARY VENOUS
HYPERTENSION
prominent upper lung vessels, both arteries
and veins.
As pulmonary venous hypertension increases to
25 mm Hg, there is increased transudation of
plasma
It results in the radiographic appearance o
f
septal lines (Kerley lines), which are due to
fluid within the interlobular septa.
classic alveolar edema -pressure > 30 mm Hg.
CHEST X RAY IN DIAGNOSIS
OF CARDIAC CONDITIONS
65. PULMONARY VENOUS HYPERTENSION LARRY
ELLIOTS CLASSIFICATION
X RAY FINDINGS PCWP
NORMA
L
vascular pattern is
normal
<8 mm-10
Hg,
STAGE
1
CEPHALISATION (Deer Antler
sign)
10-12MM
HG
STAGE
2
INTERSTITIAL EDEMA
(PERIVASCULAR PERIBROCHIAL
AND SUBPLEURAL
EFFUSION),KERLEY LINES
12 to 18 mm
Hg
STAGE
3
INTRA ALVEOLAR EDEMA BILATERAL
PATCHY
COTTON WOOL OPACITIES -Perihilar “bat
wing” appearance
1.Diagnostic phage lag :12
hours 2.Therapeutic phase
lag-2 days
>18 to 20 mm
Hg
66. CHEST X RAY IN DIAGNOSIS
OF CARDIAC CONDITIONS
67. extensive pulmonary fibrosis or multiple bullae=
vascular pattern is abnormal at baseline, and as
PCWP increases, it does not change in
predictable ways a
chronic heart failure, there are chronic changes
in the pulmonary vascular pattern that do not
correlate with the changes that occur in patients
with normal LV pressure at baseline
CHEST X RAY IN DIAGNOSIS
OF CARDIAC CONDITIONS
68. Kerley A lines :horizontal linear shadows
towards hilum
Kerley B lines: horizontal and linear towards
costophrenic angle
Kerley C lines: crisscross between A and B.
CHEST X RAY IN DIAGNOSIS
OF CARDIAC CONDITIONS
69. CHEST X RAY IN DIAGNOSIS
OF CARDIAC CONDITIONS
70. CHEST X RAY IN DIAGNOSIS
OF CARDIAC CONDITIONS
71. DECREASED PULMONARY
BLOOD FLOW
All the linear shadows in the
normal lung fields are due to
pulmonary vasculature.
Small pulmonary artery
Empty pulmonary bay
Pulmonary vessels small
Lung hypertranslucent
Lateral view shows diminution of
hilarvessels
72. Small-caliber pulmonary vessels with
relatively hyperlucent lungs and a small
heart are evidence of a marked decrease in
the circulating blood volume (e.g., in
Addison disease, hemorrhage).
74.
Horizontal lines
1-3 mm thick
Perpendicular to pleural surface
Towards the costophrenic angle
Accumulation of fluid in interlobular
septa and lymphatics
Highly specific for PVH
DIAGNOSIS OF CARDIAC CONDITIONS
CHEST X RAY IN
75. CARDIAC MALPOSITION
If the stomach bubble cannot be seen →
aerophagia
(deliberate inhalation in adults or from sucking an empty
bottle in infants)
transverse liver implies visceral heterotaxy but does not
distinguish right from left isomerism
The inferior margin of a transverse liver is horizontal
Bilateral symmetry implied by a transverse liver
demands bilateral symmetry of thebronchi.
Bilateral morphologic right bronchi = right isomerism
bilateral morphologic left bronchi = left isomerism
80. COMPLETE SITUS
INVERSUS
Situs inversus is missed if the film is inadvertently read in a reversed
position because it then appears correct except for the L and R
designations that are on the
wrong sideCH.ESTX RAY IN DIAGNOSIS OF CARDIAC CONDITIONS
82. SITUS INVERSUS WITH
LEVOCARDIA
The stomach (S) is on
the right
And the liver (L) is on
the left,
The heart (apex) is to the left
of midline.
The left hemidiaphragm is
lower than the right
hemidiaphragm because the
cardiac apex is on the left.
The descending thoracic
aorta (dao) is on
the right (concordant
for situs inversus), but the
position of the ascending
aorta (aao) indicates a
discordant d-
bulboventricular loop
83.
84.
85. A-liver is transverse
stomach (S) is on the right
heart is midline, but the base to apex axis points to the left
B- liver is transverse
base to apex axis points to the right
heart is to the right of midline
ground-glass appearance -TAPVC
86. RIGHT ISOMERISM
• transverse l iver = visceral
heterotaxy but not its type
• position of the stomach is
variable (right, left, or occasionally
central)
•heart can be either to the
right or left of midline
• symmetric bronchi is right type -
Overpenetrated f i lms or
tomographic scans
87. LEST ISOMERISM
• transverse liver
•heart is usually left- sided
•stomach tends to be on the side opposite the
descending aorta
•IVC interruption with azygous continuation -
frontal projection
•Absence of IVC shadow in the lateral projection is not a
reliable sign of interruption because azygos continuation
may create the impression of a normal uninterrupted IVC
•lung f ields - ↑ PBF ( L-to-R shunts occur with no
RVOTO)